Abstract
Our primary objective is to synthesize the current state of the field regarding between- and within-person processes in subjective views of aging and to suggest areas for future directions. We combine data from three distinct daily diary datasets to describe within-person fluctuations in subjective aging from adolescence through old age. We underscore the need to concurrently examine between- and within-person processes, especially as they interact to reveal person and environment interactions. For example, individual differences in aging attitudes interact with daily experiences of age-related change to predict daily emotional and cognitive well-being. Those who generally feel more positive about their own aging are actually more vulnerable to daily increases in loss-based age-related experiences. We draw on Bronfenbrenner’s (Am Psychol 32(7): 513–531, 1977) ecological model and synthesize it with Diehl et al.’s (Dev Rev 34(2): 93–113, 2014) model of awareness of aging to highlight the importance of continuing to investigate person and environment interactions across multiple systems of influence. We challenge the field to think and act globally as the majority of our current findings come from W.E.I.R.D. (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) cultures.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Armenta, B. M., Scheibe, S., Stroebe, K., Postmes, T., & Van Yperen, N. W. (2018). Dynamic, not stable: Daily variations in subjective age bias and age group identification predict daily well-being in older workers. Psychology and Aging, 33(4), 559–571. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000263
Avidor, S., Levi-Belz, Y., & Solomon, Z. (2021). What predicts unremitting suicidal ideation? A prospective examination of the role of subjective age in suicidal ideation among ex-prisoners of war. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(3), 338–348. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000958
Bachem, R., Scherf, J., Levin, Y., & Solomon, Z. (2019a). Double jeopardy: The effect of multiple secondary trauma exposure on subjective age. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 24(3), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2018.1560663
Bachem, R., Stein, J. Y., Levin, Y., & Solomon, Z. (2019b). What doesn’t kill you makes you feel older: Lifespan adversity and its association with subjective age among former prisoners of war. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), Article 1583522. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1583522
Barrett, A. E., & Montepare, J. M. (2015). “It’s about time”: Applying life span and life course perspectives to the study of subjective age. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 35, 55–77. Springer Publishing.
Bellingtier, J. A., & Neupert, S. D. (2018). Negative aging attitudes predict greater reactivity to daily stressors in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 73(7), 1155–1159. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw086
Bellingtier, J. A., & Neupert, S. D. (2019). Daily subjective age in emerging adults: ‘Now we’re stressed out’. Emerging Adulthood, 7(6), 468–477. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696818785081
Bellingtier, J. A., & Neupert, S. D. (2020). Feeling young and in control: Daily control beliefs predict younger subjective ages. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 75(5), e13–e17. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz015
Bellingtier, J. A., & Nguyen, K. H. (2018). Adolescents’ subjective perceptions of aging. In A. E. Kornadt & J. A. Bellingtier (Chairs), Perceptions of aging: Different concepts, lifespan approaches, and predictive relationships [Symposium]. Annual Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igy023.2759
Bellingtier, J. A., Neupert, S. D., & Kotter-Grühn, D. (2017). The combined effects of daily stressors and major life events on daily subjective ages. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 72(4), 613–621. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv101
Bellingtier, J. A., Rupprecht, F. S., Neupert, S. D., & Lang, F. R. (2021). Daily experiences of subjective age discordance and well-being. Psychology and Aging, 36(6), 744–751. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000621
Beyer, A., Wolff, J. K., Warner, L. M., Schüz, B., & Wurm, S. (2015). The role of physical activity in the relationship between self-perceptions of ageing and self-rated health in older adults. Psychology & Health, 30(6), 671–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2015.1014370
Beyer, A. K., Wolff, J. K., Freiberger, E., & Wurm, S. (2019). Are self-perceptions of ageing modifiable? Examination of an exercise programme with vs. without a self-perceptions of ageing-intervention for older adults. Psychology & Health, 34(6), 661–676. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2018.1556273
Blawert, A., & Wurm, S. (2021). Shifting self-perceptions of ageing: Differential effects of value priorities on self-perceptions of ageing beyond age stereotypes. European Journal of Ageing, 18, 257–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-020-00578-3
Blöchl, M., Nestler, S., & Weiss, D. (2021). A limit of the subjective age bias: Feeling younger to a certain degree, but no more, is beneficial for life satisfaction. Psychology and Aging, 36(3), 360–372. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000578
Bodner, E., Shrira, A., Hoffman, Y., & Bergman, Y. S. (2021). Day-to-day variability in subjective age and ageist attitudes and their association with depressive symptoms. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 76(5), 836–844. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa125
Boeder, J., & Tse, D. C. K. (2021). Measuring self-perceptions of aging: Differences between measures when predicting health outcomes. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 76(5), 825–835. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa064
Brannon, D., & Miller, C. J. (2019). What's my age again? The influence of subjective age on consumer health-related attitudes. Health Marketing Quarterly, 36(3), 254–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/07359683.2019.1618011
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32(7), 513–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.32.7.513
Brothers, A., Miche, M., Wahl, H.-W., & Diehl, M. (2017). Examination of associations among three distinct subjective aging constructs and their relevance for predicting developmental correlates. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 72(4), 547–560. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv085
Brothers, A., Kornadt, A. E., Nehrkorn-Bailey, A., Wahl, H.-W., & Diehl, M. (2021). The effects of age stereotypes on physical and mental health are mediated by self-perceptions of aging. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 76(5), 845–857. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa176
Chung, M.-S. (2019). Life satisfaction of Korean older adults: The roles of chronological and subjective age and appearance management. Social Behavior and Personality, 47(10), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8258
Cohn-Schwartz, E., Segel-Karpas, D., & Ayalon, L. (2021). Longitudinal dyadic effects of aging self-perceptions on health. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 76(5), 900–909. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa082
Diehl, M., & Wahl, H.-W. (2010). Awareness of age-related change: Examination of a (mostly) unexplored concept. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Social Sciences, 65(3), 340–350. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp110
Diehl, M., & Wahl, H.-W. (2020). The psychology of later life: A contextual perspective. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000185-000
Diehl, M., Wahl, H.-W., Barrett, A. E., Brothers, A. F., Miche, M., Montepare, J. M., Westerhof, G. J., & Wurm, S. (2014). Awareness of aging: Theoretical considerations on an emerging concept. Developmental Review, 34(2), 93–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2014.01.001
Diehl, M., Hooker, K., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2015). A brief historical overview of intraindividual variability research across the life span. In M. Diehl, K. Hooker, & M. J. Sliwinski (Eds.), Handbook of intraindividual variability across the life span (pp. 3–15). Routledge/Taylor & Francis.
Drewelies, J., Huxhold, O., & Gerstorf, D. (2019). The role of historical change for adult development and aging: Towards a theoretical framework about the how and the why. Psychology and Aging, 34(8), 1021–1039. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000423
English, A. N., Bellingtier, J. A., & Neupert, S. D. (2019). It’s “the Joneses”: The influence of objective and subjective socioeconomic status on subjective perceptions of aging. European Journal of Ageing, 16(1), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-018-0475-2
Galambos, N. L., Turner, P. K., & Tilton-Weaver, L. C. (2005). Chronological and subjective age in emerging adulthood: The crossover effect. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(5), 538–556. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558405274876
Gendron, T. L., Inker, J., & Welleford, A. (2018). “How old do you feel?” The difficulties and ethics of operationalizing subjective age. The Gerontologist, 58(4), 618–624. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx098
Gu, R., Zhang, D., Jin, X., Wu, W., Hou, Y., Wu, Q., & Wang, X. (2019). The self-perceptions of aging were an important factor associated with the quality of life in Chinese elderly with hypertension. Psychogeriatrics, 19(4), 391–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12400
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
Hooker, K., Mejía, S. T., Phibbs, S., Tan, E. J., & Stevens, J. (2019). Effects of age discrimination on self-perceptions of aging and cancer risk behaviors. The Gerontologist, 59(Suppl. 1), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny183
Hughes, M. L., & Touron, D. R. (2021). Aging in context: Incorporating everyday experiences into the study of subjective age. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, Article 633234. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.633234
Huxhold, O. (2019). Gauging effects of historical differences on aging trajectories: The increasing importance of friendships. Psychology and Aging, 34(8), 1170–1184. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000390
Kastenbaum, R., Derbin, V., Sabatini, P., & Artt, S. (1972). “The ages of me”: Toward personal and interpersonal definitions of functional aging. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 3(2), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.2190/TUJR-WTXK-866Q-8QU7
Kim, H., Thyer, B., & Munn, J. (2019). The relationship between perceived ageism and depressive symptoms in later life: Understanding the mediating effects of self-perception of aging and purpose in life, using structural equation modeling. Educational Gerontology, 45(2), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2019.1583403
Kim, Y. K., Kim, K., Neupert, S. D., & Boerner, K. (2021). Changes in married older adults’ self-perceptions of aging: The role of gender. Psychology and Aging, 36(3), 383–393. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000507
Kornadt, A. E., Hess, T. M., Voss, P., & Rothermund, K. (2018). Subjective age across the life span: A differentiated, longitudinal approach. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 73(5), 767–777. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw072
Kornadt, A. E., Kessler, E.-M., Wurm, S., Bowen, C. E., Gabrian, M., & Klusmann, V. (2020). Views on ageing: A lifespan perspective. European Journal of Ageing, 17(4), 387–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-019-00535-9
Kotter-Grühn, D., Neupert, S. D., & Stephan, Y. (2015). Feeling old today? Daily health, stressors, and affect explain day-to-day variability in subjective age. Psychology & Health, 30(12), 1470–1485. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2015.1061130
Lawton, M. P. (1975). The Philadelphia geriatric center morale scale: A revision. Journal of Gerontology, 30(1), 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/30.1.85
Levy, B. (2009). Stereotype embodiment: A psychosocial approach to aging. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 332–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01662.x
Martin, A., Eglit, G. M. L., Maldonado, Y., Daly, R., Liu, J., Tu, X., & Jeste, D. V. (2019). Attitude toward own aging among older adults: Implications for cancer prevention. The Gerontologist, 59(Suppl. 1), S38–S49. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz039
Menkin, J. A., Robles, T. F., Gruenewald, T. L., Tanner, E. K., & Seeman, T. E. (2017). Positive expectations regarding aging linked to more new friends in later life. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 72(5), 771–781. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv118
Miche, M., Wahl, H.-W., Diehl, M., Oswald, F., Kaspar, R., & Kolb, M. (2014). Natural occurrence of subjective aging experiences in community-dwelling older adults. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 69(2), 174–187. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs164
Montepare, J. M. (1996). Variations in adults’ subjective ages in relation to birthday nearness, age awareness, and attitudes toward aging. Journal of Adult Development, 3, 193–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02281963
Montepare, J. M. (2009). Subjective age: Toward a guiding lifespan framework. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33(1), 42–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025408095551
Montepare, J. M. (2020). An exploration of subjective age, actual age, age awareness, and engagement in everyday behaviors. European Journal of Ageing, 17(3), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-019-00534-w
Nelson, E. A., & Dannefer, D. (1992). Aged heterogeneity: Fact or fiction? The fate of diversity in gerontological research. The Gerontologist, 32(1), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/32.1.17
Nesselroade, J. R. (1991). Interindividual differences in intraindividual change. In L. M. Collins & J. L. Horn (Eds.), Best methods for the analysis of change: Recent advances, unanswered questions, future directions (pp. 92–105). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10099-006
Neupert, S. D., & Bellingtier, J. A. (2017). Aging attitudes and daily awareness of age-related change interact to predict affect. The Gerontologist, 57(Suppl. 2), 187–192. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx055
Neupert, S. D., & Zhu, X. (2021). Heterogeneity in aging: The need for a tripartite contextual approach [review of the book The psychology of later life: A contextual perspective by M. Diehl & H.-W. Wahl]. The Gerontologist, 61(1), 132–133. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa127
Neupert, S. D., Almeida, D. M., Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A. I. I. I. (2006). The effects of the Columbia shuttle disaster on the daily lives of older adults: Findings from the VA normative aging study. Aging & Mental Health, 10(3), 272–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860500409682
Neupert, S. D., Ennis, G. E., Ramsey, J. L., & Gall, A. A. (2016). Solving tomorrow’s problems today? Daily anticipatory coping and reactivity to daily stressors. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 71(4), 650–660. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv003
Neupert, S. D., Bellingtier, J. A., & Smith, E. L. (2021). Emotional reactivity changes to daily stressors surrounding the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Current Psychology, 40(6), 2832–2842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00215-y
O’Brien, E. L., Torres, G. E., & Neupert, S. D. (2021). Cognitive interference in the context of daily stressors, daily awareness of age-related change, and general aging attitudes. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 76(5), 920–929. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa155
Palgi, Y., Shrira, A., Avidor, S., Hoffman, Y., Bodner, E., & Ben-Ezra, M. (2019). Understanding the long-term connections between posttraumatic stress, subjective age, and successful aging among midlife and older adults. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), Article 1583523. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1583523
Palgi, Y., Shrira, A., & Neupert, S. D. (2021). Views on aging and health: A multidimensional and multitemporal perspective. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 76(5), 821–824. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab026
Pan, Y., Chan, S., Xu, Y., & Yeung, K. C. (2019). Determinants of life satisfaction and self-perception of ageing among elderly people in China: An exploratory study in comparison between physical and social functioning. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 84, Article 103910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019.103910
Park, J., & Hess, T. M. (2019). The effects of personality and aging attitudes on well-being in different life domains. Aging & Mental Health, 24(12), 2063–2072. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1660849
Ram, N., & Gerstorf, D. (2009). Time-structured and net intraindividual variability: Tools for examining the development of dynamic characteristics and processes. Psychology and Aging, 24(4), 788–791. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017915
Rothermund, K., de Paula, P., Couto, M. C., Fung, H. H., Graf, S., Hess, T. M., Liou, S., & Nikitin, J. (2021). Age-related attributions of experiences changes in life: Origins and implications. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Science, 76(5), 881–893. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa160
Rubin, D. C., & Berntsen, D. (2006). People over forty feel 20% younger than their age: Subjective age across the lifespan. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13(5), 776–780. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193996
Rupprecht, F. S., & Lang, F. R. (2020). Personal ideals of aging and longevity: The role of subjective discordances. Psychology and Aging, 35(3), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000455
Rupprecht, F. S., Dutt, A. J., Wahl, H.-W., & Diehl, M. K. (2019). The role of personality in becoming aware of age-related changes. GeroPsych, 32(2), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000204
Santini, Z. V., Koyanagi, A., Tyrovolas, S., Harp, J. M., & Koushede, V. (2019). The association of social support networks and loneliness with negative perceptions of ageing: Evidence from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing (TILDA). Ageing and Society, 39(5), 1070–1090. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X17001465
Sargent-Cox, K. A., Anstey, K. J., & Luszcz, M. A. (2014). Longitudinal change of self-perceptions of aging and mortality. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 69(2), 168–173. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt005
Schönstein, A., Ngo, D., Stephan, Y., Siè, A., Harling, G., Bärnighausen, T., & Wahl, H. W. (2021). Feeling younger in rural Burkina Faso: Exploring the role of subjective age in the light of previous research from high-income countries. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 76(10), 2029–2040. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab151
Segel-Karpas, D., & Palgi, Y. (2019). ‘It is nothing more than a senior moment’: The moderating role of subjective age in the effect of change in memory on self-rated memory. Aging & Mental Health, 23(2), 272–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1399350
Seifert, A., & Wahl, H.-W. (2018). Young at heart and online? Subjective age and internet use in two Swiss survey studies. Educational Gerontology, 44(2–3), 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2018.1427495
Shao, J., Xiao, L., Zhang, L., & Xin, Z. (2020). Feeling younger, remembering better: The effect of experimentally induced subjective age on memory performance among Chinese older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 24(1), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1523875
Shilo-Levin, S., Shrira, A., & Hoffman, Y. (2021). Feeling older can be advantageous: A study on generativity, meaning in work and life satisfaction in Israeli workplaces. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22, 2873–2887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00344-3
Shinan-Altman, S., & Werner, P. (2019). Subjective age and its correlates among middle-aged and older adults. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 88(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415017752941
Shrira, A. (2020). Parental holocaust exposure, related PTSD symptoms and subjective aging across the generations. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 75(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz012
Smith, J., & Larkina, M. (2021). Early-life health as a lifelong precursor of self-related views of aging in later life. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 76(5), 894–899. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa141
Spuling, S. M., Klusmann, V., Bowen, C. E., Kornadt, A. E., & Kessler, E. (2020). The uniqueness of subjective ageing: Convergent and discriminant validity. European Journal of Ageing, 17(4), 445–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-019-00529-7
Stephan, Y., Sutin, A. R., & Terracciano, A. (2015). Subjective age and personality development: A 10-year study. Journal of Personality, 83(2), 142–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12090
Stephan, Y., Sutin, A. R., Kornadt, A., & Terracciano, A. (2019). Polygenic scores for education, health, and personality as predictors of subjective age among older individuals of European ancestry: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study. Psychology and Aging, 34(1), 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000283
Stephan, Y., Sutin, A. R., & Terracciano, A. (2019a). Physical activity and subjective age across adulthood in four samples. European Journal of Ageing, 17(4), 469–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-019-00537-7
Stephan, Y., Sutin, A. R., & Terracciano, A. (2019b). Subjective age and cystatin C among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 74(3), 382–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-019-00537-7
Stephan, Y., Sutin, A. R., Luchetti, M., & Terracciano, A. (2021). Subjective age and informant-rated cognition and function: A prospective study. Psychology and Aging, 36(3), 338–343. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000566
Terracciano, A., Stephan, Y., Aschwanden, D., Lee, J. H., Sesker, A. A., Strickhouser, J. E., Luchetti, M., & Sutin, A. R. (2021). Changes in subjective age during COVID-19. The Gerontologist, 61(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa104
Tovel, H., Carmel, S., & Raveis, V. H. (2019). Relationships among self-perception of aging, physical functioning, and self-efficacy in late life. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 74(2), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx056
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2020). World Population Ageing 2019 (ST/ESA/SER.A/444). Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/, https://www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/files/documents/2020/Jan/un_2019_worldpopulationageing_report.pdf. Accessed 18 Aug 2020
Wahl, H.-W., & Gerstorf, D. (2018). A conceptual framework for studying COntext Dynamics in Aging (CODA). Developmental Review, 50(Part B), 155–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2018.09.003
Wahl, H.-W., Hoppmann, C. A., Ram, N., & Gerstorf, D. (2021). Healthy aging-relevant goals: The role of person-context co-construction. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 76(Suppl. 2), S181–S190. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab089
Weiss, D., Reitz, A. K., & Stephan, Y. (2019). Is age more than a number? The role of openness and (non)essentialist beliefs about aging for how young or old people feel. Psychology and Aging, 34(5), 729–737. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000370
Wettstein, M., Wahl, H. W., & Siebert, J. S. (2020). 20-year trajectories of health in midlife and old age: Contrasting the impact of personality and attitudes toward own aging. Psychology and Aging, 35(6), 910–924. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000464
Wurm, S., Wiest, M., Wolff, J. K., Beyer, A., & Spuling, S. M. (2020). Changes in views on aging in later adulthood: The role of cardiovascular events. European Journal of Ageing, 17(4), 457–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-019-00547-5
Xiao, L., Yang, H., Du, W., Lei, H., Wang, Z., & Shao, J. (2019). Subjective age and depressive symptoms among Chinese older adults: A moderated mediation model of perceived control and self-perceptions of aging. Psychiatry Research, 271, 114–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.034
Zee, K. S., & Weiss, D. (2019). High-quality relationships strengthen the benefits of a younger subjective age across adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 34(3), 374–388. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000349
Zhang, S., & Neupert, S. D. (2021). Within- and between-person relationships among health, awareness of aging, and control beliefs: A micro-longitudinal study. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 76(5), 858–870. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa180
Zhou, W., Chen, D., Hong, Z., Fan, H., Liu, S., & Zhang, L. (2021). The relationship between health-promoting lifestyles and depression in the elderly: Roles of aging perceptions and social support. Quality of Life Research, 30, 721–728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-020-02674-4
Zhu, X., & Neupert, S. D. (2020). Dynamic awareness of age-related losses predicts concurrent and subsequent changes in daily inductive reasoning performance. The British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 282–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12344
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Neupert, S.D., Bellingtier, J.A. (2022). Between- and Within-Person Approaches to Subjective Views of Aging. In: Palgi, Y., Shrira, A., Diehl, M. (eds) Subjective Views of Aging. International Perspectives on Aging, vol 33. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11073-3_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11073-3_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-11072-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-11073-3
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)