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TBI Sports Related Injury

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Functional Neuroradiology

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Abstract

Sports-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of brain injury worldwide, with an estimated 1.6–3.8 million injuries occurring yearly in the United States alone [1, 2]. In contrast to non-sports-related mechanisms of TBI, a larger percentage of sports-related TBI—nearly 90% by some estimates—are classified as mild on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS of 13–15), as opposed to moderate (GCS 9–12) or severe (GCS 8–3) [1, 3]. Although disagreement remains regarding the appropriate terminology for use in research and clinical care, sports-related mild TBI (mTBI) will also be referred to as sports-related concussion (SRC) in accordance with colloquial usage and a substantial portion of relevant scientific literature. Despite increasing awareness among the general population over the last decade, sport-related concussion likely remains insufficiently recognized and underreported, confounding accurate estimates of incidence among those who participate in some form of impact-prone athletic activity [4–9]. Hospital-based studies place the incidence of SRC from 3.5 to 31.5 per 100,000, accounting for 1.2–30.3% of all TBIs [1, 10]. Estimates of SRC per athlete exposure range from 0.17 to 0.99 per 1000 depending on the sport, and may be a more relevant measure of risk [11–13]. In particular, male predominant sports including football, rugby, soccer, wrestling, and lacrosse carry the highest risk of injury per athlete-exposure; among female predominant sports, soccer, rugby, lacrosse and basketball carry the highest risk of injury per athlete-exposure [6, 11, 14–16]. SRC is likely the most common cause of TBI in adolescents and young adults, accounting for half of emergency department visits for mTBI among those aged 14–18 [9, 17]. In the pediatric population, incidences as high as 304 per 100,000 have been reported, and SRC represents 8.9% of all injuries associated with high-school athletic participation in the United States [14, 17–19].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Mohammad I. Kawas, Christopher A. Sheridan & William C. Flood

  2. Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Adam P. Sweeney & Christopher T. Whitlow

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  1. Mohammad I. Kawas
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  1. Division of Neuroradiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Scott H. Faro

  2. Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Feroze B. Mohamed

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Kawas, M.I., Sheridan, C.A., Flood, W.C., Sweeney, A.P., Whitlow, C.T. (2023). TBI Sports Related Injury. In: Faro, S.H., Mohamed, F.B. (eds) Functional Neuroradiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10909-6_60

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