Abstract
By providing unique information on chemical composition of the brain tissue, magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hydrogen nuclei (1H MRS) may help to improve our understanding of the mechanism of the diseases of the central nervous system. 1H MRS can assist with the diagnosis of a variety of disorders, help to monitor the effects of therapy and evaluate disease progression, and assess prognosis. Standardization of in-vivo MRS techniques, development of automated methods for data analysis, and availability of databases (including data on healthy brain and different pathologies) may help to advance the integration of MRS in routine clinical diagnostic practice in the future.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Tran T, Ross B, Lin A. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in neurological diagnosis. Neurol Clin. 2009;27(1):21–60.
van der Graaf M. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy: basic methodology and clinical applications. Eur Biophys J. 2010;39(4):527–40.
Keevil SF. Spatial localization in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51(16):579–636.
Frahm J, Merboldt KD, Hanicke W. Localized proton spectroscopy using stimulated echoes. J Magn Reson. 1987;72(3):502–8.
Bottomley PA. Spatial localization in NMR spectroscopy in vivo. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1987;508:333–48.
Oz G, Tkac I. Short-echo, single-shot, full-intensity proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for neurochemical profiling at 4 T: validation in the cerebellum and brainstem. Magn Reson Med. 2011;65(4):901–10.
Scheenen TW, Klomp DW, Wijnen JP, Heerschap A. Short echo time 1H-MRSI of the human brain at 3T with minimal chemical shift displacement errors using adiabatic refocusing pulses. Magn Reson Med. 2008;59(1):1–6.
Kaiser LG, Young K, Matson GB. Numerical simulations of localized high field 1H MR spectroscopy. J Magn Reson. 2008;195(1):67–75.
Klose U. Measurement sequences for single voxel proton MR spectroscopy. Eur J Radiol. 2008;67(2):194–201.
Garwood M, DelaBarre L. The return of the frequency sweep: designing adiabatic pulses for contemporary NMR. J Magn Reson. 2001;153(2):155–77.
Haase A, Frahm J, Hanicke W, Matthaei D. 1H NMR chemical shift selective (CHESS) imaging. Phys Med Biol. 1985;30(4):341–4.
Ogg RJ, Kingsley PB, Taylor JS. WET, a T1- and B1-insensitive water-suppression method for in vivo localized 1H NMR spectroscopy. J Magn Reson B. 1994;104(1):1–10.
Tkac I, Gruetter R. Methodology of H NMR spectroscopy of the human brain at very high magnetic fields. Appl Magn Reson. 2005;29(1):139–57.
Tkac I, Starcuk Z, Choi IY, Gruetter R. In vivo 1H NMR spectroscopy of rat brain at 1 ms echo time. Magn Reson Med. 1999;41(4):649–56.
Brown TR, Kincaid BM, Ugurbil K. NMR chemical shift imaging in three dimensions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982;79(11):3523–6.
Zierhut ML, Ozturk-Isik E, Chen AP, Park I, Vigneron DB, Nelson SJ. (1)H spectroscopic imaging of human brain at 3 Tesla: comparison of fast three-dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging techniques. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009;30(3):473–80.
Maudsley AA, Andronesi OC, Barker PB, Bizzi A, Bogner W, Henning A, Nelson SJ, Posse S, Shungu DC, Soher BJ. Advanced magnetic resonance spectroscopic neuroimaging: experts’ consensus recommendations. NMR Biomed. 2020;2020:e4309.
Scheenen TW, Heerschap A, Klomp DW. Towards 1H-MRSI of the human brain at 7T with slice-selective adiabatic refocusing pulses. MAGMA. 2008;21(1-2):95–101.
Wijnen JP, van Asten JJ, Klomp DW, Sjobakk TE, Gribbestad IS, Scheenen TW, Heerschap A. Short echo time 1H MRSI of the human brain at 3T with adiabatic slice-selective refocusing pulses; reproducibility and variance in a dual center setting. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;31(1):61–70.
Maudsley AA, Domenig C, Govind V, Darkazanli A, Studholme C, Arheart K, Bloomer C. Mapping of brain metabolite distributions by volumetric proton MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Magn Reson Med. 2009;61(3):548–59.
Tkac I, Oz G, Adriany G, Ugurbil K, Gruetter R. In vivo 1H NMR spectroscopy of the human brain at high magnetic fields: metabolite quantification at 4T vs. 7T. Magn Reson Med. 2009;62(4):868–79.
Hetherington HP, Chu WJ, Gonen O, Pan JW. Robust fully automated shimming of the human brain for high-field 1H spectroscopic imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2006;56(1):26–33.
Gruetter R. Automatic, localized in vivo adjustment of all first- and second-order shim coils. Magn Reson Med. 1993;29(6):804–11.
Gruetter R, Tkac I. Field mapping without reference scan using asymmetric echo-planar techniques. Magn Reson Med. 2000;43(2):319–23.
Emir UE, Burns B, Chiew M, Jezzard P, Thomas MA. Non-water-suppressed short-echo-time magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging using a concentric ring k-space trajectory. NMR Biomed. 2017;30(7):3714.
van Der Veen JW, Weinberger DR, Tedeschi G, Frank JA, Duyn JH. Proton MR spectroscopic imaging without water suppression. Radiology. 2000;217(1):296–300.
Cudalbu C, Cavassila S, Rabeson H, van Ormondt D, Graveron-Demilly D. Influence of measured and simulated basis sets on metabolite concentration estimates. NMR Biomed. 2008;21(6):627–36.
Naressi A, Couturier C, Castang I, de Beer R, Graveron-Demilly D. Java-based graphical user interface for MRUI, a software package for quantitation of in vivo/medical magnetic resonance spectroscopy signals. Comput Biol Med. 2001;31(4):269–86.
Provencher SW. Estimation of metabolite concentrations from localized in vivo proton NMR spectra. Magn Reson Med. 1993;30(6):672–9.
Provencher SW. Automatic quantitation of localized in vivo 1H spectra with LCModel. NMR Biomed. 2001;14(4):260–4.
Naressi A, Couturier C, Devos JM, Janssen M, Mangeat C, de Beer R, Graveron-Demilly D. Java-based graphical user interface for the MRUI quantitation package. MAGMA. 2001;12(2-3):141–52.
Wilson M, Reynolds G, Kauppinen RA, Arvanitis TN, Peet AC. A constrained least-squares approach to the automated quantitation of in vivo (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy data. Magn Reson Med. 2011;65(1):1–12.
Mekle R, Mlynarik V, Gambarota G, Hergt M, Krueger G, Gruetter R. MR spectroscopy of the human brain with enhanced signal intensity at ultrashort echo times on a clinical platform at 3T and 7T. Magn Reson Med. 2009;61(6):1279–85.
Pfeuffer J, Tkac I, Provencher SW, Gruetter R. Toward an in vivo neurochemical profile: quantification of 18 metabolites in short-echo-time (1)H NMR spectra of the rat brain. J Magn Reson. 1999;141(1):104–20.
Gasparovic C, Song T, Devier D, Bockholt HJ, Caprihan A, Mullins PG, Posse S, Jung RE, Morrison LA. Use of tissue water as a concentration reference for proton spectroscopic imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2006;55(6):1219–26.
Brandt AS, Unschuld PG, Pradhan S, Lim IA, Churchill G, Harris AD, Hua J, Barker PB, Ross CA, van Zijl PC, Edden RA, Margolis RL. Age-related changes in anterior cingulate cortex glutamate in schizophrenia: a (1)H MRS Study at 7 Tesla. Schizophr Res. 2016;172(1-3):101–5.
Mohamed M, Barker PB, Skolasky RL, Sacktor N. 7T Brain MRS in HIV infection: correlation with cognitive impairment and performance on neuropsychological tests. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2018;39(4):704–12.
Oeltzschner G, Wijtenburg SA, Mikkelsen M, Edden RAE, Barker PB, Joo JH, Leoutsakos JS, Rowland LM, Workman CI, Smith GS. Neurometabolites and associations with cognitive deficits in mild cognitive impairment: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 7 Tesla. Neurobiol Aging. 2019;73:211–8.
Unschuld PG, Edden RA, Carass A, Liu X, Shanahan M, Wang X, Oishi K, Brandt J, Bassett SS, Redgrave GW, Margolis RL, van Zijl PC, Barker PB, Ross CA. Brain metabolite alterations and cognitive dysfunction in early Huntington’s disease. Mov Disord. 2012;27(7):895–902.
Wang AM, Pradhan S, Coughlin JM, Trivedi A, DuBois SL, Crawford JL, Sedlak TW, Nucifora FC Jr, Nestadt G, Nucifora LG, Schretlen DJ, Sawa A, Barker PB. Assessing brain metabolism with 7-T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with first-episode psychosis. JAMA Psychiat. 2019;76(3):314–23.
van der Knaap MS, van der Grond J, van Rijen PC, Faber JAJ, Valk J, Willemse K. Age-dependent changes in localized proton and phosphorus MR spectroscopy of the brain. Radiology. 1990;176:509–15.
Huppi PS, Posse S, Lazeyras F, Burri R, Bossi E, Herschkowitz N. Magnetic resonance in preterm and term newborns: 1H-spectrscopy in developing brain. Pediatr Res. 1991;30:574–8.
Kreis R, Ernst T, Ross BD. Development of the human brain: in vivo quantification of metabolite and water content with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med. 1993;30(4):424–37.
Pouwels PJ, Brockmann K, Kruse B, Wilken B, Wick M, Hanefeld F, Frahm J. Regional age dependence of human brain metabolites from infancy to adulthood as detected by quantitative localized proton MRS. Pediatr Res. 1999;46(4):474–85.
Penrice J, Cady EB, Lorek A, Wylezinska M, Amess PN, Aldridge RF, Stewart A, Wyatt JS, Reynolds EO. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain in normal preterm and term infants, and early changes after perinatal hypoxia-ischemia. Pediatr Res. 1996;40(1):6–14.
Robertson NJ, Kuint J, Counsell TJ, Rutherford TA, Coutts A, Cox IJ, Edwards AD. Characterization of cerebral white matter damage in preterm infants using 1H and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2000;20(10):1446–56.
Horska A, Kaufmann WE, Brant LJ, Naidu S, Harris JC, Barker PB. In vivo quantitative proton MRSI study of brain development from childhood to adolescence. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002;15(2):137–43.
Panigrahy A, Nelson MD, Blüml S. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in pediatric neuroradiology: clinical and research applications. Pediatr Radiol. 2009;40(1):3–30.
Haga KK, Khor YP, Farrall A, Wardlaw JM. A systematic review of brain metabolite changes, measured with 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in healthy aging. Neurobiol Aging. 2009;30(3):353–63.
Kadota T, Horinouchi T, Kuroda C. Development and aging of the cerebrum: assessment with proton MR spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22(1):128–35.
Ando K, Ishikura R, Morikawa T, Tominaga S, Takayasu Y, Miura K, Nakao N, Minagawa K, Tanizawa T, Takemura Y, Ikeda J. Regional differences of in vivo proton MR spectroscopy in developing human brain. Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi. 2000;60(4):199–204.
Vigneron DB, Barkovich AJ, Noworolski SM, von dem Bussche M, Henry RG, Lu Y, Partridge JC, Gregory G, Ferriero DM. Three-dimensional proton MR spectroscopic imaging of premature and term neonates. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22(7):1424–33.
Girard N, Confort-Gouny S, Schneider J, Barberet M, Chapon F, Viola A, Pineau S, Combaz X, Cozzone P. MR imaging of brain maturation. J Neuroradiol. 2007;34(5):290–310.
Arslanoglu A, Bonekamp D, Barker PB, Horska A. Quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging of the mesial temporal lobe. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004;20(5):772–8.
Degaonkar MN, Pomper MG, Barker PB. Quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging: regional variations in the corpus callosum and cortical gray matter. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005;22(2):175–9.
Barker PB, Szopinski K, Horska A. Metabolic heterogeneity at the level of the anterior and posterior commissures. Magn Reson Med. 2000;43(3):348–54.
McLean MA, Woermann FG, Simister RJ, Barker GJ, Duncan JS. In vivo short echo time 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) of the temporal lobes. NeuroImage. 2001;14(2):501–9.
Jacobs MA, Horska A, van Zijl PC, Barker PB. Quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging of normal human cerebellum and brain stem. Magn Reson Med. 2001;46(4):699–705.
Pouwels PJ, Frahm J. Regional metabolite concentrations in human brain as determined by quantitative localized proton MRS. Magn Reson Med. 1998;39(1):53–60.
Baker EH, Basso G, Barker PB, Smith MA, Bonekamp D, Horska A. Regional apparent metabolite concentrations in young adult brain measured by (1)H MR spectroscopy at 3 Tesla. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;27(3):489–99.
Nagae-Poetscher LM, Bonekamp D, Barker PB, Brant LJ, Kaufmann WE, Horska A. Asymmetry and gender effect in functionally lateralized cortical regions: a proton MRS imaging study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004;19(1):27–33.
Perlman JM. Summary proceedings from the neurology group on hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics. 2006;117(3 Pt 2):S28–33.
Miller SP. Newborn brain injury: looking back to the fetus. Ann Neurol. 2007;61(4):285–7.
Chao CP, Zaleski CG, Patton AC. Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: multimodality imaging findings. Radiographics. 2006;26(Suppl 1):S159–72.
Barkovich AJ, Miller SP, Bartha A, Newton N, Hamrick SE, Mukherjee P, Glenn OA, Xu D, Partridge JC, Ferriero DM, Vigneron DB. MR imaging, MR spectroscopy, and diffusion tensor imaging of sequential studies in neonates with encephalopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(3):533–47.
Barkovich AJ, Baranski K, Vigneron D, Partridge JC, Hallam DK, Hajnal BL, Ferriero DM. Proton MR spectroscopy for the evaluation of brain injury in asphyxiated, term neonates. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20(8):1399–405.
Cady EB. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic insults. Childs Nerv Syst. 2001;17(3):145–9.
Pu Y, Li QF, Zeng CM, Gao J, Qi J, Luo DX, Mahankali S, Fox PT, Gao JH. Increased detectability of alpha brain glutamate/glutamine in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21(1):203–12.
Malik GK, Pandey M, Kumar R, Chawla S, Rathi B, Gupta RK. MR imaging and in vivo proton spectroscopy of the brain in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Eur J Radiol. 2002;43(1):6–13.
Mathur AM, McKinstry RC. Imaging of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the full-term neonate. In: Medina LS, Applegate KE, Blackmore CC, editors. Evidence-based imaging in pediatrics. New York: Springer; 2010. p. 71–83.
Amess PN, Penrice J, Wylezinska M, Lorek A, Townsend J, Wyatt JS, Amiel-Tison C, Cady EB, Stewart A. Early brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and neonatal neurology related to neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year in term infants after presumed hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1999;41(7):436–45.
Cheong JL, Cady EB, Penrice J, Wyatt JS, Cox IJ, Robertson NJ. Proton MR spectroscopy in neonates with perinatal cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury: metabolite peak-area ratios, relaxation times, and absolute concentrations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(7):1546–54.
Shanmugalingam S, Thornton JS, Iwata O, Bainbridge A, O’Brien FE, Priest AN, Ordidge RJ, Cady EB, Wyatt JS, Robertson NJ. Comparative prognostic utilities of early quantitative magnetic resonance imaging spin-spin relaxometry and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in neonatal encephalopathy. Pediatrics. 2006;118(4):1467–77.
Ledezma CJ, Fiebach JB, Wintermark M. Modern imaging of the infarct core and the ischemic penumbra in acute stroke patients: CT versus MRI. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2009;7(4):395–403.
Butcher K, Emery D. Acute stroke imaging. Part I: fundamentals. Can J Neurol Sci. 2010;37(1):4–16.
Wardlaw JM. Neuroimaging in acute ischaemic stroke: insights into unanswered questions of pathophysiology. J Intern Med. 2010;267(2):172–90.
Gideon P, Sperling B, Arlien-Soborg P, Olsen TS, Henriksen O. Long-term follow-up of cerebral infarction patients with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Stroke. 1994;25(5):967–73.
Saunders DE, Howe FA, van den Boogaart A, McLean MA, Griffiths JR, Brown MM. Continuing ischemic damage after acute middle cerebral artery infarction in humans demonstrated by short-echo proton spectroscopy. Stroke. 1995;26(6):1007–13.
Barker PB, Gillard JH, van Zijl PC, Soher BJ, Hanley DF, Agildere AM, Oppenheimer SM, Bryan RN. Acute stroke: evaluation with serial proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology. 1994;192(3):723–32.
Felber SR, Aichner FT, Sauter R, Gerstenbrand F. Combined magnetic resonance imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of patients with acute stroke. Stroke. 1992;23(8):1106–10.
Lanfermann H, Kugel H, Heindel W, Herholz K, Heiss WD, Lackner K. Metabolic changes in acute and subacute cerebral infarctions: findings at proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology. 1995;196(1):203–10.
Ricci PE Jr. Proton MR spectroscopy in ischemic stroke and other vascular disorders. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 1998;8(4):881–900.
Gillard JH, Barker PB, van Zijl PC, Bryan RN, Oppenheimer SM. Proton MR spectroscopy in acute middle cerebral artery stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;17(5):873–86.
Munoz Maniega S, Cvoro V, Chappell FM, Armitage PA, Marshall I, Bastin ME, Wardlaw JM. Changes in NAA and lactate following ischemic stroke: a serial MR spectroscopic imaging study. Neurology. 2008;71(24):1993–9.
Wardlaw JM, Marshall I, Wild J, Dennis MS, Cannon J, Lewis SC. Studies of acute ischemic stroke with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: relation between time from onset, neurological deficit, metabolite abnormalities in the infarct, blood flow, and clinical outcome. Stroke. 1998;29(8):1618–24.
Cvoro V, Wardlaw JM, Marshall I, Armitage PA, Rivers CS, Bastin ME, Carpenter TK, Wartolowska K, Farrall AJ, Dennis MS. Associations between diffusion and perfusion parameters, N-acetyl aspartate, and lactate in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2009;40(3):767–72.
Cvoro V, Marshall I, Armitage PA, Bastin ME, Carpenter T, Rivers CS, Dennis MS, Wardlaw JM. MR diffusion and perfusion parameters: relationship to metabolites in acute ischaemic stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81(2):185–91.
Nicoli F, Lefur Y, Denis B, Ranjeva JP, Confort-Gouny S, Cozzone PJ. Metabolic counterpart of decreased apparent diffusion coefficient during hyperacute ischemic stroke: a brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study. Stroke. 2003;34(7):e82–7.
Ford CC, Griffey RH, Matwiyoff NA, Rosenberg GA. Multivoxel 1H-MRS of stroke. Neurology. 1992;42(7):1408–12.
Sappey-Marinier D, Calabrese G, Hetherington HP, Fisher SN, Deicken R, Van Dyke C, Fein G, Weiner MW. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human brain: applications to normal white matter, chronic infarction, and MRI white matter signal hyperintensities. Magn Reson Med. 1992;26(2):313–27.
Federico F, Simone IL, Lucivero V, Giannini P, Laddomada G, Mezzapesa DM, Tortorella C. Prognostic value of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol. 1998;55(4):489–94.
Parsons MW, Li T, Barber PA, Yang Q, Darby DG, Desmond PM, Gerraty RP, Tress BM, Davis SM. Combined (1)H MR spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted MRI improves the prediction of stroke outcome. Neurology. 2000;55(4):498–505.
Lemesle M, Walker P, Guy F, D’Athis P, Billiar T, Giroud M, Demougeot C, Lalande A, Baudouin N, Martin D, Brunotte F. Multi-variate analysis predicts clinical outcome 30 days after middle cerebral artery infarction. Acta Neurol Scand. 2000;102(1):11–7.
Glodzik-Sobanska L, Li J, Mosconi L, Slowik A, Walecki J, Szczudlik A, Sobiecka B, de Leon MJ. Prefrontal N-acetylaspartate and poststroke recovery: a longitudinal proton spectroscopy study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28(3):470–4.
Felber SR. Magnetic resonance in the differential diagnosis of dementia. J Neural Transm. 2002;109(7-8):1045–51.
Griffith HR, Stewart CC, den Hollander JA. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in dementias and mild cognitive impairment. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2009;84:105–31.
Braak H, Braak E. Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol. 1991;82(4):239–59.
Chetelat G, Baron JC. Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: contribution of structural neuroimaging. NeuroImage. 2003;18(2):525–41.
Kantarci K. 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in dementia. Br J Radiol. 2007;80:146–52.
Kantarci K, Knopman DS, Dickson DW, Parisi JE, Whitwell JL, Weigand SD, Josephs KA, Boeve BF, Petersen RC, Jack CR Jr. Alzheimer disease: postmortem neuropathologic correlates of antemortem 1H MR spectroscopy metabolite measurements. Radiology. 2008;248(1):210–20.
Schuff N, Capizzano AA, Du AT, Amend DL, O’Neill J, Norman D, Kramer J, Jagust W, Miller B, Wolkowitz OM, Yaffe K, Weiner MW. Selective reduction of N-acetylaspartate in medial temporal and parietal lobes in AD. Neurology. 2002;58(6):928–35.
Chantal S, Braun CM, Bouchard RW, Labelle M, Boulanger Y. Similar 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic metabolic pattern in the medial temporal lobes of patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Brain Res. 2004;1003(1-2):26–35.
Kantarci K, Jack CR Jr, Xu YC, Campeau NG, O’Brien PC, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, Boeve BF, Kokmen E, Tangalos EG, Petersen RC. Regional metabolic patterns in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a 1H MRS study. Neurology. 2000;55(2):210–7.
Herminghaus S, Frolich L, Gorriz C, Pilatus U, Dierks T, Wittsack HJ, Lanfermann H, Maurer K, Zanella FE. Brain metabolism in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia assessed by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Psychiatry Res. 2003;123(3):183–90.
Kantarci K, Xu Y, Shiung MM, O’Brien PC, Cha RH, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, Boeve BF, Edland SD, Kokmen E, Tangalos EG, Petersen RC, Jack CR Jr. Comparative diagnostic utility of different MR modalities in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2002;14(4):198–207.
Waldman AD, Rai GS. The relationship between cognitive impairment and in vivo metabolite ratios in patients with clinical Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Neuroradiology. 2003;45(8):507–12.
Kantarci K, Weigand SD, Petersen RC, Boeve BF, Knopman DS, Gunter J, Reyes D, Shiung M, O’Brien PC, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Jack CR Jr. Longitudinal 1H MRS changes in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2007;28(9):1330–9.
Jellinger KA. Formation and development of Lewy pathology: a critical update. J Neurol. 2009;256(Suppl 3):270–9.
Kurz A, Perneczky R. Neurobiology of cognitive disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2009;22(6):546–51.
Watson R, Blamire AM, O’Brien JT. Magnetic resonance imaging in lewy body dementias. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;28(6):493–506.
Lucetti C, Del Dotto P, Gambaccini G, Ceravolo R, Logi C, Berti C, Rossi G, Bianchi MC, Tosetti M, Murri L, Bonuccelli U. Influences of dopaminergic treatment on motor cortex in Parkinson disease: a MRI/MRS study. Mov Disord. 2007;22(15):2170–5.
Langston JW. The Parkinson’s complex: parkinsonism is just the tip of the iceberg. Ann Neurol. 2006;59(4):591–6.
Eidelberg D. Metabolic brain networks in neurodegenerative disorders: a functional imaging approach. Trends Neurosci. 2009;32(10):548–57.
Kalaitzakis ME, Pearce RK. The morbid anatomy of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2009;118(5):587–98.
Summerfield C, Gomez-Anson B, Tolosa E, Mercader JM, Marti MJ, Pastor P, Junque C. Dementia in Parkinson disease: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Arch Neurol. 2002;59(9):1415–20.
Griffith HR, den Hollander JA, Okonkwo OC, O’Brien T, Watts RL, Marson DC. Brain metabolism differs in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2008;4(6):421–7.
Griffith HR, den Hollander JA, Okonkwo OC, O’Brien T, Watts RL, Marson DC. Brain N-acetylaspartate is reduced in Parkinson disease with dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2008;22(1):54–60.
Oz G, Terpstra M, Tkac I, Aia P, Lowary J, Tuite PJ, Gruetter R. Proton MRS of the unilateral substantia nigra in the human brain at 4 tesla: detection of high GABA concentrations. Magn Reson Med. 2006;55(2):296–301.
Molina JA, Garcia-Segura JM, Benito-Leon J, Gomez-Escalonilla C, del Ser T, Martinez V, Viano J. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in dementia with Lewy bodies. Eur Neurol. 2002;48(3):158–63.
Xuan X, Ding M, Gong X. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy detects a relative decrease of N-acetylaspartate in the hippocampus of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neuroimaging. 2008;18(2):137–41.
Kantarci K, Avula R, Senjem ML, Samikoglu AR, Zhang B, Weigand SD, Przybelski SA, Edmonson HA, Vemuri P, Knopman DS, Ferman TJ, Boeve BF, Petersen RC, Jack CR Jr. Dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer disease: neurodegenerative patterns characterized by DTI. Neurology. 2010;74(22):1814–21.
Rabinovici GD, Miller BL. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. CNS Drugs. 2010;24(5):375–98.
Bian H, Grossman M. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: recent progress in antemortem diagnosis. Acta Neuropathol. 2007;114(1):23–9.
Chawla S, Wang S, Moore P, Woo JH, Elman L, McCluskey LF, Melhem ER, Grossman M, Poptani H. Quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy detects abnormalities in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and motor cortex of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration. J Neurol. 2010;257(1):114–21.
Ernst T, Chang L, Melchor R, Mehringer CM. Frontotemporal dementia and early Alzheimer disease: differentiation with frontal lobe H-1 MR spectroscopy. Radiology. 1997;203(3):829–36.
Coulthard E, Firbank M, English P, Welch J, Birchall D, O’Brien J, Griffiths TD. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol. 2006;253(7):861–8.
Mihara M, Hattori N, Abe K, Sakoda S, Sawada T. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia/pick complex. Neuroreport. 2006;17(4):413–6.
Garrard P, Schott JM, MacManus DG, Hodges JR, Fox NC, Waldman AD. Posterior cingulate neurometabolite profiles and clinical phenotype in frontotemporal dementia. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2006;19(4):185–9.
Kizu O, Yamada K, Ito H, Nishimura T. Posterior cingulate metabolic changes in frontotemporal lobar degeneration detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuroradiology. 2004;46(4):277–81.
Kirshner HS. Vascular dementia: a review of recent evidence for prevention and treatment. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2009;9(6):437–42.
MacKay S, Meyerhoff DJ, Constans JM, Norman D, Fein G, Weiner MW. Regional gray and white matter metabolite differences in subjects with AD, with subcortical ischemic vascular dementia, and elderly controls with 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Arch Neurol. 1996;53(2):167–74.
Schuff N, Capizzano AA, Du AT, Amend DL, O’Neill J, Norman D, Jagust WJ, Chui HC, Kramer JH, Reed BR, Miller BL, Yaffe K, Weiner MW. Different patterns of N-acetylaspartate loss in subcortical ischemic vascular dementia and AD. Neurology. 2003;61(3):358–64.
Kantarci K, Petersen RC, Boeve BF, Knopman DS, Tang-Wai DF, O’Brien PC, Weigand SD, Edland SD, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, Ferman TJ, Tangalos EG, Jack CR Jr. 1H MR spectroscopy in common dementias. Neurology. 2004;63(8):1393–8.
Capizzano AA, Schuff N, Amend DL, Tanabe JL, Norman D, Maudsley AA, Jagust W, Chui HC, Fein G, Segal MR, Weiner MW. Subcortical ischemic vascular dementia: assessment with quantitative MR imaging and 1H MR spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21(4):621–30.
MacKay S, Ezekiel F, Di Sclafani V, Meyerhoff DJ, Gerson J, Norman D, Fein G, Weiner MW. Alzheimer disease and subcortical ischemic vascular dementia: evaluation by combining MR imaging segmentation and H-1 MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology. 1996;198(2):537–45.
Kattapong VJ, Brooks WM, Wesley MH, Kodituwakku PW, Rosenberg GA. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of vascular- and Alzheimer-type dementia. Arch Neurol. 1996;53(7):678–80.
Gil JM, Rego AC. Mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Huntington’s disease. Eur J Neurosci. 2008;27(11):2803–20.
Rosas HD, Feigin AS, Hersch SM. Using advances in neuroimaging to detect, understand, and monitor disease progression in Huntington’s disease. NeuroRx. 2004;1(2):263–72.
Reynolds NC Jr, Prost RW, Mark LP. Heterogeneity in 1H-MRS profiles of presymptomatic and early manifest Huntington’s disease. Brain Res. 2005;1031(1):82–9.
Jenkins BG, Koroshetz WJ, Beal MF, Rosen BR. Evidence for impairment of energy metabolism in vivo in Huntington’s disease using localized 1H NMR spectroscopy. Neurology. 1993;43(12):2689–95.
Koroshetz WJ, Jenkins BG, Rosen BR, Beal MF. Energy metabolism defects in Huntington’s disease and effects of coenzyme Q10. Ann Neurol. 1997;41(2):160–5.
Jenkins BG, Rosas HD, Chen YC, Makabe T, Myers R, MacDonald M, Rosen BR, Beal MF, Koroshetz WJ. 1H NMR spectroscopy studies of Huntington’s disease: correlations with CAG repeat numbers. Neurology. 1998;50(5):1357–65.
Martin WR, Wieler M, Hanstock CC. Is brain lactate increased in Huntington’s disease? J Neurol Sci. 2007;263(1-2):70–4.
Taylor-Robinson SD, Weeks RA, Bryant DJ, Sargentoni J, Marcus CD, Harding AE, Brooks DJ. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Huntington’s disease: evidence in favour of the glutamate excitotoxic theory. Mov Disord. 1996;11(2):167–73.
Davie CA, Barker GJ, Quinn N, Tofts PS, Miller DH. Proton MRS in Huntington’s disease. Lancet. 1994;343(8912):1580.
Ruocco HH, Lopes-Cendes I, Li LM, Cendes F. Evidence of thalamic dysfunction in Huntington disease by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Mov Disord. 2007;22(14):2052–6.
Gomez-Anson B, Alegret M, Munoz E, Sainz A, Monte GC, Tolosa E. Decreased frontal choline and neuropsychological performance in preclinical Huntington disease. Neurology. 2007;68(12):906–10.
Kalra S, Arnold DL. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy for monitoring neuronal integrity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2006;576:275–82.
Turner MR, Kiernan MC, Leigh PN, Talbot K. Biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(1):94–109.
Plaitakis A. Glutamate dysfunction and selective motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a hypothesis. Ann Neurol. 1990;28(1):3–8.
Sarchielli P, Pelliccioli GP, Tarducci R, Chiarini P, Presciutti O, Gobbi G, Gallai V. Magnetic resonance imaging and 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroradiology. 2001;43(3):189–97.
Bowen BC, Pattany PM, Bradley WG, Murdoch JB, Rotta F, Younis AA, Duncan RC, Quencer RM. MR imaging and localized proton spectroscopy of the precentral gyrus in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21(4):647–58.
Pioro EP, Antel JP, Cashman NR, Arnold DL. Detection of cortical neuron loss in motor neuron disease by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in vivo. Neurology. 1994;44(10):1933–8.
Gredal O, Rosenbaum S, Topp S, Karlsborg M, Strange P, Werdelin L. Quantification of brain metabolites in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neurology. 1997;48(4):878–81.
Pohl C, Block W, Karitzky J, Traber F, Schmidt S, Grothe C, Lamerichs R, Schild H, Klockgether T. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the motor cortex in 70 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2001;58(5):729–35.
Suhy J, Miller RG, Rule R, Schuff N, Licht J, Dronsky V, Gelinas D, Maudsley AA, Weiner MW. Early detection and longitudinal changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by (1)H MRSI. Neurology. 2002;58(5):773–9.
Rule RR, Suhy J, Schuff N, Gelinas DF, Miller RG, Weiner MW. Reduced NAA in motor and non-motor brain regions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2004;5(3):141–9.
Kalra S, Hanstock CC, Martin WR, Allen PS, Johnston WS. Detection of cerebral degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using high-field magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arch Neurol. 2006;63(8):1144–8.
Han J, Ma L. Study of the features of proton MR spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;31(2):305–8.
Wang S, Poptani H, Woo JH, Desiderio LM, Elman LB, McCluskey LF, Krejza J, Melhem ER. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: diffusion-tensor and chemical shift MR imaging at 3.0 T. Radiology. 2006;239(3):831–8.
Cwik VA, Hanstock CC, Allen PS, Martin WR. Estimation of brainstem neuronal loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neurology. 1998;50(1):72–7.
Pioro EP, Majors AW, Mitsumoto H, Nelson DR, Ng TC. 1H-MRS evidence of neurodegeneration and excess glutamate + glutamine in ALS medulla. Neurology. 1999;53(1):71–9.
Kalra S, Tai P, Genge A, Arnold DL. Rapid improvement in cortical neuronal integrity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. J Neurol. 2006;253(8):1060–3.
Kalra S, Vitale A, Cashman NR, Genge A, Arnold DL. Cerebral degeneration predicts survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77(11):1253–5.
Kastrup O, Wanke I, Maschke M. Neuroimaging of infections of the central nervous system. Semin Neurol. 2008;28(4):511–22.
Karampekios S, Hesselink J. Cerebral infections. Eur Radiol. 2005;15(3):485–93.
Garg M, Gupta RK, Husain M, Chawla S, Chawla J, Kumar R, Rao SB, Misra MK, Prasad KN. Brain abscesses: etiologic categorization with in vivo proton MR spectroscopy. Radiology. 2004;230(2):519–27.
Kapsalaki EZ, Gotsis ED, Fountas KN. The role of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the diagnosis and categorization of cerebral abscesses. Neurosurg Focus. 2008;24(6):E7.
Shukla-Dave A, Gupta RK, Roy R, Husain N, Paul L, Venkatesh SK, Rashid MR, Chhabra DK, Husain M. Prospective evaluation of in vivo proton MR spectroscopy in differentiation of similar appearing intracranial cystic lesions. Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;19(1):103–10.
Gupta RK, Vatsal DK, Husain N, Chawla S, Prasad KN, Roy R, Kumar R, Jha D, Husain M. Differentiation of tuberculous from pyogenic brain abscesses with in vivo proton MR spectroscopy and magnetization transfer MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22(8):1503–9.
Agarwal M, Chawla S, Husain N, Jaggi RS, Husain M, Gupta RK. Higher succinate than acetate levels differentiate cerebral degenerating cysticerci from anaerobic abscesses on in-vivo proton MR spectroscopy. Neuroradiology. 2004;46(3):211–5.
Lai PH, Li KT, Hsu SS, Hsiao CC, Yip CW, Ding S, Yeh LR, Pan HB. Pyogenic brain abscess: findings from in vivo 1.5-T and 11.7-T in vitro proton MR spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26(2):279–88.
Lai PH, Ho JT, Chen WL, Hsu SS, Wang JS, Pan HB, Yang CF. Brain abscess and necrotic brain tumor: discrimination with proton MR spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23(8):1369–77.
Chiang IC, Hsieh TJ, Chiu ML, Liu GC, Kuo YT, Lin WC. Distinction between pyogenic brain abscess and necrotic brain tumour using 3-tesla MR spectroscopy, diffusion and perfusion imaging. Br J Radiol. 2009;82(982):813–20.
Rock RB, Olin M, Baker CA, Molitor TW, Peterson PK. Central nervous system tuberculosis: pathogenesis and clinical aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21(2):243–61.
Be NA, Kim KS, Bishai WR, Jain SK. Pathogenesis of central nervous system tuberculosis. Curr Mol Med. 2009;9(2):94–9.
Morgado C, Ruivo N. Imaging meningo-encephalic tuberculosis. Eur J Radiol. 2005;55(2):188–92.
Poptani H, Gupta RK, Roy R, Pandey R, Jain VK, Chhabra DK. Characterization of intracranial mass lesions with in vivo proton MR spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16(8):1593–603.
Jayasundar R, Singh VP, Raghunathan P, Jain K, Banerji AK. Inflammatory granulomas: evaluation with proton MRS. NMR Biomed. 1999;12(3):139–44.
Gupta RK, Roy R, Dev R, Husain M, Poptani H, Pandey R, Kishore J, Bhaduri AP. Finger printing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with intracranial tuberculomas by using in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med. 1996;36(6):829–33.
Poptani H, Kaartinen J, Gupta RK, Niemitz M, Hiltunen Y, Kauppinen RA. Diagnostic assessment of brain tumours and non-neoplastic brain disorders in vivo using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and artificial neural networks. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1999;125(6):343–9.
Baringer JR. Herpes simplex infections of the nervous system. Neurol Clin. 2008;26(3):657–74.
Menon DK, Sargentoni J, Peden CJ, Bell JD, Cox IJ, Coutts GA, Baudouin C, Newman CG. Proton MR spectroscopy in herpes simplex encephalitis: assessment of neuronal loss. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1990;14(3):449–52.
Takanashi J, Sugita K, Ishii M, Aoyagi M, Niimi H. Longitudinal MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopy in herpes simplex encephalitis. J Neurol Sci. 1997;149(1):99–102.
Salvan AM, Confort-Gouny S, Cozzone PJ, Vion-Dury J. Atlas of brain proton magnetic resonance spectra. Part III: Viral infections. J Neuroradiol. 1999;26(3):154–61.
Anthony IC, Bell JE. The neuropathology of HIV/AIDS. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2008;20(1):15–24.
Singer EJ, Valdes-Sueiras M, Commins D, Levine A. Neurologic presentations of AIDS. Neurol Clin. 2010;28(1):253–75.
Thurnher MM, Donovan Post MJ. Neuroimaging in the brain in HIV-1-infected patients. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2008;18(1):93–117.
Tarasow E, Wiercinska-Drapalo A, Kubas B, Dzienis W, Orzechowska-Bobkiewicz A, Prokopowicz D, Walecki J. Cerebral MR spectroscopy in neurologically asymptomatic HIV-infected patients. Acta Radiol. 2003;44(2):206–12.
Meyerhoff DJ, Bloomer C, Cardenas V, Norman D, Weiner MW, Fein G. Elevated subcortical choline metabolites in cognitively and clinically asymptomatic HIV+ patients. Neurology. 1999;52(5):995–1003.
Tracey I, Carr CA, Guimaraes AR, Worth JL, Navia BA, Gonzalez RG. Brain choline-containing compounds are elevated in HIV-positive patients before the onset of AIDS dementia complex: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic study. Neurology. 1996;46(3):783–8.
Chang L, Ernst T, Leonido-Yee M, Witt M, Speck O, Walot I, Miller EN. Highly active antiretroviral therapy reverses brain metabolite abnormalities in mild HIV dementia. Neurology. 1999;53(4):782–9.
Winston A, Duncombe C, Li PC, Gill JM, Kerr SJ, Puls R, Petoumenos K, Taylor-Robinson SD, Emery S, Cooper DA. Does choice of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) alter changes in cerebral function testing after 48 weeks in treatment-naive, HIV-1-infected individuals commencing cART? A randomized, controlled study. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(6):920–9.
Woods SP, Moore DJ, Weber E, Grant I. Cognitive neuropsychology of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neuropsychol Rev. 2009;19(2):152–68.
Chang L, Ernst T, Witt MD, Ames N, Gaiefsky M, Miller E. Relationships among brain metabolites, cognitive function, and viral loads in antiretroviral-naive HIV patients. NeuroImage. 2002;17(3):1638–48.
Paul RH, Ernst T, Brickman AM, Yiannoutsos CT, Tate DF, Cohen RA, Navia BA. Relative sensitivity of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging to cognitive function among nondemented individuals infected with HIV. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2008;14(5):725–33.
Mohamed MA, Lentz MR, Lee V, Halpern EF, Sacktor N, Selnes O, Barker PB, Pomper MG. Factor analysis of proton MR spectroscopic imaging data in HIV infection: metabolite-derived factors help identify infection and dementia. Radiology. 2010;254(2):577–86.
Lentz MR, Kim WK, Lee V, Bazner S, Halpern EF, Venna N, Williams K, Rosenberg ES, Gonzalez RG. Changes in MRS neuronal markers and T cell phenotypes observed during early HIV infection. Neurology. 2009;72(17):1465–72.
Chang L, Miller BL, McBride D, Cornford M, Oropilla G, Buchthal S, Chiang F, Aronow H, Beck CK, Ernst T. Brain lesions in patients with AIDS: H-1 MR spectroscopy. Radiology. 1995;197(2):525–31.
Simone IL, Federico F, Tortorella C, Andreula CF, Zimatore GB, Giannini P, Angarano G, Lucivero V, Picciola P, Carrara D, Bellacosa A, Livrea P. Localised 1H-MR spectroscopy for metabolic characterisation of diffuse and focal brain lesions in patients infected with HIV. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64(4):516–23.
Kingsley PB, Shah TC, Woldenberg R. Identification of diffuse and focal brain lesions by clinical magnetic resonance spectroscopy. NMR Biomed. 2006;19(4):435–62.
Lange T, Dydak U, Roberts TP, Rowley HA, Bjeljac M, Boesiger P. Pitfalls in lactate measurements at 3T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(4):895–901.
Zacharia TT, Law M, Naidich TP, Leeds NE. Central nervous system lymphoma characterization by diffusion-weighted imaging and MR spectroscopy. J Neuroimaging. 2008;18(4):411–7.
Taillibert S, Guillevin R, Menuel C, Sanson M, Hoang-Xuan K, Chiras J, Duffau H. Brain lymphoma: usefulness of the magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Neuro-Oncol. 2008;86(2):225–9.
Iranzo A, Moreno A, Pujol J, Marti-Fabregas J, Domingo P, Molet J, Ris J, Cadafalch J. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy pattern of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;66(4):520–3.
Chang L, Ernst T, Tornatore C, Aronow H, Melchor R, Walot I, Singer E, Cornford M. Metabolite abnormalities in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neurology. 1997;48(4):836–45.
Anlar O. Treatment of multiple sclerosis. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2009;8(3):167–74.
Neumann H. Molecular mechanisms of axonal damage in inflammatory central nervous system diseases. Curr Opin Neurol. 2003;16(3):267–73.
Matthews PM. Brain imaging of multiple sclerosis: the next 10 years. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2009;19(1):101–12.
Narayanan S, De Stefano N, Francis GS, Arnaoutelis R, Caramanos Z, Collins DL, Pelletier D, Arnason BGW, Antel JP, Arnold DL. Axonal metabolic recovery in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon beta-1b. J Neurol. 2001;248(11):979–86.
Khan O, Shen Y, Bao F, Caon C, Tselis A, Latif Z, Zak I. Long-term study of brain 1H-MRS study in multiple sclerosis: effect of glatiramer acetate therapy on axonal metabolic function and feasibility of long-Term H-MRS monitoring in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimaging. 2008;18(3):314–9.
Sijens PE, Mostert JP, Oudkerk M, De Keyser J. (1)H MR spectroscopy of the brain in multiple sclerosis subtypes with analysis of the metabolite concentrations in gray and white matter: initial findings. Eur Radiol. 2006;16(2):489–95.
De Stefano N, Narayanan S, Francis GS, Arnaoutelis R, Tartaglia MC, Antel JP, Matthews PM, Arnold DL. Evidence of axonal damage in the early stages of multiple sclerosis and its relevance to disability. Arch Neurol. 2001;58(1):65–70.
Filippi M, Bozzali M, Rovaris M, Gonen O, Kesavadas C, Ghezzi A, Martinelli V, Grossman RI, Scotti G, Comi G, Falini A. Evidence for widespread axonal damage at the earliest clinical stage of multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2003;126(Pt 2):433–7.
Sarchielli P, Presciutti O, Pelliccioli GP, Tarducci R, Gobbi G, Chiarini P, Alberti A, Vicinanza F, Gallai V. Absolute quantification of brain metabolites by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in normal-appearing white matter of multiple sclerosis patients. Brain. 1999;122(Pt 3):513–21.
Chard DT, Griffin CM, McLean MA, Kapeller P, Kapoor R, Thompson AJ, Miller DH. Brain metabolite changes in cortical grey and normal-appearing white matter in clinically early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 10):2342–52.
Bruhn H, Frahm J, Merboldt KD, Hanicke W, Hanefeld F, Christen HJ, Kruse B, Bauer HJ. Multiple sclerosis in children: cerebral metabolic alterations monitored by localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo. Ann Neurol. 1992;32(2):140–50.
Mader I, Seeger U, Weissert R, Klose U, Naegele T, Melms A, Grodd W. Proton MR spectroscopy with metabolite-nulling reveals elevated macromolecules in acute multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2001;124(Pt 5):953–61.
De Stefano N, Matthews PM, Antel JP, Preul M, Francis G, Arnold DL. Chemical pathology of acute demyelinating lesions and its correlation with disability. Ann Neurol. 1995;38(6):901–9.
Srinivasan R, Sailasuta N, Hurd R, Nelson S, Pelletier D. Evidence of elevated glutamate in multiple sclerosis using magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3 T. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 5):1016–25.
Narayana PA, Doyle TJ, Lai D, Wolinsky JS. Serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and quantitative lesion volumetry in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 1998;43(1):56–71.
Bitsch A, Bruhn H, Vougioukas V, Stringaris A, Lassmann H, Frahm J, Bruck W. Inflammatory CNS demyelination: histopathologic correlation with in vivo quantitative proton MR spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20(9):1619–27.
De Stefano N, Matthews PM, Arnold DL. Reversible decreases in N-acetylaspartate after acute brain injury. Magn Reson Med. 1995;34(5):721–7.
De Stefano N, Filippi M. MR spectroscopy in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimaging. 2007;17(1):31S–5S.
Wattjes MP, Harzheim M, Lutterbey GG, Klotz L, Schild HH, Traber F. Axonal damage but no increased glial cell activity in the normal-appearing white matter of patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis using high-field magnetic resonance spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28(8):1517–22.
Fu L, Matthews PM, De Stefano N, Worsley KJ, Narayanan S, Francis GS, Antel JP, Wolfson C, Arnold DL. Imaging axonal damage of normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 1998;121(Pt 1):103–13.
Falini A, Calabrese G, Filippi M, Origgi D, Lipari S, Colombo B, Comi G, Scotti G. Benign versus secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis: the potential role of proton MR spectroscopy in defining the nature of disability. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19(2):223–9.
De Stefano N, Narayanan S, Francis SJ, Smith S, Mortilla M, Tartaglia MC, Bartolozzi ML, Guidi L, Federico A, Arnold DL. Diffuse axonal and tissue injury in patients with multiple sclerosis with low cerebral lesion load and no disability. Arch Neurol. 2002;59(10):1565–71.
Inglese M, Li BS, Rusinek H, Babb JS, Grossman RI, Gonen O. Diffusely elevated cerebral choline and creatine in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Magn Reson Med. 2003;50(1):190–5.
Kapeller P, McLean MA, Griffin CM, Chard D, Parker GJ, Barker GJ, Thompson AJ, Miller DH. Preliminary evidence for neuronal damage in cortical grey matter and normal appearing white matter in short duration relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a quantitative MR spectroscopic imaging study. J Neurol. 2001;248(2):131–8.
Sarchielli P, Presciutti O, Tarducci R, Gobbi G, Alberti A, Pelliccioli GP, Chiarini P, Gallai V. Localized (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in mainly cortical gray matter of patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2002;249(7):902–10.
Adalsteinsson E, Langer-Gould A, Homer RJ, Rao A, Sullivan EV, Lima CA, Pfefferbaum A, Atlas SW. Gray matter N-acetyl aspartate deficits in secondary progressive but not relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24(10):1941–5.
Cifelli A, Arridge M, Jezzard P, Esiri MM, Palace J, Matthews PM. Thalamic neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2002;52(5):650–3.
Wylezinska M, Cifelli A, Jezzard P, Palace J, Alecci M, Matthews PM. Thalamic neurodegeneration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2003;60(12):1949–54.
Inglese M, Liu S, Babb JS, Mannon LJ, Grossman RI, Gonen O. Three-dimensional proton spectroscopy of deep gray matter nuclei in relapsing-remitting MS. Neurology. 2004;63(1):170–2.
Sastre-Garriga J, Ingle GT, Chard DT, Ramio-Torrenta L, McLean MA, Miller DH, Thompson AJ. Metabolite changes in normal-appearing gray and white matter are linked with disability in early primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2005;62(4):569–73.
Lassmann H. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 2):317–9.
Bizzi A, Ulug AM, Crawford TO, Passe T, Bugiani M, Bryan RN, Barker PB. Quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22(6):1125–30.
Gabis LV, Panasci DJ, Andriola MR, Huang W. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: an MRI/MRS longitudinal study. Pediatr Neurol. 2004;30(5):324–9.
Mader I, Wolff M, Nagele T, Niemann G, Grodd W, Kuker W. MRI and proton MR spectroscopy in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21(7):566–72.
Balasubramanya KS, Kovoor JM, Jayakumar PN, Ravishankar S, Kamble RB, Panicker J, Nagaraja D. Diffusion-weighted imaging and proton MR spectroscopy in the characterization of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neuroradiology. 2007;49(2):177–83.
Ben Sira L, Miller E, Artzi M, Fattal-Valevski A, Constantini S, Ben BD. 1H-MRS for the diagnosis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: insight into the acute-disease stage. Pediatr Radiol. 2010;40(1):106–13.
Papanagiotou P, Grunwald IQ, Farmakis G, Hartmann KM, Politi M, Roth C, Reith W. Magnetresonanzspektroskopie bei entzündlichen Hirnerkrankungen. Radiologe. 2008;48(6):582–7.
Woermann FG, Vollmar C. Clinical MRI in children and adults with focal epilepsy: a critical review. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;15(1):40–9.
Cascino GD. Neuroimaging in epilepsy: diagnostic strategies in partial epilepsy. Semin Neurol. 2008;28(4):523–32.
Achten E, Deblaere K. Seizures, complex, partial. In: Baert AL, editor. Encyclopedia of diagnostic imaging. Berlin: Springer; 2008. p. 1660–6.
Jackson GD, Berkovic SF, Duncan JS, Connelly A. Optimizing the diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis using MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1993;14(3):753–62.
Van Paesschen W, Connelly A, Johnson CL, Duncan JS. The amygdala and intractable temporal lobe epilepsy: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurology. 1996;47(4):1021–31.
Ende GR, Laxer KD, Knowlton RC, Matson GB, Schuff N, Fein G, Weiner MW. Temporal lobe epilepsy: bilateral hippocampal metabolite changes revealed at proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology. 1997;202(3):809–17.
Breiter SN, Arroyo S, Mathews VP, Lesser RP, Bryan RN, Barker PB. Proton MR spectroscopy in patients with seizure disorders. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15(2):373–84.
Capizzano AA, Vermathen P, Laxer KD, Matson GB, Maudsley AA, Soher BJ, Schuff NW, Weiner MW. Multisection proton MR spectroscopy for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23(8):1359–68.
Simister RJ, Woermann FG, McLean MA, Bartlett PA, Barker GJ, Duncan JS. A short-echo-time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2002;43(9):1021–31.
Ng TC, Comair YG, Xue M, So N, Majors A, Kolem H, Luders H, Modic M. Temporal lobe epilepsy: presurgical localization with proton chemical shift imaging. Radiology. 1994;193(2):465–72.
Hetherington HP, Kuzniecky RI, Pan JW, Vaughan JT, Twieg DB, Pohost GM. Application of high field spectroscopic imaging in the evaluation of temporal lobe epilepsy. Magn Reson Imaging. 1995;13(8):1175–80.
Vermathen P, Laxer KD, Schuff N, Matson GB, Weiner MW. Evidence of neuronal injury outside the medial temporal lobe in temporal lobe epilepsy: N-acetylaspartate concentration reductions detected with multisection proton MR spectroscopic imaging--initial experience. Radiology. 2003;226(1):195–202.
Mueller SG, Suhy J, Laxer KD, Flenniken DL, Axelrad J, Capizzano AA, Weiner MW. Reduced extrahippocampal NAA in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2002;43(10):1210–6.
Doelken MT, Stefan H, Pauli E, Stadlbauer A, Struffert T, Engelhorn T, Richter G, Ganslandt O, Doerfler A, Hammen T. (1)H-MRS profile in MRI positive- versus MRI negative patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizure. 2008;17(6):490–7.
Helms G, Ciumas C, Kyaga S, Savic I. Increased thalamus levels of glutamate and glutamine (Glx) in patients with idiopathic generalised epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77(4):489–94.
Vermathen P, Laxer KD, Matson GB, Weiner MW. Hippocampal structures: anteroposterior N-acetylaspartate differences in patients with epilepsy and control subjects as shown with proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology. 2000;214(2):403–10.
Connelly A, Van Paesschen W, Porter DA, Johnson CL, Duncan JS, Gadian DG. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in MRI-negative temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 1998;51(1):61–6.
Colon AJ, Hofman P, Ossenblok PP, Jansen JF, Ter Beek LC, Berting R, Stam CJ, Boon P. MRS-lateralisation index in patients with epilepsy and focal cortical dysplasia or a MEG-focus using bilateral single voxels. Epilepsy Res. 2010;89(1):148–53.
Hetherington HP, Kuzniecky RI, Vives K, Devinsky O, Pacia S, Luciano D, Vasquez B, Haut S, Spencer DD, Pan JW. A subcortical network of dysfunction in TLE measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neurology. 2007;69(24):2256–65.
Brazdil M, Marecek R, Fojtikova D, Mikl M, Kuba R, Krupa P, Rektor I. Correlation study of optimized voxel-based morphometry and (1)H MRS in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009;30(4):1226–35.
Park SA, Kim GS, Lee SK, Lim SR, Heo K, Park SC, Chang JW, Kim DI, Lee BI. Interictal epileptiform discharges relate to 1H-MRS-detected metabolic abnormalities in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2002;43(11):1385–9.
Kuzniecky R, Palmer C, Hugg J, Martin R, Sawrie S, Morawetz R, Faught E, Knowlton R. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in temporal lobe epilepsy: neuronal dysfunction or cell loss? Arch Neurol. 2001;58(12):2048–53.
Hugg JW, Kuzniecky RI, Gilliam FG, Morawetz RB, Fraught RE, Hetherington HP. Normalization of contralateral metabolic function following temporal lobectomy demonstrated by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Ann Neurol. 1996;40(2):236–9.
Cendes F, Andermann F, Dubeau F, Matthews PM, Arnold DL. Normalization of neuronal metabolic dysfunction after surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy. evidence from proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Neurology. 1997;49(6):1525–33.
Vermathen P, Ende G, Laxer KD, Walker JA, Knowlton RC, Barbaro NM, Matson GB, Weiner MW. Temporal lobectomy for epilepsy: recovery of the contralateral hippocampus measured by (1)H MRS. Neurology. 2002;59(4):633–6.
Faerber EN, Poussaint TY. Magnetic resonance of metabolic and degenerative diseases in children. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2002;13(1):3–21.
Barkovich AJ. An approach to MRI of metabolic disorders in children. J Neuroradiol. 2007;34(2):75–88.
Schulze A. Creatine deficiency syndromes. Mol Cell Biochem. 2003;244(1-2):143–50.
Stockler S, Schutz PW, Salomons GS. Cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes: clinical aspects, treatment and pathophysiology. Subcell Biochem. 2007;46:149–66.
Stockler S, Holzbach U, Hanefeld F, Marquardt I, Helms G, Requart M, Hanicke W, Frahm J. Creatine deficiency in the brain: a new, treatable inborn error of metabolism. Pediatr Res. 1994;36(3):409–13.
Verbruggen KT, Sijens PE, Schulze A, Lunsing RJ, Jakobs C, Salomons GS, van Spronsen FJ. Successful treatment of a guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficient patient: findings with relevance to treatment strategy and pathophysiology. Mol Genet Metab. 2007;91(3):294–6.
Sijens PE, Verbruggen KT, Meiners LC, Soorani-Lunsing RJ, Rake JP, Oudkerk M. 1H chemical shift imaging of the brain in guanidino methyltransferase deficiency, a creatine deficiency syndrome; guanidinoacetate accumulation in the gray matter. Eur Radiol. 2005;15(9):1923–6.
Bianchi MC, Tosetti M, Fornai F, Alessandri MG, Cipriani P, De Vito G, Canapicchi R. Reversible brain creatine deficiency in two sisters with normal blood creatine level. Ann Neurol. 2000;47(4):511–3.
Cecil KM, Salomons GS, Ball WS Jr, Wong B, Chuck G, Verhoeven NM, Jakobs C, DeGrauw TJ. Irreversible brain creatine deficiency with elevated serum and urine creatine: a creatine transporter defect? Ann Neurol. 2001;49(3):401–4.
Martin E, Capone A, Schneider J, Hennig J, Thiel T. Absence of N-acetylaspartate in the human brain: impact on neurospectroscopy? Ann Neurol. 2001;49(4):518–21.
Harding C. Progress toward cell-directed therapy for phenylketonuria. Clin Genet. 2008;74(2):97–104.
Moller HE, Ullrich K, Weglage J. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in phenylketonuria. Eur J Pediatr. 2000;159(2):S121–5.
Pietz J, Kreis R, Boesch C, Penzien J, Rating D, Herschkowitz N. The dynamics of brain concentrations of phenylalanine and its clinical significance in patients with phenylketonuria determined by in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Pediatr Res. 1995;38(5):657–63.
Briere JJ, Favier J, El Ghouzzi V, Djouadi F, Benit P, Gimenez AP, Rustin P. Succinate dehydrogenase deficiency in human. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005;62(19-20):2317–24.
Brockmann K, Bjornstad A, Dechent P, Korenke CG, Smeitink J, Trijbels JM, Athanassopoulos S, Villagran R, Skjeldal OH, Wilichowski E, Frahm J, Hanefeld F. Succinate in dystrophic white matter: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy finding characteristic for complex II deficiency. Ann Neurol. 2002;52(1):38–46.
Chuang DT, Chuang JL, Wynn RM. Lessons from genetic disorders of branched-chain amino acid metabolism. J Nutr. 2006;136(1 Suppl):243S–9S.
Heindel W, Kugel H, Wendel U, Roth B, Benz-Bohm G. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy reflects metabolic decompensation in maple syrup urine disease. Pediatr Radiol. 1995;25(4):296–9.
Jan W, Zimmerman RA, Wang ZJ, Berry GT, Kaplan PB, Kaye EM. MR diffusion imaging and MR spectroscopy of maple syrup urine disease during acute metabolic decompensation. Neuroradiology. 2003;45(6):393–9.
Kure S, Tada K, Narisawa K. Nonketotic hyperglycinemia: biochemical, molecular, and neurological aspects. Jpn J Hum Genet. 1997;42(1):13–22.
Shah DK, Tingay DG, Fink AM, Hunt RW, Dargaville PA. Magnetic resonance imaging in neonatal nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Pediatr Neurol. 2005;33(1):50–2.
Heindel W, Kugel H, Roth B. Noninvasive detection of increased glycine content by proton MR spectroscopy in the brains of two infants with nonketotic hyperglycinemia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1993;14(3):629–35.
Gabis L, Parton P, Roche P, Lenn N, Tudorica A, Huang W. In vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic measurement of brain glycine levels in nonketotic hyperglycinemia. J Neuroimaging. 2001;11(2):209–11.
Matalon R, Michals-Matalon K. Biochemistry and molecular biology of Canavan disease. Neurochem Res. 1999;24(4):507–13.
Austin SJ, Connelly A, Gadian DG, Benton JS, Brett EM. Localized 1H NMR spectroscopy in Canavan’s disease: a report of two cases. Magn Reson Med. 1991;19(2):439–45.
Barker PB, Bryan RN, Kumar AJ, Naidu S. Proton NMR spectroscopy of Canavan’s disease. Neuropediatrics. 1992;23(5):263–7.
Wittsack HJ, Kugel H, Roth B, Heindel W. Quantitative measurements with localized 1H MR spectroscopy in children with Canavan’s disease. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1996;6(6):889–93.
McErlean A, Abdalla K, Donoghue V, Ryan S. The dentate nucleus in children: normal development and patterns of disease. Pediatr Radiol. 2010;40(3):326–39.
Saneto RP, Friedman SD, Shaw DW. Neuroimaging of mitochondrial disease. Mitochondrion. 2008;8(5-6):396–413.
Finsterer J. Central nervous system imaging in mitochondrial disorders. Can J Neurol Sci. 2009;36(2):143–53.
De Stefano N, Matthews PM, Ford B, Genge A, Karpati G, Arnold DL. Short-term dichloroacetate treatment improves indices of cerebral metabolism in patients with mitochondrial disorders. Neurology. 1995;45(6):1193–8.
Bianchi MC, Sgandurra G, Tosetti M, Battini R, Cioni G. Brain magnetic resonance in the diagnostic evaluation of mitochondrial encephalopathies. Biosci Rep. 2007;27(1-3):69–85.
Bianchi MC, Tosetti M, Battini R, Manca ML, Mancuso M, Cioni G, Canapicchi R, Siciliano G. Proton MR spectroscopy of mitochondrial diseases: analysis of brain metabolic abnormalities and their possible diagnostic relevance. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24(10):1958–66.
Lin DD, Crawford TO, Barker PB. Proton MR spectroscopy in the diagnostic evaluation of suspected mitochondrial disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24(1):33–41.
Boddaert N, Romano S, Funalot B, Rio M, Sarzi E, Lebre AS, Bahi-Buisson N, Valayannopoulos V, Desguerre I, Seidenwurm D, Brunelle F, Brami-Zylberberg F, Rotig A, Munnich A, de Lonlay P. 1H MRS spectroscopy evidence of cerebellar high lactate in mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency. Mol Genet Metab. 2008;93(1):85–8.
Inao S, Marmarou A, Clarke GD, Andersen BJ, Fatouros PP, Young HF. Production and clearance of lactate from brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and serum following experimental brain injury. J Neurosurg. 1988;69(5):736–44.
Dinopoulos A, Cecil KM, Schapiro MB, Papadimitriou A, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Wong B, de Grauw T, Egelhoff JC. Brain MRI and proton MRS findings in infants and children with respiratory chain defects. Neuropediatrics. 2005;36(5):290–301.
Phelan JA, Lowe LH, Glasier CM. Pediatric neurodegenerative white matter processes: leukodystrophies and beyond. Pediatr Radiol. 2008;38(7):729–49.
Eichler FS, Barker PB, Cox C, Edwin D, Ulug AM, Moser HW, Raymond GV. Proton MR spectroscopic imaging predicts lesion progression on MRI in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Neurology. 2002;58(6):901–7.
Oz G, Tkac I, Charnas LR, Choi IY, Bjoraker KJ, Shapiro EG, Gruetter R. Assessment of adrenoleukodystrophy lesions by high field MRS in non-sedated pediatric patients. Neurology. 2005;64(3):434–41.
Bizzi A, Castelli G, Bugiani M, Barker PB, Herskovits EH, Danesi U, Erbetta A, Moroni I, Farina L, Uziel G. Classification of childhood white matter disorders using proton MR spectroscopic imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(7):1270–5.
Haussinger D, Schliess F. Astrocyte swelling and protein tyrosine nitration in hepatic encephalopathy. Neurochem Int. 2005;47(1-2):64–70.
Vaquero J, Butterworth RF. The brain glutamate system in liver failure. J Neurochem. 2006;98(3):661–9.
Kreis R, Ross BD, Farrow NA, Ackerman Z. Metabolic disorders of the brain in chronic hepatic encephalopathy detected with H-1 MR spectroscopy. Radiology. 1992;182(1):19–27.
Ross BD, Danielsen ER, Bluml S. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: the new gold standard for diagnosis of clinical and subclinical hepatic encephalopathy? Dig Dis. 1996;14(1):30–9.
Taylor-Robinson SD, Buckley C, Changani KK, Hodgson HJ, Bell JD. Cerebral proton and phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Liver. 1999;19(5):389–98.
Mechtcheriakov S, Schocke M, Kugener A, et al. Chemical shift magnetic resonance spectroscopy of cingulate grey matter in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Neuroradiology. 2005;47(1):27–34.
Binesh N, Huda A, Thomas MA, Wyckoff N, Bugbee M, Han S, Rasgon N, Davanzo P, Sayre J, Guze B, Martin P, Fawzy F. Hepatic encephalopathy: a neurochemical, neuroanatomical, and neuropsychological study. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2006;7(1):86–96.
Hass HG, Nagele T, Seeger U, Hosl F, Gregor M, Kaiser S. Detection of subclinical and overt hepatic encephalopathy and treatment control after L-ornithine-L-aspartate medication by magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS). Z Gastroenterol. 2005;43(4):373–8.
Naegele T, Grodd W, Viebahn R, Seeger U, Klose U, Seitz D, Kaiser S, Mader I, Mayer J, Lauchart W, Gregor M, Voigt K. MR imaging and (1)H spectroscopy of brain metabolites in hepatic encephalopathy: time-course of renormalization after liver transplantation. Radiology. 2000;216(3):683–91.
Cha S. Neuroimaging in neuro-oncology. Neurotherapeutics. 2009;6(3):465–77.
Omuro AM, Leite CC, Mokhtari K, Delattre JY. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of brain tumours. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5(11):937–48.
Hollingworth W, Medina LS, Lenkinski RE, Shibata DK, Bernal B, Zurakowski D, Comstock B, Jarvik JG. A systematic literature review of magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the characterization of brain tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(7):1404–11.
Horská A, Barker PB. Imaging of brain tumors: MR spectroscopy and metabolic imaging. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2010;20(3):293–310.
Moller-Hartmann W, Herminghaus S, Krings T, Marquardt G, Lanfermann H, Pilatus U, Zanella FE. Clinical application of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the diagnosis of intracranial mass lesions. Neuroradiology. 2002;44(5):371–81.
Howe FA, Opstad KS. 1H MR spectroscopy of brain tumours and masses. NMR Biomed. 2003;16(3):123–31.
Chawla S, Wang S, Wolf RL, Woo JH, Wang J, O’Rourke DM, Judy KD, Grady MS, Melhem ER, Poptani H. Arterial spin-labeling and MR spectroscopy in the differentiation of gliomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28(9):1683–9.
Bruhn H, Frahm J, Gyngell ML, Merboldt KD, Hanicke W, Sauter R, Hamburger C. Noninvasive differentiation of tumors with use of localized H-1 MR spectroscopy in vivo: initial experience in patients with cerebral tumors. Radiology. 1989;172(2):541–8.
Langkowski JH, Wieland J, Bomsdorf H, Leibfritz D, Westphal M, Offermann W, Maas R. Pre-operative localized in vivo proton spectroscopy in cerebral tumors at 4.0 Tesla–first results. Magn Reson Imaging. 1989;7(5):547–55.
Tamiya T, Kinoshita K, Ono Y, Matsumoto K, Furuta T, Ohmoto T. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy reflects cellular proliferative activity in astrocytomas. Neuroradiology. 2000;42(5):333–8.
Shimizu H, Kumabe T, Shirane R, Yoshimoto T. Correlation between choline level measured by proton MR spectroscopy and Ki-67 labeling index in gliomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21(4):659–65.
Tedeschi G, Lundbom N, Raman R, Bonavita S, Duyn JH, Alger JR, Di Chiro G. Increased choline signal coinciding with malignant degeneration of cerebral gliomas: a serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging study. J Neurosurg. 1997;87(4):516–24.
Hourani R, Brant LJ, Rizk T, Weingart JD, Barker PB, Horska A. Can proton MR spectroscopic and perfusion imaging differentiate between neoplastic and nonneoplastic brain lesions in adults? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(2):366–72.
Alger JR, Frank JA, Bizzi A, Fulham MJ, DeSouza BX, Duhaney MO, Inscoe SW, Black JL, van Zijl PC, Moonen CT. Metabolism of human gliomas: assessment with H-1 MR spectroscopy and F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET. Radiology. 1990;177(3):633–41.
Barker PB, Glickson JD, Bryan RN. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human brain tumors. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 1993;5(1):32–45.
Herholz K, Heindel W, Luyten PR, den Hollander JA, Pietrzyk U, Voges J, Kugel H, Friedmann G, Heiss WD. In vivo imaging of glucose consumption and lactate concentration in human gliomas. Ann Neurol. 1992;31(3):319–27.
Negendank W, Sauter R. Intratumoral lipids in 1H MRS in vivo in brain tumors: experience of the Siemens cooperative clinical trial. Anticancer Res. 1996;16(3B):1533–8.
Howe FA, Barton SJ, Cudlip SA, Stubbs M, Saunders DE, Murphy M, Wilkins P, Opstad KS, Doyle VL, McLean MA, Bell BA, Griffiths JR. Metabolic profiles of human brain tumors using quantitative in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med. 2003;49(2):223–32.
Majós C, Alonso J, Aguilera C, et al. Utility of proton MR spectroscopy in the diagnosis of radiologically atypical intracranial meningiomas. Neuroradiology. 2003;45(3):129–36.
Kuesel AC, Sutherland GR, Halliday W, Smith IC. 1H MRS of high grade astrocytomas: mobile lipid accumulation in necrotic tissue. NMR Biomed. 1994;7(3):149–55.
Di Costanzo A, Scarabino T, Trojsi F, Popolizio T, Catapano D, Giannatempo GM, Bonavita S, Portaluri M, Tosetti M, d’Angelo VA, Salvolini U, Tedeschi G. Proton MR spectroscopy of cerebral gliomas at 3 T: spatial heterogeneity, and tumour grade and extent. Eur Radiol. 2008;18(8):1727–35.
Hattingen E, Raab P, Franz K, Lanfermann H, Setzer M, Gerlach R, Zanella FE, Pilatus U. Prognostic value of choline and creatine in WHO grade II gliomas. Neuroradiology. 2008;50(9):759–67.
Castillo M, Smith JK, Kwock L. Correlation of myo-inositol levels and grading of cerebral astrocytomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21(9):1645–9.
Saraf-Lavi E, Bowen BC, Pattany PM, Sklar EM, Murdoch JB, Petito CK. Proton MR spectroscopy of gliomatosis cerebri: case report of elevated myoinositol with normal choline levels. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24(5):946–51.
Majos C, Aguilera C, Cos M, Camins A, Candiota AP, Delgado-Goni T, Samitier A, Castaner S, Sanchez JJ, Mato D, Acebes JJ, Arus C. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of intraventricular tumours of the brain. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(8):2049–59.
Costanzo A, Scarabino T, Trojsi F, et al. Multiparametric 3T MR approach to the assessment of cerebral gliomas: tumor extent and malignancy. Neuroradiology. 2006;48(9):622–31.
Remy C, Grand S, Lai ES, Belle V, Hoffmann D, Berger F, Esteve F, Ziegler A, Le Bas JF, Benabid AL, Decorps M, Segebarth CM. 1H MRS of human brain abscesses in vivo and in vitro. Magn Reson Med. 1995;34(4):508–14.
Garg M, Gupta RK. MR spectroscopy in intracranial infection. In: Gillard JH, Waldman AD, Barker PB, editors. Clinical MR neuroimaging: diffusion, perfusion and spectroscopy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2004. p. 380–406.
Saindane AM, Cha S, Law M, Xue X, Knopp EA, Zagzag D. Proton MR spectroscopy of tumefactive demyelinating lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23(8):1378–86.
Al-Okaili RN, Krejza J, Wang S, Woo JH, Melhem ER. Advanced MR imaging techniques in the diagnosis of intraaxial brain tumors in adults. Radiographics. 2006;26(Suppl 1):S173–89.
Butzen J, Prost R, Chetty V, Donahue K, Neppl R, Bowen W, Li SJ, Haughton V, Mark L, Kim T, Mueller W, Meyer G, Krouwer H, Rand S. Discrimination between neoplastic and nonneoplastic brain lesions by use of proton MR spectroscopy: the limits of accuracy with a logistic regression model. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21(7):1213–9.
Rand SD, Prost R, Haughton V, Mark L, Strainer J, Johansen J, Kim TA, Chetty VK, Mueller W, Meyer G, Krouwer H. Accuracy of single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy in distinguishing neoplastic from nonneoplastic brain lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18(9):1695–704.
De Stefano N, Caramanos Z, Preul MC, Francis G, Antel JP, Arnold DL. In vivo differentiation of astrocytic brain tumors and isolated demyelinating lesions of the type seen in multiple sclerosis using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Ann Neurol. 1998;44(2):273–8.
Venkatesh SK, Gupta RK, Pal L, Husain N, Husain M. Spectroscopic increase in choline signal is a nonspecific marker for differentiation of infective/inflammatory from neoplastic lesions of the brain. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;14(1):8–15.
Wilkinson ID, Griffiths PD, Wales JK. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of brain lesions in children with neurofibromatosis type 1. Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;19(8):1081–9.
Vuori K, Kankaanranta L, Hakkinen AM, Gaily E, Valanne L, Granstrom ML, Joensuu H, Blomstedt G, Paetau A, Lundbom N. Low-grade gliomas and focal cortical developmental malformations: differentiation with proton MR spectroscopy. Radiology. 2004;230(3):703–8.
Majos C, Aguilera C, Alonso J, Julia-Sape M, Castaner S, Sanchez JJ, Samitier A, Leon A, Rovira A, Arus C. Proton MR spectroscopy improves discrimination between tumor and pseudotumoral lesion in solid brain masses. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(3):544–51.
Hourani R, Horska A, Albayram S, Brant LJ, Melhem E, Cohen KJ, Burger PC, Weingart JD, Carson B, Wharam MD, Barker PB. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging to differentiate between nonneoplastic lesions and brain tumors in children. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006;23(2):99–107.
Arnold DL, Shoubridge EA, Villemure JG, Feindel W. Proton and phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human astrocytomas in vivo. Preliminary observations on tumor grading. NMR Biomed. 1990;3(4):184–9.
Gill SS, Thomas DG, Van BN, Gadian DG, Peden CJ, Bell JD, Cox IJ, Menon DK, Iles RA, Bryant DJ. Proton MR spectroscopy of intracranial tumours: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1990;14(4):497–504.
Meyerand ME, Pipas JM, Mamourian A, Tosteson TD, Dunn JF. Classification of biopsy-confirmed brain tumors using single-voxel MR spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20(1):117–23.
Preul MC, Leblanc R, Caramanos Z, Kasrai R, Narayanan S, Arnold DL. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy guided brain tumor resection: differentiation between recurrent glioma and radiation change in two diagnostically difficult cases. Can J Neurol Sci. 1998;25(1):13–22.
Stadlbauer A, Gruber S, Nimsky C, Fahlbusch R, Hammen T, Buslei R, Tomandl B, Moser E, Ganslandt O. Preoperative grading of gliomas by using metabolite quantification with high-spatial-resolution proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology. 2006;238(3):958–69.
Pfisterer WK, Nieman RA, Scheck AC, Coons SW, Spetzler RF, Preul MC. Using ex vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to reveal associations between biochemical and biological features of meningiomas. Neurosurg Focus. 2010;28(1):E12.
Majos C, Alonso J, Aguilera C, Serrallonga M, Coll S, Acebes JJ, Arus C, Gili J. Utility of proton MR spectroscopy in the diagnosis of radiologically atypical intracranial meningiomas. Neuroradiology. 2003;45(3):129–36.
Castillo M, Kwock L. Proton MR spectroscopy of common brain tumors. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 1998;8(4):733–52.
Law M, Cha S, Knopp EA, Johnson G, Arnett J, Litt AW. High-grade gliomas and solitary metastases: differentiation by using perfusion and proton spectroscopic MR imaging. Radiology. 2002;222(3):715–21.
Fan G, Sun B, Wu Z, Guo Q, Guo Y. In vivo single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy in the differentiation of high-grade gliomas and solitary metastases. Clin Radiol. 2004;59(1):77–85.
Chiang IC, Kuo YT, Lu CY, Yeung KW, Lin WC, Sheu FO, Liu GC. Distinction between high-grade gliomas and solitary metastases using peritumoral 3-T magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion, and perfusion imagings. Neuroradiology. 2004;46(8):619–27.
Louis DN, Perry A, Reifenberger G, von Deimling A, Figarella-Branger D, Cavenee WK, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Kleihues P, Ellison DW. The 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Acta Neuropathol. 2016;131(6):803–20.
Yan H, Parsons DW, Jin G, McLendon R, Rasheed BA, Yuan W, Kos I, Batinic-Haberle I, Jones S, Riggins GJ, Friedman H, Friedman A, Reardon D, Herndon J, Kinzler KW, Velculescu VE, Vogelstein B, Bigner DD. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(8):765–73.
Balss J, Meyer J, Mueller W, Korshunov A, Hartmann C, von Deimling A. Analysis of the IDH1 codon 132 mutation in brain tumors. Acta Neuropathol. 2008;116(6):597–602.
Parsons DW, Jones S, Zhang X, Lin JC-H, Leary RJ, Angenendt P, Mankoo P, Carter H, Siu IM, Gallia GL, Olivi A, McLendon R, Rasheed BA, Keir S, Nikolskaya T, Nikolsky Y, Busam DA, Tekleab H, Diaz LA, Hartigan J, Smith DR, Strausberg RL, Marie SKN, Shinjo SMO, Yan H, Riggins GJ, Bigner DD, Karchin R, Papadopoulos N, Parmigiani G, Vogelstein B, Velculescu VE, Kinzler KW. An integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme. Science. 2008;321(5897):1807–12.
Watanabe T, Nobusawa S, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H. IDH1 mutations are early events in the development of astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. Am J Pathol. 2009;174(4):1149–53.
Ward PS, Patel J, Wise DR, Abdel-Wahab O, Bennett BD, Coller HA, Cross JR, Fantin VR, Hedvat CV, Perl AE, Rabinowitz JD, Carroll M, Su SM, Sharp KA, Levine RL, Thompson CB. The common feature of leukemia-associated IDH1 and IDH2 mutations is a neomorphic enzyme activity converting α-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate. Cancer Cell. 2010;17(3):225–34.
Dang L, White DW, Gross S, Bennett BD, Bittinger MA, Driggers EM, Fantin VR, Jang HG, Jin S, Keenan MC, Marks KM, Prins RM, Ward PS, Yen KE, Liau LM, Rabinowitz JD, Cantley LC, Thompson CB, Vander Heiden MG, Su SM. Cancer-associated IDH1 mutations produce 2-hydroxyglutarate. Nature. 2009 Dec 10;462(7274):739–44.
Waitkus MS, Diplas BH, Yan H. Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations in gliomas. Neuro-Oncology. 2016;18(1):16–26.
Lehnert W, Hunkler D. Possibilities of selective screening for inborn errors of metabolism using high-resolution 1H-FT-NMR spectrometry. Eur J Pediatr. 1986;145(4):260–6.
Pope WB, Prins RM, Albert Thomas M, Nagarajan R, Yen KE, Bittinger MA, Salamon N, Chou AP, Yong WH, Soto H, Wilson N, Driggers E, Jang HG, Su SM, Schenkein DP, Lai A, Cloughesy TF, Kornblum HI, Wu H, Fantin VR, Liau LM. Non-invasive detection of 2-hydroxyglutarate and other metabolites in IDH1 mutant glioma patients using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Neuro-Oncol. 2012;107(1):197–205.
Crisi G, Filice S, Michiara M, Crafa P, Lana S. 2-Hydroxyglutarate detection by short echo time magnetic resonance spectroscopy in routine imaging study of brain glioma at 3.0 T. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2018;42(3):469–74.
Natsumeda M, Igarashi H, Nomura T, Ogura R, Tsukamoto Y, Kobayashi T, Aoki H, Okamoto K, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Nakada T, Fujii Y. Accumulation of 2-hydroxyglutarate in gliomas correlates with survival: a study by 3.0-tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2014;2(1):158.
Nagashima H, Tanaka K, Sasayama T, Irino Y, Sato N, Takeuchi Y, Kyotani K, Mukasa A, Mizukawa K, Sakata J, Yamamoto Y, Hosoda K, Itoh T, Sasaki R, Kohmura E. Diagnostic value of glutamate with 2-hydroxyglutarate in magnetic resonance spectroscopy for IDH1 mutant glioma. Neuro-Oncology. 2016;18(11):1559–68.
Andronesi OC, Kim GS, Gerstner E, Batchelor T, Tzika AA, Fantin VR, Vander Heiden MG, Sorensen AG. Detection of 2-hydroxyglutarate in IDH-mutated glioma patients by in vivo spectral-editing and 2D correlation magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(116):116.
Branzoli F, Di Stefano AL, Capelle L, Ottolenghi C, Valabrègue R, Deelchand DK, Bielle F, Villa C, Baussart B, Lehéricy S, Sanson M, Marjańska M. Highly specific determination of IDH status using edited in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuro-Oncology. 2018;20(7):907–16.
Verma G, Mohan S, Nasrallah MP, Brem S, Lee JY, Chawla S, Wang S, Nagarajan R, Thomas MA, Poptani H. Non-invasive detection of 2-hydroxyglutarate in IDH-mutated gliomas using two-dimensional localized correlation spectroscopy (2D L-COSY) at 7 Tesla. J Transl Med. 2016;14(1):274.
Choi C, Ganji SK, DeBerardinis RJ, Hatanpaa KJ, Rakheja D, Kovacs Z, Yang X-L, Mashimo T, Raisanen JM, Marin-Valencia I, Pascual JM, Madden CJ, Mickey BE, Malloy CR, Bachoo RM, Maher EA. 2-hydroxyglutarate detection by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in IDH-mutated patients with gliomas. Nat Med. 2012;18(4):624–9.
Choi C, Ganji S, Hulsey K, Madan A, Kovacs Z, Dimitrov I, Zhang S, Pichumani K, Mendelsohn D, Mickey B, Malloy C, Bachoo R, DeBerardinis R, Maher E. A comparative study of short- and long-TE 1 H MRS at 3 T for in vivo detection of 2-hydroxyglutarate in brain tumors. NMR Biomed. 2013;26(10):1242–50.
Tietze A, Choi C, Mickey B, Maher EA, Parm Ulhøi B, Sangill R, Lassen-Ramshad Y, Lukacova S, Østergaard L, von Oettingen G. Noninvasive assessment of isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation status in cerebral gliomas by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a clinical setting. J Neurosurg. 2018;128(2):391–8.
Zhou M, Zhou Y, Liao H, Rowland BC, Kong X, Arvold ND, Reardon DA, Wen PY, Lin AP, Huang RY. Diagnostic accuracy of 2-hydroxyglutarate magnetic resonance spectroscopy in newly diagnosed brain mass and suspected recurrent gliomas. Neuro-Oncology. 2018;20(9):1262–71.
de la Fuente MI, Young RJ, Rubel J, Rosenblum M, Tisnado J, Briggs S, Arevalo-Perez J, Cross JR, Campos C, Straley K, Zhu D, Dong C, Thomas A, Omuro AA, Nolan CP, Pentsova E, Kaley TJ, Oh JH, Noeske R, Maher E, Choi C, Gutin PH, Holodny AI, Yen K, DeAngelis LM, Mellinghoff IK, Thakur SB. Integration of 2-hydroxyglutarate-proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy into clinical practice for disease monitoring in isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant glioma. Neuro-Oncology. 2016;18(2):283–90.
Berrington A, Voets NL, Plaha P, Larkin SJ, McCullagh J, Stacey R, Yildirim M, Schofield CJ, Jezzard P, Cadoux-hudson T, Ansorge O, Emir UE. Improved localization for 2-hydroxyglutarate detection at 3 T using long-TE semi-LASER. Tomography. 2016;2(2):94–105.
Berrington A, Voets NL, Larkin SJ, de Pennington N, McCullagh J, Stacey R, Schofield CJ, Jezzard P, Clare S, Cadoux-Hudson T, Plaha P, Ansorge O, Emir UE. A comparison of 2-hydroxyglutarate detection at 3 and 7 T with long-TE semi-LASER. NMR Biomed. 2018;31(3):e3886.
Bisdas S, Chadzynski GL, Braun C, Schittenhelm J, Skardelly M, Hagberg GE, Ethofer T, Pohmann R, Shajan G, Engelmann J, Tabatabai G, Ziemann U, Ernemann U, Scheffler K. MR spectroscopy for in vivo assessment of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate and its effects on cellular metabolism in human brain gliomas at 9.4T. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;44(4):823–33.
Ganji SK, An Z, Tiwari V, McNeil S, Pinho MC, Pan E, Mickey BE, Maher EA, Choi C. In vivo detection of 2-hydroxyglutarate in brain tumors by optimized point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) at 7T. Magn Reson Med. 2017;77(3):936–44.
Emir UE, Larkin SJ, de Pennington N, Voets N, Plaha P, Stacey R, Al-Qahtani K, McCullagh J, Schofield CJ, Clare S, Jezzard P, Cadoux-Hudson T, Ansorge O. Noninvasive quantification of 2-hydroxyglutarate in human gliomas with IDH1 and IDH2 mutations. Cancer Res. 2016;76(1):43–9.
Shen X, Voets N, Larkin S, de Pennington N, Plaha P, Stacey R, McCullagh J, Schofield C, Clare S, Jezzard P, Cadoux-Hudson T, Ansorge O, Emir U. A noninvasive comparison study between human gliomas with IDH1 and IDH2 mutations by MR spectroscopy. Meta. 2019;9(2):35.
Tiwari V, Daoud EV, Hatanpaa KJ, Gao A, Zhang S, Ganji SK, Jack M, Lewis CM, Askari P, Baxter J, Levy M, Dimitrov I, Thomas BP, Marco C, Madden CJ, Pan E, Patel TR, De Berardinis RJ, Sherry DA, Mickey BE, Malloy CR, Maher EA, Choi C. Glycine by MR spectroscopy is an imaging biomarker of glioma aggressiveness. Neuro-Oncology. 2020;22(7):1018–29.
Branzoli F, Pontoizeau C, Tchara L, Di Stefano AL, Kamoun A, Deelchand DK, Valabrègue R, Lehéricy S, Sanson M, Ottolenghi C, Marjańska M. Cystathionine as a marker for 1p/19q codeleted gliomas by in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuro-Oncology. 2019;21(6):765–74.
Yang I, Aghi MK. New advances that enable identification of glioblastoma recurrence. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2009;6(11):648–57.
Taylor JS, Langston JW, Reddick WE, Kingsley PB, Ogg RJ, Pui MH, Kun LE, Jenkins JJ 3rd, Chen G, Ochs JJ, Sanford RA, Heideman RL. Clinical value of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for differentiating recurrent or residual brain tumor from delayed cerebral necrosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;36(5):1251–61.
Wald LL, Nelson SJ, Day MR, Noworolski SE, Henry RG, Huhn SL, Chang S, Prados MD, Sneed PK, Larson DA, Wara WM, McDermott M, Dillon WP, Gutin PH, Vigneron DB. Serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging of glioblastoma multiforme after brachytherapy. J Neurosurg. 1997;87(4):525–34.
Chernov MF, Hayashi M, Izawa M, Usukura M, Yoshida S, Ono Y, Muragaki Y, Kubo O, Hori T, Takakura K. Multivoxel proton MRS for differentiation of radiation-induced necrosis and tumor recurrence after gamma knife radiosurgery for brain metastases. Brain Tumor Pathol. 2006;23(1):19–27.
Rock JP, Hearshen D, Scarpace L, Croteau D, Gutierrez J, Fisher JL, Rosenblum ML, Mikkelsen T. Correlations between magnetic resonance spectroscopy and image-guided histopathology, with special attention to radiation necrosis. Neurosurgery. 2002;51(4):912–9.
Li X, Vigneron DB, Cha S, Graves EE, Crawford F, Chang SM, Nelson SJ. Relationship of MR-derived lactate, mobile lipids, and relative blood volume for gliomas in vivo. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26(4):760–9.
Pružincová Ľ, Šteňo J, Srbecký M, et al. MR imaging of late radiation therapy- and chemotherapy-induced injury: a pictorial essay. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(11):2716–27.
Hangel G, Cadrien C, Lazen P, Furtner J, Lipka A, Heckova E, Hingerl L, Motyka S, Gruber S, Strasser B, Kiesel B, Mischkulnig M, Preusser M, Roetzer T, Wohrer A, Widhalm G, Rossler K, Trattnig S, Bogner W. High-resolution metabolic imaging of high-grade gliomas using 7T-CRT-FID-MRSI. Neuroimage Clin. 2020;28:102433.
Wilson M, Andronesi O, Barker PB, Bartha R, Bizzi A, Bolan PJ, Brindle KM, Choi IY, Cudalbu C, Dydak U, Emir UE, Gonzalez RG, Gruber S, Gruetter R, Gupta RK, Heerschap A, Henning A, Hetherington HP, Huppi PS, Hurd RE, Kantarci K, Kauppinen RA, Klomp DWJ, Kreis R, Kruiskamp MJ, Leach MO, Lin AP, Luijten PR, Marjanska M, Maudsley AA, Meyerhoff DJ, Mountford CE, Mullins PG, Murdoch JB, Nelson SJ, Noeske R, Oz G, Pan JW, Peet AC, Poptani H, Posse S, Ratai EM, Salibi N, Scheenen TWJ, Smith ICP, Soher BJ, Tkac I, Vigneron DB, Howe FA. Methodological consensus on clinical proton MRS of the brain: Review and recommendations. Magn Reson Med. 2019;82(2):527–50.
Oz G, Alger JR, Barker PB, Bartha R, Bizzi A, Boesch C, Bolan PJ, Brindle KM, Cudalbu C, Dincer A, Dydak U, Emir UE, Frahm J, Gonzalez RG, Gruber S, Gruetter R, Gupta RK, Heerschap A, Henning A, Hetherington HP, Howe FA, Huppi PS, Hurd RE, Kantarci K, Klomp DW, Kreis R, Kruiskamp MJ, Leach MO, Lin AP, Luijten PR, Marjanska M, Maudsley AA, Meyerhoff DJ, Mountford CE, Nelson SJ, Pamir MN, Pan JW, Peet AC, Poptani H, Posse S, Pouwels PJ, Ratai EM, Ross BD, Scheenen TW, Schuster C, Smith IC, Soher BJ, Tkac I, Vigneron DB, Kauppinen RA. Clinical proton MR spectroscopy in central nervous system disorders. Radiology. 2014;270(3):658–79.
Garcia-Gomez JM, Luts J, Julia-Sape M, Krooshof P, Tortajada S, Robledo JV, Melssen W, Fuster-Garcia E, Olier I, Postma G, Monleon D, Moreno-Torres A, Pujol J, Candiota AP, Martinez-Bisbal MC, Suykens J, Buydens L, Celda B, Van Huffel S, Arus C, Robles M. Multiproject-multicenter evaluation of automatic brain tumor classification by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. MAGMA. 2009;22(1):5–18.
Heerschap A. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy in clinical oncology. In: Shields A, Price P, editors. Cancer drug discovery and development: in vivo imaging of cancer therapy. Totowa: Humana Press Inc; 2007.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Horská, A., Berrington, A., Barker, P.B., Tkáč, I. (2023). Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Clinical Applications. In: Faro, S.H., Mohamed, F.B. (eds) Functional Neuroradiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10909-6_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10909-6_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-10908-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-10909-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)