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The Greek Revolution 200 Years On: New Perspectives and Legacies

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New Perspectives on the Greek War of Independence

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Abstract

This chapter explores the literature on the Greek War of Independence over the last 200 years and introduces the overarching aims and themes of the volume—new perspectives, myths, realities, legacies, and reflections. It establishes the various schools of thought and the more recent trends in research, before showing how the current volume builds on this long historiography. It highlights the importance of this volume to wider historical fields, and how broader historical trends have impacted or not on the longer historiography. It also discusses the role of the Greek Revolution in politics and nationalism, and how it has impacted and continues to impact people.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Punch, or the London Charivari, 9 August 1922.

  2. 2.

    Andrekos Varnava, ‘British and Greek Liberalism and Imperialism in the Long Nineteenth Century’, in Matthew Fitzpatrick (ed.), Liberal Imperialism in Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2012, 219–40.

  3. 3.

    Michael Llewellyn-Smith, Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–22, 2nd ed., Hurst, London, 2021 (orig. 1973).

  4. 4.

    Richard Clogg, ‘Aspects for the Movement for Greek Independence’, in Richard Clogg (ed.), The Struggle for Greek Independence: Essays to mark the 150th anniversary of the Greek War of Independence, Palgrave Macmillan, London & Basingstoke, 1973, 1–40, at 1.

  5. 5.

    Nicholas Doumanis, Before the Nation: Muslim-Christian Coexistence and its Destruction in Late Ottoman Anatolia, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013, 23–7.

  6. 6.

    See: Heath W. Lowry, The Nature of the Early Ottoman State, SUNY Press, Albany, New York, 2003.

  7. 7.

    Dean J. Kostantaras, ‘Christian Elites of the Peloponnese and the Ottoman State, 1715–1821’, European History Quarterly, 43(4), 2013, 628–56; Andrekos Varnava & Michalis N. Michael, ‘Archbishop-Ethnarchs since 1767’, in Andrekos Varnava & Michalis Michael (eds.), The Archbishop’s of Cyprus in the Modern Age: The Changing Role of the Archbishop-Ethnarch, their Identities and Politics, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 2013, 1–16.

  8. 8.

    Richard Clogg, ‘Korais and the Movement for Greek Independence’, History Today, 33, 1 October 1983, 10–4.

  9. 9.

    ‘The Treaty of Kutchuk-Kainardji, 21 July 1774’, in M. S. Anderson (ed.), The Great Powers and the Near East, 1774–1923, Edward Arnold, London, 1970, 9–14.

  10. 10.

    J. A. R. Marriott, The Eastern Question: An Historical Study in European Diplomacy, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1958; M.S. Anderson, The Eastern Question, 1774–1923: A Study in International Relations, Macmillan, St. Martin’s Press, London, 1966; Andrekos Varnava, British Imperialism in Cyprus, 1878–1915: The Inconsequential Possession, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2009, 20–2.

  11. 11.

    Nassia Yakovaki, ‘The Philiki Etaireia Revisited: In Search of Contexts, National and International’, The Historical Review/La Revue Historique, 11, 2014, 171–87, at 172.

  12. 12.

    Kostantaras, ‘Christian Elites of the Peloponnese and the Ottoman State, 1715–1821’, 628–56.

  13. 13.

    Thomas W. Gallant, The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1768 to 1913: The Long Nineteenth Century, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2015, 62–6.

  14. 14.

    Gallant, The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1768 to 1913, 80.

  15. 15.

    Ibid., 65.

  16. 16.

    David Brewer, The Flame of Freedom: The Greek War of Independence, 1821–1833, John Murray, London, 2001, 49–61.

  17. 17.

    Ibid., 60.

  18. 18.

    Ibid., 71.

  19. 19.

    Thomas W. Gallant, Modern Greece: From the War of Independence to the Present, 2nd edn., Bloomsbury, London, 2016, 19.

  20. 20.

    Gallant, The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1768 to 1913, 70–1.

  21. 21.

    Davide Rodogno, Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in The Ottoman Empire 1815–1914, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2011, 63–90; Richard Clogg, A Concise History of Greece, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992, 37–42; Yianni John Charles Cartledge, ‘The Chios Massacre (1822) and early British Christian-humanitarianism’, Historical Research, 93(259), February 2020, 52–72.

  22. 22.

    Christopher Montague Woodhouse, The Greek War of Independence: Its Historical Setting, Russell & Russell, New York, 1975, 122–5.

  23. 23.

    Gallant, The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1768 to 1913, 107–16; Varnava, ‘British and Greek Liberalism and Imperialism in the Long Nineteenth Century’, 219–40.

  24. 24.

    See: Samuel Gridley Howe, An Historical Sketch of the Greek Revolution, White, Gallaher & White, New York, 1828; Thomas Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution: In Two Volumes, William Blackwood, Edinburgh, T. Cadell, London, 1832; George Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution: In Two Volumes, William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh & London, 1861; George Finlay, A History of Greece Vol. V: Greece Under Othoman and Venetian Domination, A.D. 1453–1821, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1877; Walter Alison Phillips, The War of Greek Independence, 1821 to 1833, Smith, Elder, & Co., London, 1897; G. A. Henty, In Greek Waters: A Story of the Grecian War of Independence (1821–1827), Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1902; William Miller, A History of the Greek People (1821–1921), Methuen & Co., London, 1922; William Miller, The Ottoman Empire and its Successors, 1801–1922, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1923.

  25. 25.

    John Mavrogordato, Modern Greece: A Chronicle and a Survey, 1800–1931, Macmillan, London, 1931, vii.

  26. 26.

    See: Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos, Το τελευταίον έτος της ελληνικής ελευθερίας [The last year of Greek Freedom], Antoniadis, Athens, 1844; Albert Thumb, ‘The Modern Greek and His Ancestry’, The Contemporary Review, 105, 1 January 1914, 99–108.

  27. 27.

    Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer, ΠΕΡΙ ΤΗΣ ΚΑΤΑΓΩΓΗΣ ΤΩΝ ΣΗΜΕΡΙΝΩΝ ΕΛΛΗΝΩΝ [About the origin of today’s Greeks], Konstantinos P. Romanos (trans.), Nefeli, Athens, 1984, first published in Stuttgart, 1835, 16–7.

  28. 28.

    Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, revised edn., Verso, London & New York, 2006, 6–7.

  29. 29.

    Stathis Gourgouris, Dream Nation: Enlightenment, Colonization, and the Institution of Modern Greece, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1996, 15.

  30. 30.

    Ernest Gellner, ‘Scale and Nation’, Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 3, 1973, 1–17, at 1–2.

  31. 31.

    See: Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: 1789–1848, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1962.

  32. 32.

    See also: Michael Herzfeld, Ours Once More: Folklore, Ideology, and the Making of Modern Greece, University of Texas Press, Austin, 1982; and the recommended expanded edition: Michael Herzfeld, Ours Once More: Folklore, Ideology, and the Making of Modern Greece, revised edn., Berghahn Books, New York, 2020.

  33. 33.

    See: Roderick Beaton, Byron’s War: Romantic Rebellion, Greek Revolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013; Roderick Beaton, Greece: Biography of a Nation, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2019; Brewer, The Flame of Freedom, 2001; Clogg, A Concise History of Greece, 1992; Richard Clogg (ed.), Balkan Society in the Age of Greek Independence, Palgrave Macmillan, London & Basingstoke, 1981; Clogg, ‘Korais and the Movement for Greek Independence’, 10–4; Richard Clogg (ed.), Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society, Hurst & Company, London, 2002; Richard Clogg (ed.), The Movement for Greek Independence 1770–1821: A Collection of Documents, Palgrave Macmillan, London & Basingstoke, 1976; Clogg (ed.), The Struggle for Greek Independence, 1973; Douglas Dakin, ‘Historical Revision No. CXIX: The Origins of the Greek Revolution of 1821’, History (New Series), 37(131), October 1952, 228–35; Douglas Dakin, The Unification of Greece: 1770–1923, Ernest Benn Limited, London, 1972; Thomas W. Gallant, Modern Greece, Arnold, London, 2001; Gallant, Modern Greece, 2016; Gallant, The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1768 to 1913, 2015; John S. Koliopoulos, Brigands with a Cause, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1987; John S. Koliopoulos & Thanos Veremis, Modern Greece: A History Since 1821, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, 2010; Mark Mazower, The Greek Revolution: 1821 and the Making of Modern Europe, Penguin Press, New York, 2021; David Ricks & Roderick Beaton (eds.), The Making of Modern Greece: Nationalism, Romanticism, and the Uses of the Past (1797–1896), Ashgate, Farnham, Surrey, 2009; William St Clair, That Greece Might Still Be Free: The Philhellenes in the War of Independence, 2nd edn., Cambridge Open Book Publishers, Cambridge, 2008; Christopher Montague Woodhouse, Modern Greece: A Short History, 4th edn., Faber & Faber, London & Boston, 1986; Woodhouse, The Greek War of Independence, 1975; Christopher Montague Woodhouse, The Philhellenes, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1969.

  34. 34.

    See: Nuray Bozbora, ‘Ali Pasha Tepelena in the Turkish Historiography of Republican Era and Morean Uprising of 1821’, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2009(2), 2009, 55–67; Eldem Edhem, ‘Greece and the Greeks in Ottoman History and Turkish Historiography’, The Historical Review/La Revue Historique, 6, 2009, 27–40; Korina Kagan, ‘The myth of the European concert: The realist-institutionalist debate and great power behavior in the eastern question, 1821–41’, Security Studies, 7(2), 1997, 1–57; H. Şükrü Ilıcak, ‘A Radical Rethinking of Empire: Ottoman State and Society during the Greek War of Independence 1821–1826’, PhD thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2011; H. Şükrü Ilıcak, ‘The Greek War of Independence and the Demise of the Janissary Complex: A New Interpretation of the ‘Auspicious Incident”, ‘Political Though and Practice in the Ottoman Empire’, Halcyon Days in Crete, IX, 2019, 483–93; H. Şükrü Ilıcak, ‘The Revolt of Alexandros Ipsilantis and the Fate of the Fanariots in Ottoman Documents’, in Petros Pizanias, The Greek Revolution of 1821: A European Event, The Isis Press, Constantinople, 2011, 225–39; Justin McCarthy, Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922, Darwin Press, Feltham, UK, 1996.

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  1. College of Humanities, Arts & Social Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Yianni Cartledge & Andrekos Varnava

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  1. Yianni Cartledge
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  1. College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Yianni Cartledge

  2. College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Andrekos Varnava

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Cartledge, Y., Varnava, A. (2022). The Greek Revolution 200 Years On: New Perspectives and Legacies. In: Cartledge, Y., Varnava, A. (eds) New Perspectives on the Greek War of Independence. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10849-5_1

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