Abstract
Saffron, a low volume high value crop, is obtained from the dried stigmas of Crocus sativus flowers. The major constituents of saffron are phytochemicals like crocin, picrocrocin, safranal and crocetin, which attribute to its broad spectrum medicinal properties, because of which it has attained the status of being one of the costliest dietary spices. Saffron is mainly being cultivated in Iran, India, Afghanistan, Greece, Italy, Spain, etc. Though limited to only four districts of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India has the second largest area under saffron cultivation, after Iran. However, in India saffron productivity is very low (2.0–2.5 kg/ha) as compared to other countries. In the recent past its production has declined in several countries, due to the vegetatively propagated and labour intensive nature of the crop, genetic erosion, lack of modern cultivation practices and mechanization, urbanization of traditional saffron cultivation land, and prevalence of corm rot of saffron. Saffron has antioxidant, radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties, and acts as anti-arthritic agents reducing cholesterol and triglycerides. It acts against stress and anxiety and also helps in decreasing depressive conditions. Saffron has immunological effects and is effective against neurological diseases including Alzheimer and Parkinson-like behaviour. It also shows anti-cancer properties, and its extract reduces dental caries. Saffron has also been used to dye textiles and in human and animal histological staining. It is as well used in various cuisines, confectionaries and non-alcoholic beverages. Corm rot, prevalent in almost all the saffron growing areas, has emerged as one of the major limitations for the successful cultivation of saffron, globally. The disease is primarily noticed during flowering (October–November) and grubbing stages (May–July) and is manifested as symptoms like drooping, damping-off, yellowing, wilting of shoots, basal stem rot and corm rot. In Kashmir, 46% corm rot incidence has been reported with none of the saffron fields being free from the disease. The disease is also widespread in Kishtwar (up to 100%), with maximum incidence and severity in Lower Poochal (59.33 and 35.00%, respectively). Cultivation of saffron, a perennial crop with planting cycle of 5–17 years, is carried out without proper phyto-sanitary inspection; hence the infected and/or infested corms act as an important source of primary inoculum of corm rot. Plant pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. and Macrophomina sp. have been found associated with corm rot complex disease of saffron. Most of them survive in infected corms and soil as dormant structures. The association of multiple soil-borne pathogens shows synergism in the incidence of corm rot. Human mediated cultural operations, field implements, bullock carts or tractors used for field preparation and use of infected corms help in the dispersal of pathogens. Even the air currents carrying dust particles along with plant debris containing the inoculum assist in the dispersal of plant pathogens. Heavy rainfall also helps in the short-distance dispersal of plant pathogen. The presence of primary inoculum in the field, infestation of soil by plant parasitic nematodes/rodents, faulty agronomic practices, erratic rainfall and poorly drained fields are the pre-disposing factors for corm rot. The disease drastically reduces the saffron yield, corm development and production of cormlets. Thereby, contributing towards direct economic losses and fluctuations in saffron prices. Although chemical fungicides are very effective, yet growing concern about their deleterious impacts on the environment and human beings, along with pesticide residues in the produce, has resulted in exploring alternative eco-friendly and sustainable methods, for the management of corm rot. Beneficial microbes have proved effective in managing the disease because they compete for energy, food and ecological niche or substrate with the pathogen, and produce inhibitory allelo-chemicals and induce of systemic resistance in the plant. Bacillus spp., due to the advantage of it producing heat and desiccation resistant spores, significantly reduces the incidence of corm rot. Though carbendazim causes maximum disease suppression, yet Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum are greatly effective against corm rot. Soil solarization for 4 and 6 weeks significantly reduces the corm rot incidence. Corm dip in mancozeb + carbendazim results in 85.49% reduction in corm rot. Field sanitation and proper drainage are equally important for the management of corm rot. Application of plant growth promoting fungi (PGPF) and plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) are also widely advocated in different crops to amelioration biotic and abiotic stresses and promote plant growth.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdullaev FI (1993) Biological effects of saffron. BioFactors 4:83–86
Abdullaev FI (2002) Cancer chemopreventive and tumoricidal properties of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Exp Biol Med 227(1):20–25
Abe T (1933) Studies on a new dry rot disease of the bulb of Crocus sativus L. caused by Fusarium bulbigenum Cke. et. Mass var. blasticola (Rostr.) Wr. Trans Tottori Soc Agric Sci 4(3):212–228
Agayev YM, Fernandez J, Zarifi E (2009) Clonal selection of saffron (Crocus sativus L.): the first optimistic experimental results. Euphytica 169(1):81–99
Ahmad M, Sagar V (2007) Annual progress report on integrated management of corm/tuber rot of saffron and kala-zeera. Horticulture technology mini-mission-1 research project no. 2.2
Ahmad M, Sagar V, Shah MUD, Padder BA, Ahanger FA, Sofi TA, Mir AA, Nabi AF, Khan MA (2018) Management of corm rot of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Kashmir, India. Acta Hortic 1200:111–114
Alarcon J, Sanchez YA (1968) Elazafranhejadivulgadora. In: The saffron disclosing sheet Ministeria de Agriculture (Ministry of Agriculture), Madrid, 68 pp (in Spanish)
Almeida ES (2017) Adsorção de β-caroteno de óleo de palmaemterrasclarificantescomerciais: cinética, equilíbrio e mecanismos. Universidade de Brasília
Al-Snafi AE (2016) Medicinal plants with anticancer effects (part 2)—plant based review. Sch Acad J Pharm 5(5):175–193
Alyahya GA, Heegaard S, Prause JU (2002) Characterization of melanoma associated spongiform ciliopathy. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 80:322–326
Ambardar S, Vakhlu J (2013) Plant growth promoting bacteria from Crocus sativus rhizosphere. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 29:2271–2279
Amin A, Hamza AA, Bajbouj K, Ashraf SS, Saffron SD (2011) A potential candidate for a novel anticancer drug against hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 54(3):857–867
Anonymous (2017) Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad. Islamic Republic of Iran
Asrari N, Yazdian-Robati R, Abnous K, Razavi BM, Rashednia M, Hasani FV, Hosseinzadeh H (2019) Antidepressant effects of aqueous extract of saffron and its effects on CREB, P-CREB, BDNF, and VGF proteins in rat cerebellum. J Pharmacopunct 21(1):35–40
Aymani IE, Qostal S, Mouden N, Selmaoui K, Touhami AO, Benkirane R, Douira A (2019) Fungi associated with saffron (Crocus sativus) in Morocco. Plant Cell Biotechnol Mol Biol 20(23–24):1180–1188
Bentata F, Lage M, Bakhy K, Ibrahimi M, Jbair A, El Aissami A, Kissayi KH, Labhilili M (2017) Sanitary assessment of saffron corms and soil from Great Moroccan production areas: Taliouine and Taznakht. Acta Hortic 1184
Boskabady MH, Farkhondeh T (2016) Anti inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of Crocus sativus L. and its main constituents. Phytother Res 30(7):1072–1094
Bourguet D, Guillemaud T (2016) The hidden and external costs of pesticide use. In: Lightfouse E (ed) Sustainable agriculture reviews. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 35–120
Brayford D (1996) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli. Mycopathologia 133:47–48
Cantu D, Vicente AR, Labavitch JM, Bennett AB, Powell AL (2008) Strangers in the matrix: plant cell walls and pathogen susceptibility. Trends Plant Sci 13:610–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2008.09.002
Cappelli C (1994) Occurrence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli on saffron in Italy. Phytopathol Meditarr 33(1):93–94
Cappelli C, Di Minco G (1998) Control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli based on the production of pathogen free saffron corms. J Plant Pathol 80:253
Cappelli C, Di Minco G (1999) Results of a triennial study on saffron diseases in Abruzzi. Inf Fitopatol 49:27–32 (in Italian)
Cappelli C, Buonaurio R, Polverari A (1991) Occurrence of Penicillium corymbiferum on saffron in Italy. Plant Pathol 40(1):148–149
Carta C, Flori M, Franceschini A (1982) Charcoal rot of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) bulbs, vol 29. Instituto di Patologia Vegatale dell University di Sassari, Italy, pp 193–197
Chellemi DO, Mirusso J (2006) Optimizing soil disinfection producers for fresh market tomato and pepper production. Plant Disease 90:668–674
Choudhary D, Varma A (2016) Microbial-mediated induced systemic resistance in plants. Springer, Singapore, p 226
Cirmi S, Ferlazzo N, Lombardo G, Ventura-Spagnolo E, Gangemi S, Calapai G, Navarra M (2016) Neurodegenerative diseases: might citrus flavonoids play a protective role? Molecules 21(10):1312
Coakley SM (1995) Biospheric change: will it matter in plant pathology? Can J Plant Path 17:147–153
Colapietro A, Mancini A, D’Alessandro AM, Festuccia C (2019) Crocetin and crocin from saffron in cancer chemotherapy and chemoprevention. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 19:38–47
Costa SL, Silva VDA, Dos Santos Souza C, Santos CC, Paris I, Munoz P, Segura-Aguilar J (2016) Impact of plant-derived flavonoids on neurodegenerative diseases. Neurotox Res 30(1):41–52
Deo B (2003) Growing saffron, the world’s most expensive spice. NZ Inst Crop Food Res 20:14
Desmettre T, Maurage CA, Mordon S (2001) Heat shock protein hyperexpression on chorioretinal layers after transpupillary thermotherapy. Invest Ophth Vis Sci 42(12):2976–2980
Dhar AK (1992) Bio-ecology and control of corm rot of saffron (Crocus sativa L). Master’s thesis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, India, 109 pp
Di Primo P, Cappelli C, Katan T (2002) Vegetative compatibility groupings of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli from saffron. Eur J Plant Pathol 108:869–875
Dinesh BM, Ravichandra NG, Reddy BMR, Somasekhara YM (2014) Interactions between Radopholus similis and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense causing wilt complex on Banana. Int J Adv Res 2014(2):976–985
Dita M, Barquero M, Heck D, Mizubuti ESG, Staver CP (2018) Fusarium wilt of banana: current knowledge on epidemiology and research needs toward sustainable disease management. Front Plant Sci 9:1468. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01468
Edston E, Grontoft L, Johnsson JT (2002) A useful screening method in sudden cardiac death. Int J Legal Med 116:22–28
Fernandez JA (2004) Biology, biotechnology and biomedicine of saffron. Recent Res Dev Plant Sci 2:127–159
Fernandez JA (2007) Genetic resources of saffron and allies (Crocus spp.). Acta Hortic 739:167–185
Fiori M, Ligios V, Schiaffino A (2011) Identification and characterization of Burkholderia isolates obtained from bacterial rot of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) grown in Italy. Phytopathol Mediterr 50:450–461
Forchetti CM (2005) Treating patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease: implications of recent pharmacologic studies. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 7(4):155
Francesconi A (1973) The rotting of bulbs of Crocus sativus L. by Penicillium cyclopium Westling. Ann Bot 32:63–70
Gelsomino A, Badalucco L, Landi L, Cacco G (2006) Soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics as affected by solarization alone and combined with organic amendment. Plant Soil 279:307–325
Geromichalos GD, Lamari FN, Papandreou MA, Trafalis DT, Margarity M, Papageorgiou A, Sinakos Z (2010) Saffron as a source of novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: molecular docking and in vitro enzymatic studies. J Agric Food Chem 60(24):6131–6138
Ghajar A, Neishabouri SM, Velayati N, Jahangard L, Matinnia N, Haghighi M, Akhondzadeh S (2017) Crocus sativus L. versus citalopram in the treatment of major depressive disorder with anxious distress: a double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 50(04):152–160
Ghorbani R, Koocheki A (2017) Sustainable cultivation of saffron in Iran. In: Lichtfouse E (ed) Sustainable agriculture reviews. Springer International Publishing, Cham
Gill HK, Aujla IS, De Bellis L, Luvisi A (2017) The role of soil solarization in India: how an unnoticed practice could support pest control. Front Plant Sci 8:1515
Goliaris AH (1999) Saffron cultivation in Greece. In: Saffron Crocus sativus L. medicinal and aromatic plants. Industrial profiles. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 73–87
Gresta F, Lombardo GM, Siracusa L, Ruberto G (2008) Effect of mother corm dimension and sowing time on stigmas yield, daughter corms and qualitative aspects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in a Mediterranean environment. J Sci Food Agric 88:1144–1150
Gu ZF, Zhi Y (1997) A study on biological characteristics of Penicillium corymbiferum on crocus. Acta Agric Shanghai 3(4):71–74
Gupta R, Vakhlu J (2015) Native Bacillus amyloliquefaciens W2 as a potential biocontrol for Fusarium oxysporum R1 causing corm rot of Crocus sativus. Eur J Plant Pathol 143(1):123–131
Gupta V, Kalha CS, Razdan VK, Dolly (2011) Etiology and management of corm rot of saffron in Kishtwar district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. J Mycol Plant Pathol 41:361–366
Gupta V, Kumar K, Fatima K, Razdan VK, Sharma BC, Mahajan V, Rai PK, Sharma A, Gupta V, Hassan MG, Hussain R (2020) Role of biocontrol agents in management of corm rot of saffron caused by Fusarium oxysporum. Agronomy 10:1398
Gupta V, Sharma A, Rai PK, Gupta SK, Singh B, Sharma SK, Singh SK, Hussain R, Razdan VK, Kumar D, Paswal S, Pandit V, Sharma R (2021) Corm rot of saffron: epidemiology and management. Agronomy 11:339. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020339
Hassan MG, Devi LS (2003) Corm rot diseases of saffron in Kashmir valley. Indian Phytopathol 56:122
Hosseinzadeh H, Talebzadeh F (2005) Anticonvulsant evaluation of safranal and crocin from Crocus sativus in mice. Fitoterapia 76(7–8):722–724
Husaini AM (2014) Challenges of climate change: omics-based biology of saffron plants and organic agricultural biotechnology for sustainable saffron production. GM Crops Food 5:97–105
Jeffries P, Young TWK (1994) Interfungal parasitic relationships. CAB International, Wallingford, p 296
Kalha CS, Gupta V, Gupta D (2007) First report of sclerotial rot of saffron caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in India. Plant Dis 91:1203–1206
Kalha CS, Gupta V, Gupta V, Mohiddin FA (2008) Saffron cultivation in Kishtwar. In: Nehvi FA, Wani SA (eds) Saffron production in Jammu and Kashmir. Directorate of Extension Education, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, pp 142–152
Kamili AS, Nehvi FA, Trag AR (2007) Saffron—a legendry crop of Kashmir Himalaya. J Himal Ecol Sustain Dev 2:1–12
Karbasaki BF, Hosseinzadeh H, Sedigheh FBB, Hoda V, Kiarash G, Molok AB (2016) Evaluation of antimicrobial effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of saffron on oral pathogenic microbes (Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, Candida albicans). J Mash Dent Sch 40(3):203–212
Katan J (2017) Diseases caused by soil borne pathogens: biology managements and challenges. J Plant Pathol 99:305–315
Khan MR (2008) Plant nematodes methodology, morphology, systematics, biology and ecology. Science Publishers, New Hampshire, p 360
Khan MR, Sharma RK (2020) Fusarium-nematode wilt disease complexes, etiology and mechanism of development. Indian Phytopathol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42360-020-00240-z
Kosar M, Baser KH (2020) Beneficial effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in ocular diseases. In: Sarwat M, Sumaiya S (eds) Saffron: the age-old panacea in a new light. Academic Press, pp 155–161
Kumar K (2018) Biological control of corm rot of saffron. Master’s thesis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Jammu
Lahmass I, Ouahhoud S, Sabouni A, Elyoubi M, Benabbas R, Elmoussaoui M, Choukri R, Saalaoui (2017) Antihyperlipidemic effect of crude extract of saffron (Crocus sativus) stigma in healthy male rats. E J Med Allied Sci 7:20–25
Liakopoulou-Kyriakides M, Kyriakidis DA (2002) Crocus sativus-biological active constituents. Stud Nat Prod Chem 26:293–312
Liakopoulou-Kyriakides M, Tsatsaroni E, Laderos P (1998) Dyeing of cotton and wool fibers with pigments from Crocus sativus—effect of enzymatic treatment. Dyes Pigm 36(3):215–221
Liu J, Wang A, Li L, Huang Y, Xue P, Hao A (2010) Oxidative stress mediates hippocampal neuron death in rats after lithium–pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Seizure 19(3):165–172
Lotfi L, Kalbasi-Ashtari A, Hamedi M, Ghorbani F (2015) Effects of enzymatic extraction on anthocyanins yield of saffron tepals (Crocus sativus) along with its color properties and structural stability. J Food Drug Anal 23:210–218
Madan CL, Kapoor BM, Gupta US (1967) Saffron. Econ Bot 20:377–385
McGovern RJ, McSorley R (1997) Physical methods of soil sterilization for disease management including soil solarization. In: Rechcigl NA, Rechcigl JE (eds) Environmentally safe approaches to crop disease control. CRC Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp 283–313
Mizusawa Y (1923) A bacterial rot disease of saffron. Ann Phytopathol Soc Jpn 1(5):1–12
Mohammadzadeh L, Hosseinzadeh H, Abnous K, Razavi BM (2018) Neuroprotective potential of crocin against malathion-induced motor deficit and neurochemical alterations in rats. Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 25(5):4904–4914
Moraga AR, Rambla JL, Ahrazem O, Granell A, Gomez-Gomez L (2009) Metabolite and target transcript analyses during Crocus sativus stigma development. Phytochemistry 70:1009–1016
Moshiri E, Basti AA, Noorbala AA, Jamshidi AH, Abbasi SH, Akhondzadeh S (2006) Crocus sativus L. (petal) in the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. Phytomedicine 13:607–611
Nehvi FA, Iqbal AM, Sameer SS, Naseer S, Nagoo SA, Manzar A, Allaie BA (2018) Integrated capsule for enhancing saffron productivity. Acta Hortic 1200:95–100
Nematia Z, Harpkea D, Gemicioglua A, Kerndorffa H, Blattner FR (2019) Saffron (Crocus sativus) is an autotriploid that evolved in Attica (Greece) from wild Crocus cartwrightianus. Mol Phylogenet Evol 136:14–20
Pal KK, Gardener BM (2006) Biological control of plant pathogens. Plant Health Instr 2:1117–1142
Peterson E, Hansen E, Hulbert J (2014) Source or sink? The role of soil and water borne inoculum in the dispersal of Phytophthora ramorum in Oregon tanoak forests. For Ecol Manag 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.02.031
Poma A, Fontecchio G, Carlucci G, Chichiriccò G (2012) Anti-inflammatory properties of drugs from saffron crocus. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 11(1):37–51
Revuelta MP, Cantabrana B, Hidalgo A (2000) Mechanisms involved in kaempferol-induced relaxation in rat uterine smooth muscle. Life Sci 67:251–259
Rostoker G, Delchier JC, Chaumette MT (2001) Increased intestinal intra-epithelial T lymphocytes in primary glomerulonephritis: a role of oral tolerance breakdown in the pathophysiology of human primary glomerulonephritides? Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:513–517
Rubio-Moraga A, Ahrazem O, Rambla JL, Granell A, Gomez Gomez L (2013) Crocins with high levels of sugar conjugation contribute to the yellow colours of early-spring flowering crocus tepals. PLoS ONE 8:e71946
Salwee Y, Nehvi FA, Wani SA (2013) Tissue culture as an alternative for commercial corm production in saffron: a heritage crop of Kashmir. Afr J Biotechnol 12(25):3940–3946
Sánchez-Vioque R, Rodríguez-Conde MF, Reina-Ureña JV, Escolano-Tercero MA, Herraiz-Peñalvera D, Santana-Méridas O (2012) In-vitro antioxidant and metal chelating properties of corm, tepal and leaf from saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Ind Crops Prod 39:149–153
Sánchez-Vioque R, Santana-Méridas O, Polissiou M, Vioque J, Astraka K, Alaiz M, Girón-Calle J (2016) Polyphenol composition and in vitro antiproliferative effect of corm, tepal and leaf from Crocus sativus L. on human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2). J Funct Foods 24:18–25
Schenk PK (1969) Root rot in crocus. Neth J Plant Pathol 76:159–164
Shah A, Srivastava KK (1984) Control of corm rot of saffron. Progress Hortic 16:141–143
Stapleton JJ (2000) Soil solarization in various agricultural production systems. Crop Prot 19:837–841
Stapleton JJ, DeVay JE (1986) Soil solarization: a non-chemical approach for management of plant pathogens and pests. Crop Prot 5:90–198
Sud AK, Paul YS, Thakur BR (1999) Corm rot of saffron and its management. J Mycol Plant Pathol 29(3):380–382
Sutton MW, Wale SJ (1985) The control of Penicillium corymbiferum on crocus and its effect on corm production. Plant Pathol 34:566–570
Takaoka A, Miyoshi K, Kondo M (1992) Dyeing with plant pigments. Dyeing with the extracts of saffron and Gardenia. Nippon Kasei Gakkaishi 43:303–309
Tammaro F (1999) Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Italy. In: Negbi M (ed) Saffron: Crocus sativus L. Harwood Academic Publishers, Australia, pp 53–62
Thakur RN, Singh C, Kaul BL (1992) First report of corm rot in Crocus sativus L. Indian Phytopathol 45:278–282
Tsatsaroni EG, Eleftheriadis IC (1994) The color and fastness of natural saffron. J Soc Dyers Colour 110:313–315
Tsatsaroni E, Liakopoulou-Kyriakides M, Eleftheriadis I (1998) Comparative study of dyeing properties of two yellow natural pigments—effect of enzymes and proteins. Dyes Pigments 37(4):307–315
Valizadeh R (1988) Leaf usage as feeding animal. Iran Science Research, Khorasan
Vijayabhargava K, Asad M (2011) Effect of stigmas of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on cell mediated and humoral immunity. Nat Prod J 1:151–155
Wani MA (2004) Studies on corm rot of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Ph.D. thesis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, 65 pp
Winterhalter P, Straubinger M (2000) Saffron-renewed interest in an ancient spice. Food Rev Int 16:39–59
Xu CX, Ge QX (1990) A preliminary study on corm rot in Crocus sativus L. Acta Agric Univ Zhejiangensis 16:241–246
Yamamoto W, Omatsu T, Takami K (1954) Studies on the corm rots of Crocus sativus L. I. on saprophytic propagation of Sclerotinia gladioli and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli on various plants and soils. Sci Rep Hyogo Univ Agric 1:64–70
Zadoks JC (1981) Treatise on the violet root of saffron crocus. Mededelingen Landbouwhoge Sch Wageningen 81(7):1–31
Zeinali F, Anvari M, Dashti RMH, Hosseini SM (2009) The effects of different concentrations of saffron (Crocus sativus) decoction on preterm delivery in mice. Planta Med 75:I29
Zeka K, Ruparelia KC, Continenza MA, Stagos D, Vegliò F, Arroo RRJ (2015) Petals of Crocus sativus L. as a potential source of the antioxidants crocin and kaempferol. Fitoterapia 107:128–134
Zhou Y, Xu J, Zhu Y, Duan Y, Mingguo Z (2016) Mechanism of action of the benzimidazole fungicide on Fusarium graminearum: interfering with polymerization of monomeric tubulin but not polymerized microtubule. Phytopathology 106:807–813
Zhou G, Li L, Lu J, Li J, Yao C, Sun P, Liu K, Dong Y, Qin L, Qin X (2020) Flower cultivation regimes affect apocarotenoid accumulation and gene expression during the development of saffron stigma. Hortic Environ Biotechnol 61:473–484
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gupta, V., Razdan, V.K., Sharma, S.K. (2022). Epidemiology and Management of Corm Rot of Saffron. In: Vakhlu, J., Ambardar, S., Salami, S.A., Kole, C. (eds) The Saffron Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10000-0_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10000-0_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-09999-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-10000-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)