Skip to main content

From Huts to Shacks: Drawing Lessons from Traditional Resource Management Systems to Inform the Management of Communal Water Projects in Urban Informal Settlements in Kenya

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
From Traditional to Modern African Water Management

Abstract

The water supply challenge, though a global issue, is more pronounced in urban informal settlement areas, which are characterized by high economic and social activity; and is exacerbated by rapid population growth, increasingly water-intensive growth patterns, pollution, rainfall variability, and other anthropogenic factors. In many urban informal settlement areas, the panacea to this challenge has been the implementation of water supply projects, many of which fail within the first two years of the inauguration, with corresponding non-functionality rates of thirty to sixty percent at any given time. Due to the tenure constraints and other infrastructural and spatial challenges, these water supply projects tend to be shared among the residents. Recalling that the management of resources in traditional African societies was structured around communal perspectives, this chapter sought to surface the key tenets of traditional resource management systems and explore how they can be applied in urban informal settlement space. The discussion centres around the aspects of leadership through mutualities; focusing on community needs; and community management as opposed to community participation, as crucial elements to incorporate in the management of water supply projects in today’s urban informal contexts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams, E. A. (2017). Thirsty slums in African cities: household water insecurity in urban informal settlements of Lilongwe, Malawi. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 34(6), 869–887. https://doi.org//10.1080/07900627.2017.1322941

  • Advani, R. (2016). Scaling up blended financing of water and sanitation investments in Kenya. The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behailu, B. M., Hukka, J. J., & Katko, T. S. (2017). Service failures of rural water supply systems in Ethiopia and their policy implications. Public Works Management & Policy, 20(2), 179–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behailu, B. M. (2016). Rural water and sanitation: Community managed project approach for sustainability in Ethiopia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behailu, B. M., Pietilä, P. E., & Katko, T. S. (2016). Indigenous practices of water management for sustainable services: Case of Borana and Konso, Ethiopia. Sage Open, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, J., Ainslie, A., & Davis, J. (2013). Contested institutions? Traditional leaders and land access and control in communal areas of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Land Use Policy, 32, 27–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boonzaier, E., Hoffman, M., Archer, F. M., & Smith, A. (1990). Communal land use and the “tragedy of the commons”: Some problems and development perspectives with specific reference to semi-arid regions of southern Africa. Journal of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa, 7(2), 77–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bromley, D. W. (1991). Environment and economy: Property rights and public policy. Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chauvin, J. P., Glaeser, E., Ma, Y., & Tobio, K. (2017). What is different about urbanization in rich and poor countries? Cities in Brazil, China, India and the United States. Journal of Urban Economics, 98, 17–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2016.05.003

  • Daneel, M. L. (1996). A new venture of Zimbabwe’s traditional customs of the land. Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law: Special Issue on the New Relevance of Traditional Authorities to Africa’s future, 347–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dore, D. (2001). Transforming traditional institutions for sustainable natural resource management: History, narratives and evidence from Zimbabwe’s Communal Areas. African Studies Quarterly, 5(3), 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dovey, K., Oostrum, M., & v., Chatterjee, I., & Shafique, T. (2020). Towards a morphogenesis of informal settlements. Habitat International, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2020.102240

  • Gollin, D., Lakagos, D., & Waugh, M. E. (2014). The agricultural productivity gap. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129(2), 939–993. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt056

  • Harvey, P. A., & Reed, R. A. (2006). Community-managed water supplies in Africa: Sustainable or dispensable? Community Development Journal, 42(3), 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsl001

  • Ishaku, H. T., Peters, A. A., Haruna, A., & Dama, F. M. (2010). The role of private water vending in Nigeian Peri-Urban informal settlements: Implication for Policy Makers. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2(12), 1082–1087. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2010.212127

  • Isoke, J., & Dijk, M. P. (2013). Factors influencing selection of drinking water technologies for urban informal settlements in Kampala. Water and Environment Journal, 28(3), 423–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12058

  • Kacker, D. S., & Joshi, A. (2016). In the pipeline: the governance of water supply to urban informal settlement areas. International Development Planning Reviews, 38(3), 255–273. https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2016.15

  • Kacker, S. D., & Joshi, A. (2012). Pipe dreams? The governance of urban water supply in informal settlements. New Delhi. IDS Bulletin, 43(2), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2012.00304.x

  • Kerubo, G., Amukoye, E., Niemann, S., & Kariuki, S. (2016). Drug susceptibility profiles of pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients in informal urban settlements in Nairobi. Kenya. BMC Infectious Diseases, 16(1), 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khadka, C., & Vacik, H. (2012). Comparing a top-down and bottom-up approach in the identification of criteria and indicators for sustainable community forest management in Nepal. Forestry, 85(1), 145–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khalifa, M. A. (2015). Evolution of informal settlements upgrading strategies in Egypt: From negligence to participatory development. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 1151–1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2015.04.008

  • Lammerink, M. P., Bolt, E., Jong, D. d., & Schouten, T. (1995). Strengthening community water management (35), 21–28. London: IIED.

    Google Scholar 

  • MajiData. (2017, October 25). Majidata: The Kenyan online water and sanitation database on urban low income areas. Nairobi City County, Nairobi City County, Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malzbender, D., Goldin, J., Turton, A., & Earle, A. (2005, January 26–28). Traditional Water Governance and South Africa’s “National Water Act”—Tension or Cooperation? African Water Laws: Plural Legislative Frameworks for Rural Water. Johhanesburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mawere, M., Mabeza, C. M., & Shava, T. (2014). Traditional authority in community based natural resource management (CBNRM): A critical investigation of the role of traditional authority in fisheries management in Gache Gache Communal Lands of Kariba, Zimbabwe. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal, 5(2). 10.4172/ 2150–3508.1000093

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. H. (1995). Creating public value: Strategic management in government. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mowo, J. G., Adimassu, Z., Catacutan, D., Tanui, J., Masuki, K., & Lyamchai, C. (2013). The importance of local traditional institutions in the management of natural resources in the highlands of East Africa. Human Organization, 72(2), 154–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphree, M. W. (2009). The strategic pillars of communal natural resource management: Benefit, empowerment and conservation. Biodiveristy and Conservation, 18(10), 2551–2562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Northouse, P. G. (2018). Leadership: Theory and practices (8th ed.). London: Sage Publishing House.

    Google Scholar 

  • NCWSC- Informal Settlements Region. (2018). Status of water utilities in the Informal Settlements Region. Nairobi: NCWSC Informal Settlements Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyamwanza, A. M., & Kujinga, K. K. (2016). Climate change, sustainable water management and institutional adaptation in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 693–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9762-2

  • Olonisakin, F. (2020). ‘Beholders’ versus ‘Owners’ of Peace? A book review of Measuring Peace: Principles, practices and politics by Caplan R. (2019), Ethnopolitics, 19(3), 324–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020). Cities in the world: A new perspective on urbanisation. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; Sahel and West Africa Club. (2020). Africa’s urbanisation dymanics 2020: Africapolis, mapping a new urban geography. OECD Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pahl-Wostl, C., Jeffrey, P., Isendahl, N., & Brugnach, M. (2010). Maturing the new water management paradigm: Progressing from aspiration to practice. Water Resources Management, 25(3), 837–856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-010-9729-2

  • Phuthego, T. C., & Chanda, R. (2004). Traditional ecological knowledge and community-based natural resource management: lessons from a Botswana wildlife management area. Applied Geography, 24(1), 57–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rathgeber, E. M. (1996). Women, men, and water resource management in Africa. Water management In Africa and the Middle East: Challenges and opportunities (pp. 49–72). International Development Research Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribot, J. C. (2002). African decentralization: Local actors, powers and accountability. UNRISD Programme on Democracy, Governance and Human Rights, Paper No. 8. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarfo-Mensah, P., & Oduro, W. (2007). Traditional natural resources management practices and biodiversity conservation in Ghana: A review of local concepts and issues on change and sustainability (FEEM Working Paper No. 90).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinharoy, S. S., Pittluck, R., & Clasen, T. (2019). Review of drivers and barriers of water and sanitation policies for urban informal settlements in low-income and middle-income countries. Utilities Policy, 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2019.100957

  • Simon, S. (2011). From traditional to modern water management systems; reflection on the evolution of a ‘water ethic’ in semi-arid Morocco. Current Issues of Water Management, 229–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Squazzoni, F. (2009). Local economic development interventions from the bottom-up: the role of community development corporations. Community Development Journal, 44(4), 500–514.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Statista. (2021). Kenya: Urbanization from 2010 to 2020. Retrieved July 1, 2021, from Statista: https://www.statista.com/statistics/455860/urbanization-in-kenya/

  • Strauch, A. M., & Almedom, A. M. (2011). Traditional water resource management and water quality in rural Tanzania. Human Ecology, 39(1), 93–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strathoff, T. P. (2016). Strategic perspectives on public Value (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis). St. Gallen

    Google Scholar 

  • Tantoh, H. B., & Simatele, D. (2016). Community-based water resource management in North-west Cameroon: the role of potable water supply in community development. , South African Geographical Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2016.1208589

  • The United Nations. (2021). Sustainable development goals. Retrieved June 14, 2021, from Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/

  • Thomas, G. E. (2020). Re-imagining the framework for leadership analysis. Leadership & Developing Societies, 5(1), 73–77. https://doi.org/10.47697/lds.34348005

  • Turner, A. (2009). Bottom-up community development: reality or rhetoric? The example of Kingsmead Kabin in East London. Community Development Journal, 44(2), 230–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2020). Analysis of multiple deprivations in secondary cities in Sub-Saharan Africa. New York: UNICEF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Visagie, J., & Turok, I. (2020). Getting the urban density to work in informal settlements in Africa. Environment and Urbanization, 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wamukoya, M., Kadengye, D. T., Iddi, S., & Chikhozo, C. (2020). The Nairobi Urban health and demographic Surveillance of Slum Dwellers, 2002–2019: Value, processes and challenges. Global Epidemiology, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • WaterAid. (2015). Annual Report and Financial Statements 2014–15. WaterAid.

    Google Scholar 

  • Water Services Reguatory Board. (2016). Impact: A performance review of Kenya's water services sector 2014–2015. Water Services Reguatory Board.

    Google Scholar 

  • Water Services Regulatory Board. (2018). A performance report of Kenya's water services sector 2015/16 and 2016/17. Water Services Regulatory Board.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank Group. (2020, April 20). Understanding poverty: Urban development. Retrieved June 26, 2021, from World Bank: Understanding Poverty: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview

  • World Bank Group. (2021, March 1). Understanding poverty: Water overview. Retrieved June 20, 2021, from Understanding Poverty: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/overview

  • Zerbo, A., Delgado, R. C., & Gonzalez, P. A. (2020). Vulnerability and everyday health risks of urban informal settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa. Global H

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank DAAD and the Exceed Swindon project at TU Braunschweig for supporting this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wanjiru R. Gichohi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Gichohi, W.R. (2022). From Huts to Shacks: Drawing Lessons from Traditional Resource Management Systems to Inform the Management of Communal Water Projects in Urban Informal Settlements in Kenya. In: Kowenje, C., et al. From Traditional to Modern African Water Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09663-1_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09663-1_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-09662-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-09663-1

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics