Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of Acoustic Gunshot Localization Methods on Helicopters with Environmental Sound Simulations

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Cybernetics Perspectives in Systems (CSOC 2022)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems ((LNNS,volume 503))

Included in the following conference series:

  • 764 Accesses

Abstract

Although there are ground based localization solutions for Small Arms Fire (SAF) attacks, there are only a few implementations of onboard applications. A simple Acoustic Source Localization (ASL) application employs a microphone array for collecting audio signals, so as to locate sound sources using the measurements from the sound field. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of Acoustic Gunshot Localization on a helicopter so as to detect and localize SAF attacks, by simulating the effects of both wave propagation and signal processing parameters for different localization algorithms. Three widely known source localization algorithms, Beamforming, Generalized Cross Correlation and Multiple Signal Classification, were deployed, while proposing pre-processing and post-processing methods, considering domain specific issues, such as the effects of helicopter noise, environmental factors, gunshot signal characteristics and real-life mission requirements. Moreover, a simulation environment was developed, which is capable of manipulating both the algorithm related parameters and the outdoor wave propagation related factors. It was observed that by applying the environmental distortions with the sound field simulator of this study, the localization performances were reduced, resulting in more realistic conclusions and comparisons. This way, both the performance of the proposed processing methods and the effects of parameters that affect gunshot localization on helicopters were reported.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Fertig, L., Young, R., Nance, D.: Hybrid cramer-rao lower bound for sniper localization via a helicopter-based acoustic array. In: 2012 Conference Record of the Forty Sixth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (ASILOMAR), Pacific Grove, CA , pp. 862–866 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bandi, A.K., Rizkalla, M., Salama, P.: A novel approach for the detection of gunshot events using sound source localization techniques. In: 2012 IEEE 55th Int. Midwest Symp. on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), Boise, ID, USA, pp. 494–497 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Freire, I.L., Apolinario, J.A.: DoA of gunshot signals in a spatial microphone array: performance of the interpolated generalized cross-correlation method. Argentine Sch. Micro-Nanoelectronics Technol. Appl. (EAMTA) 2011, 1–6 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Sallai, J., Volgyesi, P., Pence, K., Ledeczi, A.: Fusing distributed muzzle blast and shockwave detections. In: 2011 Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION), Chicago, IL, pp. 1–8 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  5. True, H.C., Rickley, E.J.: Noise Characteristics of Eight Helicopters Report No FAA-RD-77–94, Federal Aviation Association, Springfield, Virginia (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Serrenho, F.G., Apolinário, J.A., Ramos, A.L.L., Fernandes, R.P.: Gunshot airborne surveillance with rotary wing UAV-embedded microphone array. Sensors 19(19), 4271 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Sinibaldi, G., Marino, L.: Experimental analysis on the noise of propellers for small UAV. Appl. Acoust. 74(1), 79–88 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Hughes, F., Robinson, H.: Component Noise Variables of a Light Observation Helicopter NASA-CR-114761, Culver City, California (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Maher, R.C.: Modeling and signal processing of acoustic gunshot recordings. In: 2006 IEEE 12th Digital Signal Processing Workshop & 4th IEEE Signal Processing Education Workshop. IEEE (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bronuzzia, F., Monaib, L., Patrucccob, M.: Correct and effective characterization of fire-arms noise: a basic aspect to provide reliable input data for the reduction of emitted noise from shooting ranges in Urbanized area. Chem. Eng. 26, 507–512 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Harris, C.M.: Absorption of sound in air versus humidity and temperature. J. Acoustical Soc. Am. 40, 148–159 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Standardization, IOf. Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors–part 2: general method of calculation (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Son, E., Seungmin, L., Soogab, L.: Helicopter noise propagation characteristics in the refracting atmospheric conditions. In: Presented at the 20th International Congress on Acoustics (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Arntzen, M., et al.: A framework for simulation of aircraft flyover noise through a non-standard atmosphere. In: The 18th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, 2012, pp. AIAA–2012–2079 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Miljković, D.: Methods for attenuation of unmanned aerial vehicle noise. In: 2018 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), pp. 0914–0919. IEEE (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Maher, R.C., Shaw, S.R.: “Deciphering gunshot recordings” presented at the Audio Engineering Society Conference: 33rd International Conference: Audio Forensics-Theory and Practice. Audio Engineering Society, Denver, CO (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Aravindakshan, B., Aravind, A., Vyawahare, M.: Analysis of on-ground and in-flight sound levels produced by Chetak and Pratap helicopters. Indian J. Aerospace Med. 46, 51–61 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Sujatha, J.: Vibration and Acoustics: Measurement and Signal Analysis. Tata McGraw Hill (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Wagner, R.A.: Noise levels of operational helicopters of the OH-6 type designed to meet the LOH mission. Acoustic properties for various helicopter configurations (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Maher, R.C.: Acoustical characterization of gunshots. In: Signal Processing Applications for Public Security and Forensics, 2007 SAFE 2007, Washington, DC, pp. 1–5, April 2007

    Google Scholar 

  21. Beck, S.D., Nakasone, H., Marr, K.W.: An introduction to forensic gunshot acoustics. In: Presented at the 162nd Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, San Diego, California, October 2011

    Google Scholar 

  22. Ramos, A.L.L., Holm, S., Gudvangen, S., Otterlei, R.: A spectral subtraction based algorithm for real-time noise cancellation with application to gunshot acoustics. Int. J. Electron. Telecommun. 59(1), 93–98 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Suman, P., Karan, S., Singh, V., Maringanti, R.: Algorithm for gunshot detection using mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCC). In: Proceedings of Ninth International Conference on Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks, pp. 155–166. Springer, New Delhi (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Chacón-Rodríguez, A., Julián, P., Castro, L., Alvarado, P., Hernández, N.: Evaluation of gunshot detection algorithms. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap. 58(2), 363–373 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  25. Boll, S.: Suppression of acoustic noise in speech using spectral subtraction. IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process. 27(2), 113–120 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Piercy, J.E., Embleton, T.F.W., Sutherland, L.C.: Review of noise propagation in the atmosphere. In: Lara Saenz, A., Stephens, R.W.B. (Eds.) Noise Pollution. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., pp. 95–132 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Knapp, C.H., Carter, G.C.: The generalized correlation method for estimation of time delay. IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process. 24(4), 320–327 (1976)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Mirabilii, D., Habets, E.A.: Spatial coherence-aware multi-channel wind noise reduction. IEEE/ACM Trans. Audio, Speech, Lang. Process. 28, 1974–1987 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Walker, K.T., Michael, A.H.H.: A review of wind-noise reduction methodologies. In: Infrasound Monitoring for Atmospheric Studies. Springer, Netherlands, pp. 141–182 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Schmidt, R.: Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 34(3), 276–280 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hoshiba, K., et al.: Design of UAV-embedded microphone array system for sound source localization in outdoor environments. Sensors, 17(11), 2535 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Lagö, T.L., Sven, J., Per-Anders, H.: Analysis of helicopter sound for the development of a new generation active headset. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Modal Analysis Conference: IMAC (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Yilmaz, M.: A Comprehensive Simulation of Factors that Affect Performance of Array Based Acoustic Gunshot Localization on Helicopters. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey (2016)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Information Systems Dept., Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey

    Murat Yılmaz & Banu Günel Kılıç

  2. Turkish Aerospace Industries Inc., 06980, Ankara, Turkey

    Murat Yılmaz

Authors
  1. Murat Yılmaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Banu Günel Kılıç
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Murat Yılmaz .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Applied Informatics, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Zlin, Czech Republic

    Radek Silhavy

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Yılmaz, M., Kılıç, B.G. (2022). Evaluation of Acoustic Gunshot Localization Methods on Helicopters with Environmental Sound Simulations. In: Silhavy, R. (eds) Cybernetics Perspectives in Systems. CSOC 2022. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 503. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09073-8_32

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation