Skip to main content

Capturing Actions of Communities: Towards Virtual Ethnography and Digital Tools in Researching Organizations and Workplace Learning

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Methods for Researching Professional Learning and Development

Abstract

In this chapter, we introduce the ethnographic research methodology as a starting point in organisational and workplace learning research. In approaching learning at work as a practice-based and communal phenomenon, this strategy has been found suitable for studying its nature and practices. We focus on new and innovative ways to conduct ethnography—especially virtual ethnography and digital tools. In this chapter, we first briefly describe the background of ethnographic methodology. We then move on to consider why workplace learning should also be studied in virtual environments and how digital tools, such as subjective cameras, can be utilized in conducting ethnographic research. Then, we present two empirical case examples. The first case illustrates the study of informal learning using ethnography in a virtual environment. The second case illustrates the use of subjective cameras in a subjective, evidence-based ethnographic process. Using these case examples, we show how the basic principles of ethnography can be strengthened and applied in virtual environments and with the help of digital tools in workplace learning research. We also consider some potential ideas for further ethnographic research on workplace learning alongside ethical matters related to ethnographic and virtual ethnographic research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anosike, P., Ehrich, L. C., & Ahmed, P. (2012). Phenomenology as a method for exploring management practice. International Journal of Management Practice, 5(3), 205–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baskett, H. K. M. (1993). Workplace factors which enhance self-directed learning. Seventh International Symposium on Self-Directed Learning, West Palm Beach, FL, USA, pp. 21–23. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED359354.pdf

  • Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1996). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Billett, S. (2014). Mimesis: Learning through everyday activities and interactions at work. Human Resource Development Review, 13(4), 462–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484314548275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boellstorff, T., Nardi, B., Pearce, C., & Taylor, T. (2012). Ethnography and virtual worlds: A handbook of method. Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Burrell, J. (2009). The field site as a network: A strategy for locating ethnographic research. Field Methods, 21(2), 181–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X08329699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clifford, J. (1990). Notes on fieldnotes. In R. Sanjek (Ed.), Fieldnotes: The makings of anthropology (pp. 47–70). Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coffey, A. (1999). The ethnographic self: Fieldwork and the representation of identity. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857020048

  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Collin, K., Herranen, S., Paloniemi, S., Auvinen, T., Riivari, E., Sintonen, T., & Lemmetty, S. (2018). Leadership as an enabler of professional agency and creativity in information technology organisations. International Journal of Training and Development, 22(3), 222–232. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12130

  • Collin, K. (2006). Connecting work and learning: Design engineers’ learning at work. Journal of Workplace Learning, 18(7/8), 403–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conn, A. N. (2000). Self-directed learning in the workplace. Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collin, K., Lemmetty, S., Forsman, P., Glăveanu, V. P., Auvinen, T., Riivari, E., Keronen, S., & Jaakkola, M. (2021). Supporting creativity and learning at work: Practices and structures from growth companies. In S. Lemmetty, K. Collin, V. P. Glăveanu, & P. Forsman (Eds.), Creativity and learning: Contexts, processes and support (pp. 245–272). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77066-2_11

  • Croucher, S. M., & Cronn-Mills, D. (2015). Understanding communication research methods. A theoretical and practical approach. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danziger, K. (1980). The history of introspection reconsidered. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 16(3), 241–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, C. A. (1999). Reflexive ethnography. A guide to researching selves and others. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebert, P., & Freibichler, W. (2017). Nudge management: Applying behavioural science to increase knowledge worker productivity. Journal of Organization Design, 6(1), 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, M. R. (2004). Working with “key incidents”. In C. Seal, G. Gobo, J. F. Gubrium, & D. Silverman (Eds.), Qualitative research practice (pp. 457–472). Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (2001). Participant observation and fieldnotes. In P. Atkinson, A. Coffey, S. Delamont, J. Lofland, & L. Lofland (Eds.), Handbook of ethnography (pp. 352–368). Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Engeström, Y., & Kerosuo, H. (2007). From workplace learning to inter-organizational learning and back: The contribution of activity theory. Journal of Workplace Learning, 19(6), 336–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fetterman, D. M. (2010). Ethnography step by step. Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fingerroos, O. (2003). Refeksiivinen paikantaminen kulttuurien tutkimuksessa [Reflexive localization in the study of cultures]. Elore, 10(2) available at: https://doi.org/10.30666/elore.78407

  • Fuller, A., & Unwin, L. (2003). Learning as apprentices in the contemporary UK workplace: Creating and managing expansive and restrictive participation. Journal of Education and Work, 16(4), 408–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/1363908032000093012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gergen, K. J. (1999). An invitation to social construction. Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, A., & Martin, J. (2014). Position exchange theory: A socio-material basis for discursive and psychological positioning. New Ideas in Psychology, 32, 73–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glăveanu, V. P. (2013). Creativity and folk art: A study of creative action in traditional craft. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 7(2), 140–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glăveanu, V. P. (2019). Studying creativity as a social process: The use of subjective cameras. In I. Lebuda & V. P. Glăveanu (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of social creativity research (pp. 163–173). Palgrave.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Glăveanu, V. P. (2020a). A sociocultural theory of creativity: Bridging the social, the material, and the psychological. Review of General Psychology, 24(4), 335–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glăveanu, V. P. (2020b). The possible: A sociocultural theory. Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Glăveanu, V. P., & Lahlou, S. (2012). Through the creator’s eyes: Using the subjective camera to study craft creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 24(2–3), 152–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glăveanu, V. P., Ness, J. I., Wasson, B., & Lubart, T. (2019). Sociocultural perspectives on creativity, learning, and technology. In C. A. Mullen (Ed.), Creativity under duress in education? Resistive theories, practices, and actions (pp. 63–82). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Havnes, A., & Smeby, J.-C. (2014). Professional development and profession. In S. Billett, C. Harteis, & H. Gruber (Eds.), International handbook of research in professional and practice-based learning (pp. 915–986). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8902-8

  • Hägg-Martinell, A., Hult, H., Henriksson, P., & Kiessling, A. (2017). Medical students’ opportunities to participate and learn from activities at an internal medicine ward: An ethnographic study. BMJ Open, 7(2), e013046. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013046. PMID: 28196948; PMCID: PMC5318643.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (2007). Ethnography: Principles in practice. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heyl, B. S. (2001). Ethnographic interviewing. In P. Atkinson, A. Coffey, S. Delamont, J. Lofland, & L. Lofland (Eds.), Handbook of ethnography (pp. 369–383). Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jääskeläinen, R. (1998). Think-aloud protocols. In M. Baker (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of translation studies (pp. 265–269). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, L., Smet, S., Onghena, P., & Kyndt, E. (2017). The relationship between learning conditions in the workplace and informal learning outcomes: A study among police inspectors. International Journal of Training and Developing, 28(2), 92–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joas, H. (1993). Pragmatism and social theory. University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozinets, R. (2015). Netnography: Redefined. Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunda, G. (2013). Reflections on becoming an ethnographer. Journal of Organizational Ethnography, 2(1), 4–22. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOE-12-2012-0061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kyndt, E., & Baert, H. (2013). Antecedents of employees’ involvement in work-related learning: A systematic review. New Media & Society, 83(2), 1506–1522. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817698776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lahlou, S., Le Bellu, S., & Boesen-Mariani, S. (2015). Subjective evidence-based ethnography: Method and applications. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 49(2), 216–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge University.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lemmetty, S. (2020a). Employee opportunities for self-directed learning at technology organisations: Features and frames of self-directed learning projects. Studies in Continuing Education, 43(2), 139–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemmetty, S. (2020b). “Self-learning is present every day—In fact, it’s my job.” Self-directed workplace learning in technology-based work. Doctoral dissertation. University of Jyväskylä. https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/71221

  • Lemmetty, S., & Collin, K. (2020). Self-directed learning in creative activity: An ethnographic study in technology-based work. Journal of Creative Behaviour. [early online]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.438

  • Li, E.-S., & Bartunek, J. (2009). Research methods for organizational learning: The transatlantic gap. Management Learning, 40(4), 439–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marjolein, G. M. C., Berings, A., Doornbos, J., & Simons, P. R. (2006). Methodological practices in on-the-job learning research. Human Resource Development International, 9(3), 333–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/1367886060089355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsick, V. J., & Watkins, K. E. (1990). Informal and incidental learning in the workplace. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murthy, D. (2013). Ethnographic research 2.0: The potentialities of emergent digital technologies for qualitative organizational research. Journal of Organizational Ethnography, 2(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOE-01-2012-0008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nerland, M. (2008). Knowledge cultures and the shaping of work-based learning: The case of computer engineering. Vocations and Learning, 1(1), 49–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-007-9002-x

  • Ness, I. J. (2017). Polyphonic orchestration-facilitating creative knowledge processes for innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 20(4), 557–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly, K. (2011). Ethnographic methods. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostroff, C. (2019). Contextualizing context in organizational research. In S. E. Humphrey & J. M. LeBreton (Eds.), The handbook of multilevel theory, measurement, and analysis (pp. 39–65). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000115-003

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Paloniemi, S., & Collin, K. (2010). Discursive power and creativity in inter-professional work. Vocations and Learning, 5(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-011-9064-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pastuhov, A., & Sivenius, A. (2020). Doing ethnographic research in adult education. In B. Grummel & F. Finnegan (Eds.), Doing critical and creative research in adult education (Case studies in methodology and theory). Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pole, C., & Morrison, M. (2003). Ethnography for education: Doing qualitative research in educational settings. Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purli, A. (2007). The web of insights: The art and practice of webnography. International Journal of Market Research, 49(3), 387–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, I. A. (2017). Ethnography, theory and sociology as a human science: An interlocution. Ethnography, 18(1), 107–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riddell, S., Ahlgren, L., & Weedon, E. (2009). Equity and lifelong learning: Lessons from workplace learning in Scottish SMEs. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 28(6), 777–795. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370903293252

  • Riera Claret, C., Sahagún, M. Á., & Selva, C. (2020). Peer and informal learning among hospital doctors: An ethnographic study focused on routines, practices and relationships. Journal of Workplace Learning, 32(4), 285–301. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-11-2018-0141

  • Rouleau, L., de Rond, M., & Musca, G. (2014). From the ethnographic turn to new forms of organizational ethnography. Journal of Organizational Ethnography, 3(1), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOE-02-2014-0006

  • Scheeres, H., Solomon, N., Boud, D. & Rooney, D. (2010). When is it OK to learn at work? The learning work of organisational practices. Journal of Workplace Learning, 22(1/2), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665621011012825

  • Selznick, P. (1949). T. V. A. and the grass roots. University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snoeren, M., Raaijmakers, R., Niessen, T., & Abma, T. (2016). Mentoring with(in) care: A co-constructed autoethnography of mutual learning. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37, 3–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory (pp. 381–403). Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunçalp, D., & Lê, L. P. (2014). (Re)Locating boundaries: A systematic review of online ethnography. Journal of Organizational Ethnography, 3(1), 59–79. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOE-11-2012-0048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tynjälä, P. (2008). Perspectives into learning at the workplace. Educational Research Review, 3(2), 130–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2007.12.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valleala, U. M., Herranen, S., Collin, K., & Paloniemi, S. (2015). Fostering learning opportunities through employee participation amid organizational change. Vocations and Learning, 8(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-014-9121-0

  • Van Maanen, J. (1986). Power in the bottle: Drinking patterns and social relations in a British police agency. In S. Srivasta (Ed.), Executive power (pp. 204–239). Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, T. J. (2012). Making organisational ethnography. Journal of Organizational Ethnography, 1(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1108/20466741211220615

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wenger, E. (2009). A social theory of learning. In K. Illeris (Ed.), Contemporary theories of learning (pp. 209–219). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanow, D. (2009). Organizational ethnography and methodological angst: Myths and challenges in the field. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management, 4(2), 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1108/17465640910978427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zilber, T. (2014). Beyond a single organization: Challenges and opportunities in doing field level ethnography. Journal of Organizational Ethnography, 3(1), 96–113. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOE-11-2012-0043

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Soila Lemmetty .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lemmetty, S., Collin, K., Glăveanu, V., Paloniemi, S. (2022). Capturing Actions of Communities: Towards Virtual Ethnography and Digital Tools in Researching Organizations and Workplace Learning. In: Goller, M., Kyndt, E., Paloniemi, S., Damşa, C. (eds) Methods for Researching Professional Learning and Development. Professional and Practice-based Learning, vol 33. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08518-5_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08518-5_18

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-08517-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-08518-5

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics