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Orexins

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Neurochemistry in Clinical Practice

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Abstract

Orexin or hypocretin is a peptide neurotransmitter that is mainly expressed by lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) neurons. Orexins are crucial in the coordination of sleep and wakefulness states. Orexin deficiency causes narcolepsy, which is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hypnogogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. The actions of orexins are mediated by two G-protein-coupled receptors termed orexin-1 receptor (OX1R) and orexin-2 receptor (OX2R). Both agonists and antagonists of orexins are being studied as potential therapeutic agents. Suvorexant (MK-4305) is a small molecule diazepane-based orexin receptor antagonist which is used in the treatment of insomnia. Orexinergic neuronal system is also protective against ischemia–reperfusion injury of the brain.

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  1. Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

    Safoor Fathima

  2. Pediatrics—Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

    Sireesha Murala

  3. Department of Neurology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Prisma Health, Columbia, SC, USA

    Pradeep C. Bollu

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Fathima, S., Murala, S., Bollu, P.C. (2022). Orexins. In: Bollu, P.C. (eds) Neurochemistry in Clinical Practice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07897-2_10

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