Abstract
The current study discusses two aspects of an infrared thermography-based local SHM system for monitoring damage evolution during fatigue of composites materials, namely, pre-macrocrack damage (Stage I) followed by subsequent crack growth (Stage II).
The crack density is a very well-known damage parameter representing the actual mechanical state of the material in terms of stiffness degradation. In effect, for laminates presenting off-axis laminae, crack density is useful for determining the “characteristic damage state” (CDS) that is related the load carrying capability of the laminate.
In present research, a novel procedure is proposed for performing contactless measurements of crack density during static tensile tests by using temperature signal.
The results have been critically compared with the strain waves signal acquired by acoustic emission sensors during the same tests. The proposed technique and procedure lead to estimate the crack density in those applications where it is difficult to detect transverse crack using a direct measurement from common experimental techniques.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bannister, M.K.: Development and application of advanced textile composites. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part L: J. Mater. Des. Appl. 218, 253–260 (2004)
De Finis, R., Palumbo, D., Galietti, U.: Infrared thermography to study damage during static and cyclic loading of composites. Lect. Notes Civ. Eng. 128, 309–318 (2021)
De Finis, R., Palumbo, D., Galietti, U.: An experimental procedure based on infrared thermography for the assessment of crack density in quasi-isotropic CFRP. Eng. Fract. Mech. 258, 108108 (2021)
Huang, J., Pastor, M.J., Garnier, C., Gonga, X.J.: A new model for fatigue life prediction based on infrared thermography and degradation process for CFRP composite laminates. Int. J. Fatigue 120, 87–95 (2019)
Degrieck, J., Van Paepegem, W.: Fatigue damage modeling of fibre-reinforced composite materials: review. Appl. Mech. Rev. 54(4) (2001)
Hashin, Z.: Analysis of composite materials. J. Appl. Mech. 50, 481 (1983)
Stens, C., Middendorf, P.: Computationally efficient modelling of the fatigue behaviour of composite materials. Int. J. Fatigue 80, 69–75 (2015)
Renard, J., Favre, J.P., Jeggy, T.H.: Influence of transverse cracking on ply behavior: introduction of a characteristic damage variable. Compos. Sci. Technol. 46, 29–37 (1993)
Pakdel, H., Mohammadi, B.: Prediction of outer-ply matrix crack density at saturation in laminates under static and fatigue loading. Int. J. Solids Struct. 139, 43–54 (2018)
Luterbacher, R., Trask, R.S., Bond, I.P.: Static and fatigue tensile properties of crossply laminates containing vascules for selfhealing applications. Smart Mater. Struct. 25, 015003 (2016)
Gamby, D., Rebière, J.L.: A two-dimensional analysis of multiple matrix cracking in a laminated composite close to its characteristic damage state. Compos. Struct. 25, 325–337 (1993)
Pakdel, H., Mohammadi, B.: Stiffness degradation of composite laminates due to matrix cracking and induced delamination during tension-tension fatigue. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2019, 216 (2019)
Okabe, T., Onodera, S., Kumagai, Y., Nagumo, Y.: Continuum damage mechanics modeling of composite laminates including transverse cracks. Int. J. Damage Mech. 1–19 (2017)
Talreja, R., Varna, J.: Modeling Damage, Fatigue and Failure of Composite Materials, vol. 65. Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering (2016)
Ogin, S.L., Smith, P.A., Beaumont, P.W.R.: Matrix cracking and stiffness reduction during the fatigue of a (0/90)s GFRP laminate. Compos. Sci. Technol. 22, 23–31 (1985)
Carraro, P.A., Quaresimin, M.A.: stiffness degradation model for cracked multidirectional laminates with cracks in multiple layers. Int. J. Solids Struct. 58, 34–51 (2015)
Tsamtaskis, D., Wevers, M., De Meester, P.: Acoustic emission from CFRP laminates during fatigue loading. J. Reinf. Plastics Compos. 17 (1998)
Van Hemelrijck, D., Anastassopoulos, A.A.: Non Destructive Testing. Balkema, Rotterdam (1996). ISBN 905410595
Anastassopoulos, A., Philippidis, T.P.: Clustering methodology for the evaluation of acoustic emission from composites. J. Acoust. Emiss. 13, 11–12 (1995)
Ramasso, E., Placet, V., Boubakar, M.L.: Unsupervised consensus clustering of acoustic emission time-series for robust damage sequence estimation in composites. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 64, 3297–3307 (2015)
Morscher, G.N., Godin, N.: Use of Acoustic Emission for Ceramic Matrix Composites, pp. 569–590. Wiley, Hoboken (2014)
Alia, A., Fantozzi, G., Godin, N., Osmani, H., Reynaud, P.: Mechanical behaviour of jute fibre-reinforced polyester composite: characterization of damage mechanisms using acoustic emission and microstructural observations. J. Compos. Mater. 53, 3377–3394 (2019)
Guel, N., et al.: Data merging of AE sensors with different frequency resolution for the detection and identification of damage in oxide-based ceramic matrix composites. Materials 13, 4691 (2020)
Li, L., Lomov, S.V., Yan, X.: Correlation of acoustic emission with optically observed damage in a glass/epoxy woven laminate under tensile loading. Compos. Struct. 123, 45–53 (2015)
Munoz, V., et al.: Damage detection in CFRP by coupling acoustic emission and infrared thermography. Compos. Part B Eng. 85, 68–75 (2016)
Godin, N., Reynaud, P., Fantozzi, G.: Challenges and limitations in the identification of acoustic emission signature of damage mechanisms in composites materials. Appl. Sci. 8, 1267 (2018)
Gutkin, R., Green, C.J., Vangrattanachai, S., Pinho, S.T., Robinson, P., Curtis, P.T.: On acoustic emission for failure investigation in CFRP: pattern recognition and peak frequency analyses. Mech. Syst. Sig. Process. 25, 1393–1407 (2011)
Enke, N.F., Sandor, B.I.: Cyclic plasticity analysis by differential infrared thermography. In: Proceeding of the VII International Congress on Experimental Mechanics, pp. 830–835 (1988)
Lisle, T., Bouvet, C., Pastor, M.L., Margueres, P., Corral, P.: Damage analysis and fracture toughness evaluation in thin woven composite laminate under static tension using infrared thermography. Compos. A 53, 75–87 (2013)
De Finis, R., Palumbo, D., Galietti, U.: A multianalysis thermography-based approach for fatigue and damage investigations of ASTM A182 F6NM steel at two stress ratios. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 42(1), 267–283 (2019)
Sakagami, T., Kubo, S., Tamura, E., Nishimura, T.: Identification of plastic-zone based on double frequency lock-in thermographic temperature measurement. In: International Conference of Fracture ICF11 2015, Catania (Italy) (2015)
Krapez, J.K., Pacou, D., Gardette, G.: Lock-In Thermography and Fatigue Limit of Metals. Quantitative Infrared Thermography, QIRT, 18–21 July 2000, Reims (France) (2000)
Robert, L., Mecholsky, J., Freiman, W.: Estimation of fracture energy from the work of fracture and fracture surface area: I. Stable crack growth. Int. J. Fract. 156, 97–102 (2009)
Acknowledgements
This work is part of a R&D project “SISTER CHECK – Sistema Termografico prototipale per il controllo di processo, la verifica e la caratterizzazione di materiali avanzati per l’aerospazio” – of the research program “Horizon 2020” PON I&C 2014- 2020 call. The authors would like to thank Diagnostic Engineering Solutions Srl, Novotech Aerospace Advanced Technology S.R.L. for the manufacturing of the samples and Professor Riccardo Nobile and Eng. Andrea Saponaro for the support during the experimental activity performed in this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
De Finis, R., Palumbo, D., Masone, U., D’addona, M.D., Teti, R., Galietti, U. (2023). An Experimental Procedure to Estimate Surface Crack Density Using Thermography and Acoustic Emissions. In: Rizzo, P., Milazzo, A. (eds) European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring. EWSHM 2022. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 254. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07258-1_57
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07258-1_57
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-07257-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-07258-1
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)