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Temperature-Programmed (TP) Techniques

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Springer Handbook of Advanced Catalyst Characterization

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Abstract

Temperature-programmed techniques are extremely informative and provide fundamental surface information about the number of surface sites, chemical nature of the surface sites, catalytic reaction mechanisms, and surface kinetics for the rate-determining-steps for all types of solid catalysts (bulk oxides/metals, mixed oxides/metal alloys, supported metals/metal oxides, and zeolites/molecular sieves). The ability to address such a wide range of problems for all types of solid catalysts makes temperature-programmed techniques among the most versatile methods in catalysis research.

In this chapter, the temperature-programmed techniques will be systematically reviewed by the fundamental methods, instruments, and applications. In Sect. 45.2, the description of the temperature-programmed methods is divided into theory, benefits, limitations, and comparison with other techniques. The temperature-programmed instruments, under ultrahigh vacuum and gas flow conditions, and its historical development are described in Sect. 45.3. In Sect. 45.4, the relationship of the structural information and reactivity for different catalyst cases has been established by applying various temperature-programmed methods such as Thermogravimetric Analysis-Differential Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA-DTG), Temperature Programmed Decomposition (TPD), Temperature Programmed Oxidation/Reduction (TPO/TPR), Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD), and Temperature Programmed Surface Reactions (TPSR). The advantage of temperature-programmed techniques is that they can distinguish between multiple kinetic processes occurring during temperature programming. This kinetic feature, and its quantitative capability, makes temperature-programmed techniques a very powerful characterization method.

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Acknowledgments

I. E. Wachs would like to thank the funding from the Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences (FG02-93ER14350). The travel and short-term research grant (MOST- 108-2918-I-005 -007) is gratefully appreciated by J. M. Jehng.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Jih-Mirn Jehng

  2. Operando Molecular Spectroscopy & Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA

    Israel E. Wachs & Michael Ford

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  2. Israel E. Wachs
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Correspondence to Jih-Mirn Jehng .

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  1. Operando Molecular Spectroscopy & Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA

    Israel E. Wachs

  2. Catalytic Spectroscopy Laboratory, Spectroscopy and Industrial Catalysis, SpeiCat Institute for Catalysis and Petroleum Chemistry, CSIC, Madrid, Spain

    Miguel A. Bañares

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Jehng, JM., Wachs, I.E., Ford, M. (2023). Temperature-Programmed (TP) Techniques. In: Wachs, I.E., Bañares, M.A. (eds) Springer Handbook of Advanced Catalyst Characterization. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07125-6_45

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