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Nuclear Organization in Response to Stress: A Special Focus on Nucleoli

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Nuclear, Chromosomal, and Genomic Architecture in Biology and Medicine

Part of the book series: Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation ((RESULTS,volume 70))

Abstract

In this chapter, we discuss the nuclear organization and how it responds to different types of stress. A key component in these responses is molecular traffic between the different sub-nucleolar compartments, such as nucleoplasm, chromatin, nucleoli, and various speckle and body compartments. This allows specific repair and response activities in locations where they normally are not active and serve to halt sensitive functions until the stress insult passes and inflicted damage has been repaired. We focus on mammalian cells and their nuclear organization, especially describing the central role of the nucleolus in nuclear stress responses. We describe events after multiple stress types, including DNA damage, various drugs, and toxic compounds, and discuss the involvement of macromolecular traffic between dynamic, phase-separated nuclear organelles and foci. We delineate the key proteins and non-coding RNA in the formation of stress-responsive, non-membranous nuclear organelles, many of which are relevant to the formation of and utilization in cancer treatment.

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Abbreviations

4NQO:

4-nitroquinoline oxide

BER:

base excision repair

CB:

Cajal body

CPT:

camptothecin

DFC:

dense fibrillar component

DSB:

double-strand break

FC:

fibrillar center

GC:

granular component

HR:

homologous recombination

IR:

ionizing radiation

NER:

nucleotide excision repair

NHEJ:

non-homologous end joining

NS:

nuclear speckle

PML-NB:

PML nuclear body

PS:

paraspeckle

RBP:

RNA-binding protein

rDNA:

ribosomal DNA

RNApol:

RNA polymerase

rRNA:

ribosomal RNA

snoRNP:

small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein

snRNP:

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein

SSU:

small subunit processome

UV:

ultraviolet

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Acknowledgments

The work by the authors is supported by the Foundation of Finnish Cancer Institute, Academy of Finland (grant nos. 317871, 334774), Sigrid Juselius Foundation, and Cancer Foundation Finland.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

    Enkhzaya Batnasan, Sonja Koivukoski, Minttu Kärkkäinen & Leena Latonen

  2. Foundation for the Finnish Cancer Institute, Helsinki, Finland

    Leena Latonen

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  1. Enkhzaya Batnasan
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  2. Sonja Koivukoski
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  3. Minttu Kärkkäinen
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  4. Leena Latonen
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Correspondence to Leena Latonen .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Transplant Immunology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA

    Malgorzata Kloc

  2. Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes CNRS, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France

    Jacek Z. Kubiak

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Batnasan, E., Koivukoski, S., Kärkkäinen, M., Latonen, L. (2022). Nuclear Organization in Response to Stress: A Special Focus on Nucleoli. In: Kloc, M., Kubiak, J.Z. (eds) Nuclear, Chromosomal, and Genomic Architecture in Biology and Medicine. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol 70. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06573-6_17

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