Abstract
As of 8 July 2021, there were 184,820,132 confirmed cases of Covid-19 globally and more than 4,002,209 deaths. In Nigeria, the government has instituted regulations and emergency measures to combat the pandemic, but some of them have grave implications for human rights. This chapter examines the pandemic’s impact on the human rights of vulnerable and marginalised groups in Nigeria, the nature of the measures taken, and their constitutionality and effectiveness (or otherwise). It argues for the need to adopt a rights-respecting approach in combating Covid-19 as well as other future public health emergencies.
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Notes
- 1.
United Nations World economic situation and prospects 2019 (2019).
- 2.
Ibid., 84.
- 3.
Index Mundi ‘Nigeria: Rural population (% of total population)’, https://bit.ly/2Vlxnn9 (accessed 10 June 2020).
- 4.
E Akinwotu ‘On the rural-urban divide in Nigeria’ The Guardian 16 January 2017, https://bit.ly/3iT9Mm4 (accessed 15 June 2020).
- 5.
Nigeria Centre for Disease Control ‘First case of coronavirus disease confirmed in Nigeria’ (28 February 2020), https://bit.ly/3xbDU18 (accessed 2 May 2020).
- 6.
Cap Q2, LFN 2004.
- 7.
‘Buhari’s national broadcast speech on coronavirus’ The Guardian 29 March 2020, https://bit.ly/3zLtWFo (accessed 6 May 2020).
- 8.
In Lagos State, the governor issued the Lagos State Infectious Diseases (Emergency Prevention) Regulations 2020 pursuant to his powers under the state’s Public Health Law and the Federal Quarantine Act, Q2 LFN 2004.
- 9.
Cap. Q2 LFN 2004.
- 10.
International Monetary Fund ‘Policy responses to Covid-19’ (2 July 2021), https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-Covid-19 (accessed 7 July 2021).
- 11.
Nigeria Centre for Disease Control ‘Covid-19 Nigeria’, https://covid19.ncdc.gov.ng/ (accessed 5 July 2021).
- 12.
World Health Organization ‘Nigeria’, https://covid19.who.int/region/afro/country/ng (accessed 7 July 2021).
- 13.
Health Wise ‘Nigerians aged 31–40 more susceptible to Covid-19—NCDC’ Punch 14 May 2020, https://bit.ly/3laqrnJ (accessed 21 July 2020).
- 14.
C Ohiaa, et al. (2020) ‘Covid-19 and Nigeria: Putting the realities in context’ (2020) 95 International Journal of Infectious Diseases 279.
- 15.
Ibid.
- 16.
D Ogunyemi ‘Coronavirus: What Nigeria can do post lockdown’ The Conversation 2 June 2021, https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-what-nigeria-can-do-post-lockdown-138995 (accessed 21 July 2020).
- 17.
Ibid.
- 18.
World Bank ‘Saving lives and protecting people in Ghana and boosting the COVID-19 response’ Results Brief 17 March 2021, https://bit.ly/2WtBr5r (accessed 1 July 2021).
- 19.
Library of Congress ‘Nigeria: Legal responses to health emergencies’, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/health-emergencies/nigeria.php (accessed 20 June 2020).
- 20.
GL Neuman ‘Constrained derogation in positive human rights regime’ in EJ Criddle (ed), Human rights in emergencies (2016) New York: CUP.
- 21.
A Spadaro ‘Covid-19: Testing the limits of human rights’ (2020) 11(2) European Journal of Risk Regulation 317–325, 321.
- 22.
A Rossi ‘COVID-19: The “fine balance” under human rights law’ Geneva Centre for Security Policy, 17 April 2020, https://bit.ly/2V0MG54 (accessed 20 June 2020).
- 23.
Constitution, 1999 (as amended), s 305(6).
- 24.
L Abdulrauf ‘Nigeria’s emergency (legal) response to Covid-19: A worthy sacrifice for public health?’ Verfassungsblog 18 May 2020, https://verfassungsblog.de/nigerias-emergency-legal-response-to-Covid-19-a-worthy-sacrifice-for-public-health/ (accessed 24 July 2020).
- 25.
A Lebret ‘Covid-19 pandemic and derogation to human rights’ (2020) 7(1) Journal of Law and the Biosciences 1–15, 5.
- 26.
J Barata Covid-19: The role of judicial operators in the protection and promotion of the right to freedom of expression: Guidelines (2020) UNESCO.
- 27.
ICCPR, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI) (1966), art. 4.
- 28.
International Justice Resource Center ‘OHCHR & Human Rights Committee address derogations during Covid-19’ (2020), https://bit.ly/3iZ2OvY (accessed 3 August 2020).
- 29.
Cited in Human Rights Watch ‘Human rights dimensions of COVID- 19 response’ (19 March 2020), https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/19/human-rights-dimensions-Covid-19-response (accessed 21 June 2020).
- 30.
World Health Organization ‘WHO guidance on human rights and involuntary detention for xdr-tb control’, https://bit.ly/2WpZD8K (accessed 23 June 2020).
- 31.
Lebret (n 25); African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Sudan Human Rights Organization et al. v Sudan, 13–27 May 2009, §165.
- 32.
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights ‘Press statement on human rights based effective response to the novel COVID-19 virus in Africa’ (2020), https://www.achpr.org/pressrelease/detail?id=483 (accessed 23 August 2020).
- 33.
World Health Organisation Report of the WHO-China joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) (2020) 19.
- 34.
WHO (n 33).
- 35.
R Gallagher ‘Surveillance technology will only get more intense after Covid’ Bloomberg 2 June 2020, https://bit.ly/3BT6F6a (accessed 30 July 2020).
- 36.
S Sen ‘How data, analytics, and technology are helping us fight Covid-19’ Community Voices 11 May 2020, https://bit.ly/2Wq2pea (accessed 24 July 2020).
- 37.
Ibid.
- 38.
Ibid.
- 39.
Gallagher (n 35).
- 40.
M Guariglia & A Schwartz ‘Protecting civil liberties during a public health crisis’ Electronic Frontier Foundation 10 March 2020, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/03/protecting-civil-liberties-during-public-health-crisis (accessed 22 June 2020).
- 41.
Spadaro (n 21) 323.
- 42.
‘Fighting Covid-19 shouldn’t mean abandoning human rights’ Wired 9 April 2020, https://bit.ly/2V5gKMN (accessed 22 June 2020).
- 43.
R Okwumbu ‘FG orders NITDA to design framework for lawful use of citizens’ data’ Nairametrics 17 April 2020, https://bit.ly/3rI9mmH (accessed 21 June 2020).
- 44.
T Ilori ‘Data protection in Africa and the Covid-19 pandemic: Old problems, new challenges and multistakeholder solutions’, https://bit.ly/3iZcMNU (accessed 23 September 2020).
- 45.
LO Gostin ‘Medical countermeasures for pandemic influenza: Ethics and the law’ (2020) 295(5) Journal of the American Medical Association 554–556.
- 46.
Ibid., 82.
- 47.
Yiaga Africa Assessing legislative response to COVID-19 in Nigeria (2020) 4.
- 48.
ParlAmericas ‘Covid-19 and parliament’s role during a pandemic’ (2020), https://bit.ly/3iY9Sc9 (accessed 1 June 2021).
- 49.
QE Iroanusi ‘Major controversies that rocked national assembly in 2020’ Premium Times 17 January 2021, https://bit.ly/3rGuDNm (accessed 7 July 2021).
- 50.
Yiaga Africa (n 47) 17.
- 51.
Ibid., 18.
- 52.
Parliament of Tonga ‘Roles of parliamentarians in the fight against Covid-19’ (24 April 2020), https://bit.ly/2V1Y9Bl (accessed 23 June 2020).
- 53.
Yiaga Africa (n 47) 16.
- 54.
Ibid.
- 55.
‘Siracusa Principles on the limitation and derogation provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights’.
- 56.
Spadaro (n 21) 318.
- 57.
Ibid.
- 58.
National Human Rights Commission ‘National Human Rights Commission’ press release on Covid-19 enforcement so far report on incidents of violation of human rights (15 April 2020), https://bit.ly/2TN2Bn2 (accessed 23 July 2020).
- 59.
See Abibatu Mogaji v Controller, Board of Customs and Excise (1982) 3 NCLR 552.
- 60.
Committee to Protect Journalists ‘Nigerian police arrest, detain 2 journalists in Ebonyi State’ (24 April 2020), https://cpj.org/2020/04/nigerian-police-arrest-2-journalists-governor-canc/ (accessed 20 June 2020).
- 61.
N Sun ‘Applying Siracusa: A call for a general comment on public health emergencies’ Health and Human Rights Journal 23 April 2020, https://bit.ly/3fbbfD5 (accessed 23 June 2020).
- 62.
MIK/A/43/2020.
- 63.
R Okwumbu ‘Covid-19: Lagos punishes actress Funke Akindele, husband for breaking lockdown rules’ Nairametrics 7 April 2020, https://bit.ly/3BMJQB8 (accessed 24 June 2020).
- 64.
D Adeyanju ‘Human rights, state of emergencies and the Covid-19 pandemic in Nigeria’ Sahara Reporters 10 May 2020, https://bit.ly/3zG8tOa (accessed 20 June 2020).
- 65.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) ‘Emergency measures and Covid-19: Guidance’ (27 April 2020), https://bit.ly/3iac7d6 (accessed 22 June 2020).
- 66.
SERAP v FGN & 3 Ors Suit number: ECW/CCJ/APP/20/20.
- 67.
Domesticated as Cap A9 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004.
- 68.
O Ogunde ‘The future of socio-economic rights in Nigeria: Beyond Covid-19’ OxHRH Blog 2020, https://bit.ly/3j1LZAj (accessed 23 September 2020).
- 69.
GE Houngbo ‘What’s needed to protect food security in Africa during Covid-1’ International Fund for Agricultural Development (29 April 2020), https://www.ifad.org/en/web/latest/blog/asset/41945191 (accessed 23 June 2020).
- 70.
O Agbedo, et al. ‘Covid-19 palliative and its controversies’ The Guardian 31 October 2020, https://bit.ly/3BUvFKl (accessed 31 October 2020).
- 71.
OHCHR (n 65).
- 72.
B Bruton ‘What does the coronavirus mean for Africa?’ Atlantic Council (24 March 2020), https://bit.ly/3ib0xOP (accessed 23 June 2020).
- 73.
Amnesty International ‘Responses to Covid-19 and states’ human rights obligations: Preliminary observations’ (16 March 2020), https://bit.ly/2V83xTo (accessed 1 August 2020).
- 74.
‘Nigeria: COVID-19 on the rise’ CNBC Africa 25 March 2020, https://www.cnbcafrica.com/africa-press-office/2020/03/25/nigeria-Covid-19-cases-on-the-rise/ (accessed 25 June 2020).
- 75.
Ibid.
- 76.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, E/C.12/2020/1 (6 April 2020).
- 77.
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights ‘449 resolution on human and peoples’ rights as central pillar of successful response to Covid-19 and recovery from its socio-political impacts’ ACHPR/Res. 449 (LXVI) 2020.
- 78.
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights ‘Press release on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on economic, social and cultural rights in Africa’ (4 June 2020).
- 79.
UNESCO ‘1.3 billion learners are still affected by school or university closures, as educational institutions start reopening around the world’, says UNESCO (29 April 2020), https://en.unesco.org/news/13-billion-learners-are-still-affected-school-university-closures-educational-institutions (accessed 23 July 2020).
- 80.
Ibid.
- 81.
UNESCO ‘290 million students out of school due to Covid-19’ (4 March 2020), https://bit.ly/3786dmv (accessed 23 July 2020).
- 82.
JC Young & C Aref-Adib ‘The shadow pandemic: Gender-based violence and Covid-19’ International Growth Centre (19 May 2020), https://www.theigc.org/blog/the-shadow-pandemic-gender-based-violence-and-Covid-19/ (accessed 23 July 2020).
- 83.
Ibid.
- 84.
H Adeniran & A Agunbiade ‘Nigeria: Covid-19 and the “New Normal”—A case for freezing of limitation laws?’ (14 May 2020), https://bit.ly/3BW9Vh7 (accessed 24 July 2020).
- 85.
Suit No. FHC/AB/FHR/57/20.
- 86.
OHCHR (n 65).
- 87.
Ibid.
- 88.
L Lazarus, A preliminary human rights assessment of legislative and regulatory responses to the Covid-19 pandemic across 11 jurisdictions. Bonavero Report No. 3/2020 (6 May 2020) 8.
- 89.
Cited in M Taylor ‘Covid-19: Emergency law-making highlights crucial role of judiciary’ International Bar Association (8 July 2020), https://bit.ly/3icGpft (accessed 15 December 2020).
- 90.
Ibid.
- 91.
Abdulrauf (n 24).
- 92.
S Omotoso ‘Nigeria: Who needs the Infectious Disease Bill 2020?’ This Day 26 May 2020, https://allafrica.com/stories/202005260194.html (accessed 24 July 2020); Abdulrauf (n 22).
- 93.
Abdulrauf (n 24).
- 94.
Omotoso (n 92).
- 95.
Ibid.
- 96.
Abdulrauf (n 24).
- 97.
FHC/ABJ/CS/463/2020.
- 98.
Gostin (n 45) 1889.
- 99.
Attorney General of Lagos State v Attorney General of the Federation & Anor. SC/CV/260/2020.
- 100.
Attorney General of Ekiti State v Attorney General of the Federation SC/CV/261/2020.
- 101.
Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats ‘Ethical and Legal Considerations in Mitigating Pandemic Disease: Workshop Summary’. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US) 2007. Summary and Assessment 14–15, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54157/ (accessed 5 August 2021)
- 102.
Spadaro (n 21) 324.
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Oluduro, O. (2022). Walking a Tightrope: Balancing Human Rights and Public Health Measures During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Nigeria. In: Durojaye, E., Powell, D.M. (eds) Constitutional Resilience and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06401-2_7
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