Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Self in Sport and Exercise

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sport and Exercise Psychology

  • 2472 Accesses

Abstract

The multidimensional and hierarchical nature of conceptualizations of self-concept and self-esteem has been extensively examined in sport and exercise settings. Evidence indicates that individuals’ sense of self is both influenced by their engagement in physical activity and also influences the nature of their physical activity engagements as well. Self-presentational imperatives abound in sport and exercise activity wherein individuals strive to monitor and control the impressions formed by others to suit their interests and what they hold to be true about themselves. Self-presentational processes have a powerful impact upon individuals’ cognitions, emotions, and behaviors in sport and exercise settings. The powerful motivational impacts of self-conscious emotions (e.g., anxiety, shame, guilt, envy, pride) that can arise in physical activity settings are a direct result of self-oriented evaluative and reflective processes. Finally, this chapter concludes with the acknowledgment that the sense of self is a cultural developmental enterprise. Subjective answers to questions such as “Who am I?” and “How do I relate to others?“often reflect cultural imperatives about what it means to be a good person. Therefore, people from individualist and collectivist cultures hold different construals of the self which are also reflected in various self-related judgments in the domain of sport.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aldrige, L. J., & Islam, M. R. (2012). Cultural differences in athlete attributions for success and failure: The sports pages revisited. International Journal of Psychology, 47, 67–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, M. S., Robson, D. A., Martin, L. J., & Laborde, S. (2020). Systematic review and meta-analysis of self-serving attribution biases in the competitive context of organized sport. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46, 1027–1043.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Assor, A., Vansteenkiste, M., & Kaplan, A. (2009). Identified versus introjected approach and introjected avoidance motivations in school and in sports: The limited benefits of self-worth strivings. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101, 482–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babic, M. J., Morgan, P. J., Plotnikoff, R. C., Lonsdale, C., White, R. L., & Lubans, D. R. (2014). Physical activity and physical self-concept in youth: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 44, 1589–1601.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakan, D. (1966). The duality of human existence: Isolation and communion in Western man. Beacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, B. L., Eccles, J. S., & Stone, M. R. (2001). Whatever happened to the jock, the brain, and the princess? Young adult pathways linked to adolescent activity involvement and social identity. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16, 429–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, A. E., Reis, R. S., Sallis, J. F., Wells, J. C., Loos, R. J. F., & Martin, B. W. (2012). Correlates of physical activity: Why are some people physically active and others not? Lancet, 380, 258–271.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F. (1982). A self-presentational view of social phenomena. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 3–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F. (Ed.). (1999). The self in social psychology. Psychology Press (Taylor & Francis).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beer, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2004). What is unique about self-conscious emotions? Psychological Inquiry, 15, 126–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessenoff, G. R., & Snow, D. (2006). Absorbing society’s influence: Body image self-discrepancy and internalized shame. Sex Roles, 54, 727–731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brunet, J., Pila, E., Solomon-Krakus, S., Sabiston, C. M., & O’Loughlin, J. (2019). Self-esteem moderates the associations between body-related self-conscious emotions and depressive symptoms. Journal of Health Psychology, 24, 833–843.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunet, J., Sabiston, C., Castonguay, A., Ferguson, L., & Bessette, N. (2012). The association between physical self-discrepancies and women’s physical activity: The mediating role of motivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34, 102–123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunet, J., & Sabiston, C. M. (2011). In the company we keep: Social physique anxiety levels differ around parents and peers. Journal of Health Psychology, 16(1), 42–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunet, J., Sabiston, C. M., Dorsch, K. D., & McCreary, D. R. (2010). Exploring a model linking social physique anxiety, drive for muscularity, drive for thinness and self-esteem among adolescent boys and girls. Body Image, 7, 137–142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calogero, R. M., & Pina, A. (2011). Body guilt: Preliminary evidence for a further subjective experience of self-objectification. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(3), 428–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., Santos, M. T., & Williams, E. F. (2005). Coping with body-image threats and challenges: Validation of the body image coping strategies inventory. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 190–199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castonguay, A. L., Brunet, J., Ferguson, L., & Sabiston, C.M. (2012). Weight-related actual and ideal self-states, discrepancies, and shame, guilt, and pride: Examining associations within the process model of self-conscious emotions. Body Image, 9(4), 488–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.07.003.

  • Castonguay, A. L., Gilchrist, J. D., Mack, D. E., & Sabiston, C. M. (2013). Body-related pride in young adults: An exploration of the triggers, contexts, outcomes and attributions. Body Image, 10, 335–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castonguay, A. L., Pila, E., Wrosch, C., & Sabiston, C. M. (2015). Body-related self-conscious emotions relate to physical activity motivation and behavior in men. American Journal of Men's Health, 9, 209–221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castonguay, A. L., Sabiston, C. M., Crocker, P. R. E., & Mack, D. E. (2014). Development and validation of the body and appearance self-conscious emotions scale (BASES). Body Image, 11(2), 126–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castonguay, A. L., Sabiston, C. M., Kowalski, K. C., & Wilson, P. M. (2016). Introducing an instrument to measure body and fitness-related self-conscious emotions: The BSE-FIT. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 23, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conradt, M., Dierk, J.-M., Schlumberger, P., Rauh, E., Hevebrand, J., & Rief, W. (2007). Development of the weight- and body-related shame and guilt scale (WEB-SG) in a non-clinical sample of obese subjects. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 317–327.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conroy, D. E., Motl, R. W., & Hall, E. G. (2000). Progress toward construct validation of the self-presentation in exercise questionnaire (SPEQ). Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 22, 21–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. W. H. Freeman and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, A. E., Ullrich-French, S., & Sabiston, C. M. (2013). Using motivation regulations in a person-centered approach to examine the link between social physique anxiety in physical education and physical activity-related outcomes in adolescents. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 461–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, S., & Eklund, R. C. (1994). Social physique anxiety, reasons for exercise, and attitudes toward exercise settings. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16, 70–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crocker, P. R. E., Brune, S. M., Kowalski, K. C., Mack, D. E., Wilson, P. M., & Sabiston, C. M. (2014). Body-related state shame and guilt in women: Do causal attributions mediate the influence of physical self-concept and shame and guilt proneness. Body Image, 11, 19–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crombie, P.-A., Brunet, J., & Sabiston, C. M. (2011). Stop staring! Proposed strategies to reduce students’ body-related concerns in physical education. Journal of Physical Education Recreation and Dance, 82, 39–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. Plenum.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1995). Human autonomy: The basis for true self-esteem. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Plenum series in social/clinical psychology. Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 31–49). Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimmock, J. A., Howle, T. C., & Jackson, B. (2020). Self-presentation in sport and exercise. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (4th ed.). Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dishman, R. K., Hales, D. P., Pfeiffer, K. A., Felton, G. A., Saunders, R., Ward, D. S., et al. (2006). Physical self-concept and self-esteem mediate cross-sectional relations of physical activity and sport participation with depression symptoms among adolescent girls. Health Psychology, 25, 396–407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eklund, R. C., & Bianco, T. (2000). Social physique anxiety and physical activity among adolescents. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 9, 139–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eklund, R. C., & Crawford, S. (1994). Active women, social physique anxiety, and exercise. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16, 431–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eklund, R. C., & Howle, T. (2017). Self-presentation and communication in physical activity settings. In B. Jackson & J. Dimmock (Eds.), Communication and persuasion in sport, exercise, and physical activity (pp. 250–265). Routledge/Psychology Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Elavsky, S. (2010). Longitudinal examination of the exercise and self-esteem model in middle-aged women. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 32, 862–880.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elavsky, S., & McAuley, E. (2007). Physical activity and mental health outcomes during menopause: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 132–142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot, A. J. (2008). Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation. Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Findlay, L. C., & Bowker, A. (2009). The link between competitive sport participation and self-concept in early adolescence: A consideration of gender and sport orientation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 29–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fitts, W. (1965). Manual for the Tennessee self-concept scale. Counselor Recordings and Tests.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, K. R. (1997). The physical self: From motivation to well-being. Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, K. R., & Corbin, C. B. (1989). The physical self-perception profile: Development and preliminary validation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(4), 408–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredricks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2006). Is extracurricular participation associated with beneficial outcomes? Concurrent and longitudinal relations. Developmental Psychology, 42, 698–713.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Harrison, K. (2005). Throwing like a girl: Self-objectification predicts adolescent girls’ motor performance. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 29(1), 79–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gammage, K. L., Drouin, B., & Lamarche, L. (2016). Comparing a yoga class with a resistance exercise class: Effects on body satisfaction and social physique anxiety in university women. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 13, 1202–1209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gammage, K. L., Hall, C. R., & Martin Ginis, K. A. (2004). Self-presentation in exercise contexts: Differences between high and low frequency exercisers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 1638–1651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilchrist, J. D., Conroy, D. E., & Sabiston, C. M. (2017). Experienced and anticipated pride and shame as predictors of goal-directed behavior. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 39(6), 438–442. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2017-0011.

  • Gilchrist, J.D., Pila, E., Castonguay, A., Sabiston, C.M., & Mack, D.E. (2018). Body pride and physical activity: Differential associations between fitness- and appearance-related pride in young adult Canadians. Body Image, 27, 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.010

  • Gilchrist, J.D., Sabiston, C.M., Conroy, D.E., & Atkinson, M. (2018). Authentic pride regulates runners’ trainng progress. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.05.007.

  • Gilchrist, J. D., & Sabiston, C. M. (2018). Intentions mediate the association between anticipated pride and physical activity in young adults. Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology, 7, 308–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilchrist, J. D., Sabiston, C. M., & Kowalski, K. C. (2018b). Associations between actual and ideal self-perceptions and anticipated pride among young adults. Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology, 3, 127–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilchrist, J. D., Solomon-Krakus, S., Pila, E., Crocker, P., & Sabiston, C. M. (2020). Associations between physical self-concept and anticipated guilt and shame: The moderating role of gender. Sex Roles, 83, 763–772.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gino, F., & Pierce, L. (2009). Dishonesty in the name of equity. Psychological Science, 20, 1153–1160.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, E., Leary, M. R., & Rejeski, J. W. (1989). The measurement of social physique anxiety. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 11, 94–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harter, S. (1988). The self-perception profile for adolescents [Unpublished manual]. University of Denver.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harter, S. (2012). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hattie, J., & Fletcher, R. (2005). Self-esteem = success/pretensions. In H. W. Marsh, R. G. Craven, & D. McInerney (Eds.), International advances in self research (New frontiers for self research) (Vol. 2, pp. 123–152). Information Age Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hausenblas, H. A., Brewer, B. W., & Van Raalte, J. L. (2004). Self-presentation and exercise. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 3–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heine, S., Lehman, D. R., Peng, K., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106, 766–794.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heine, S. J., & Hamamurra, T. (2007). In search of East Asian self-enhancement. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 4–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heine, S. J., Kitayama, S., Lehman, D. R., Takata, T., Ide, E., Leung, C., & Matsumoto, H. (2001). Divergent consequences of success and failure in Japan and North America: An investigation of self-improving motivations and malleable selves. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 599–615.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, D. Y. F. (1976). On the concept of face. American Journal of Sociology, 81, 867–884.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holbrook, C., Piazza, J. R., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2014). Further challenges to the “authentic”/“hubristic” model of pride: Conceptual clarifications and new evidence. Emotion, 14, 38–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howle, T., & Eklund, R. C. (2013). The effect of induced self-presentation concerns on cognitive appraisal and affect. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 26, 700–710.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howle, T. C., Dimmock, J. A., & Jackson, B. (2016a). Relations between self-efficacy beliefs, self-presentation motives, personal task goals, and performance on endurance-based physical activity tasks. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 149–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howle, T. C., Dimmock, J. A., Whipp, P. R., & Jackson, B. (2015a). Moving to self-present: An investigation into proposed antecedents of 2 × 2 self-presentation motives. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 37, 547–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howle, T. C., Dimmock, J. A., Whipp, P. R., & Jackson, B. (2015b). The self-presentation motives for physical activity questionnaire: Instrument development and preliminary construct validity evidence. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 37, 225–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howle, T. C., Jackson, B., Conroy, D. E., & Dimmock, J. A. (2015). Winning friends and influencing people: Self-presentation motives in physical activity settings. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8, 44–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howle, T. C., Jackson, B., & Dimmock, J. A. (2016b). On the formation of favourable impressions: Associations between self-presentation motives, task behaviour, and others’ evaluations of the self in a team-sport setting. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 26, 40–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, S., Hinch, T., Walker, G., & Simpson, B. (2010). Constraints to sport tourism: A cross-cultural analysis. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 15, 71–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingledew, D. K., & Markland, D. (2008). The role of motives in exercise participation. Psychology and Health, 23, 807–828.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iyengar, S. S., & Lepper, M. R. (1999). Rethinking the value of choice: A cultural perspective on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 349–366.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kitayama, S., Mesquita, B., & Karasawa, M. (2006). Cultural affordances and emotional experience: Socially engaging and disengaging emotions in Japan and the United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 890–903.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kitayama, S., Takagi, H., & Matsumoto, H. (1995). Seiko to shippai no kiin: Nihonteki jiko no bunka-shinrigaku [Causal attribution of success and failure: Cultural psychology of Japanese selves]. Japanese Psychological Review, 38, 247–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohl, H. W., Blair, S. N., Paffenbarger, R. S., Macera, C. A., & Kronenfeld, J. J. (1988). A mail survey of physical activity habits as related to measured physical fitness. American Journal of Epidemiology, 127(6), 1228–1239.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalski, K. C., Crocker, P. R. E., & Kowalski, N. P. (1997). Convergent validity of the physical activity questionnaire for adolescents. Pediatric Exercise Science, 9(4), 342–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalski, K. C., Crocker, P. R. E., Kowalski, N. P., Chad, K. E., & Humbert, M. L. (2003). Examining the physical self in adolescent girls over time: Further evidence against the hierarchical model. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 25, 5–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalski, K. C., Mack, D. E., Crocker, P. R. E., Niefer, C. B., & Fleming, T. (2006). Coping with social physique anxiety in adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 275.e9–275.e16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krane, V., Waldron, J., Stiles-Shipley, J., & Michalenok, J. (2001). Relationships among body satisfaction, social physique anxiety, and eating behaviors in female athletes and exercisers. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24, 247–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladwig, M., Vazou, S., & Ekkekakis, P. (2018). “My best memory is when I was done with it”: PE memories are associated with adult sedentary behavior. Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine, 3, 119–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lascar, N., Kennedy, A., Hancock, B., Jenkins, D., Andrews, R. C., Greenfield, S., & Narendran, P. (2014). Attitudes and barriers to exercise in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and how best to address them: A qualitative study. PLoS One, 9(9), e108019.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M. R. (1992). Self-presentational processes in exercise and sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14, 339–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1990). Impression management: A literature review and two-component model. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 34–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M. R., & Tangney, J. P. (2003). The self as an organizing construct in the behavioral and social sciences. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 3–14). Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ledger, D., & McCaffrey, D. (2014). Inside wearables, how the science of human behavior change offers the secret to long-term engagement. https://medium.com/@endeavourprtnrs/inside-wearable-how-the-science-of-human-behavior-change-offers-the-secret-to-long-term-engagement-a15b3c7d4cf3

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, F., Hallahan, M., & Herzog, T. (1996). Explaining real-life events: How culture and domain shape attributions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 732–741.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemoyne, J., Valois, P., & Guay, F. (2015). Physical self-concept and participation in physical activity in college students. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 47, 142–150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. (2008). Self-conscious emotions: Embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. In Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 742–756). Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindwall, M., Asci, H., & Crocker, P. (2014). The physical self in motion: Within-person change and associations of change in self-esteem, physical self-concept, and physical activity in adolescent girls. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 36, 551–563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mack, D. E., Kouali, D., Gilchrist, J. D., & Sabiston, C. M. (2015). Pride and physical activity: Behavioural regulations as a motivational mechanism? Psychology and Health, 30, 1049–1062.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mackowiak, R., Lucibello, K. M., Gilchrist, J. D., & Sabiston, C. M. (2019). Examination of actual and ideal body-related characteristics and body-related pride in adult males. American Journal of Men's Health, 13, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2003). Models of agency: Sociocultural diversity in the construction of action. In V. Murphy-Berman & J. J. Berman (Eds.), Vol. 49 of the Nebraska symposium on motivation. Cross-cultural differences in perspectives on the self (pp. 18–74). University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2010). Cultures and selves: A cycle of mutual constitution. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 420–430.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, H. W., & Craven, R. G. (2006). Reciprocal effects of self-concept and performance from a multidimensional perspective: Beyond seductive pleasure and unidimensional perspectives. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 133–163.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin Ginis, K. A., Jung, M. E., & Gauvin, L. (2003a). Effects of exercising in mirrored environments on sedentary women’s feeling states and self-efficacy. Health Psychology, 22, 354–361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin Ginis, K. A., Latimer, A. E., & Jung, M. E. (2003b). No pain no gain? Examining the generalizability of the exercise stereotype to moderately active and excessive active targets. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 283–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin Ginis, K. A., Lindwall, M., & Prapavessis, H. (2007). Who cares what other people think? Self-presentation in exercise and sport. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 136–157). Wiley.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Martin Ginis, K. A., & Mack, D. (2012). Understanding exercise behavior: A self-presentational perspective. In G. Roberts & G. Treasure (Eds.), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 327–356). Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin Ginis, K. A., Prapavessis, H., & Haase, A. M. (2008). The effects of physique-salient and physique non-salient exercise videos on women’s body image, self-presentational concerns, and exercise motivation. Body Image, 5, 164–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAuley, E., Blissmer, B., Katula, J., Duncan, T. E., & Mihalko, S. L. (2000). Physical activity, self-esteem, and self-efficacy relationships in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 131–139.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McAuley, E., Elavsky, S., Motl, R. W., Konopack, J. F., Hu, L., & Marquez, D. X. (2005). Physical activity, self-efficacy, and self-esteem: Longitudinal relationships in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology, 60, 268–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McHugh, T. L. F., Kowalski, K. C., MacK, D. E., Crocker, P. R. E., Junkin, S. E., Lejbak, L. K., & Martin, S. (2008). Young women’s experiences of social physique anxiety. Feminism and Psychology, 18, 231–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, P. J., Wiley, A. R., Fung, H., & Liang, C.-H. (1997). Personal storytelling as a medium of socialization in Chinese and American families. Child Development, 68, 557–568.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mond, J. M., & Calogero, R. M. (2009). Excessive exercise in eating disorder patients and in healthy women. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 227–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • More, K. R., Phillips, L. A., & Eisenberg Colman, M. H. (2019). Evaluating the potential roles of body dissatisfaction in exercise avoidance. Body Image, 28, 110–114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morin, A. J. S., Scalas, L. F., & Marsh, H. W. (2015). Tracking the elusive actual-ideal discrepancy model within latent subpopulations. Journal of Individual Differences, 36, 65–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ninot, G., Fortes, M., & Delignières, D. (2001). A psychometric tool for the assessment of the dynamics of the physical self. European Review of Applied Psychology, 51(3), 205–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2003). Culture and well-being: The cycle of action, evaluation, and decision. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 939–949.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Payne, S. M., Hudson, J., Akehurst, S., & Ntoumanis, N. (2013). Development and initial validation of the impression motivation in sport questionnaire-team. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 35, 281–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearl, R. L., Puhl, R. M., & Dovidio, J. F. (2015). Differential effects of weight bias experiences and internalization on exercise among women with overweight and obesity. Journal of Health Psychology, 20, 1626–1632.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pila, E., Brunet, J., Crocker, P. R. E., Kowalski, K. C., & Sabiston, C. M. (2016). Intrapersonal characteristics of body-related guilt, shame, pride, and envy in Canadian adults. Body Image, 16, 100–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pila, E., Sabiston, C. M., Brunet, J., Castonguay, A. L., & O’Loughlin, J. (2015). Do body-related shame and guilt mediate the association between weight status and self-esteem? Journal of Health Psychology, 20, 659–669.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pila, E., Sabiston, C. M., Mack, D. E., Wilson, P. M., Brunet, J., Kowalski, K. C., & Crocker, P. R. E. (2020). Fitness and appearance-related self-conscious emotions and sport experiences: A prospective longitudinal investigation among adolescent girls. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 47, 101641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pila, E., Stamiris, A., Castonguay, A., & Sabiston, C. M. (2014). Body-related envy: A social comparison perspective in sport and exercise. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36, 93–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, J., Howle, T., & Eklund, R. C. (2017). Self-presentation concerns may contribute towards the understanding of athletes’ affect when trialling for a new sports team. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 29, 484–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhee, E., Uleman, J. S., Lee, H. K., & Roman, R. J. (1995). Spontaneous self-descriptions and ethnic identities in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 142–152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, B. D., & Parlavecchio, H. (2006). The unwanted exposure of the self: A phenomenological study of embarrassment. Humanistic Psychologist, 34, 321–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabiston, C. M., Brunet, J., Kowalski, K. C., Wilson, P. M., Mack, D. E., & Crocker, P. R. E. (2010). The role of body-related self-conscious emotions in motivating women’s physical activity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 32, 417–437.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabiston, C. M., Gilchrist, J., & Brunet, J. (2019). Self-system and processes. In T. Horn & A. Smith (Eds.), Advances in sport and exercise psychology. Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabiston, C. M., Pila, E., Crocker, P. R. E., Mack, D. E., Wilson, P. M., Brunet, J., & Kowalski, K. C. (2020). Changes in body-related self-conscious emotions over time among youth female athletes. Body Image, 32, 24–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabiston, C. M., Pila, E., Pinsonnault-Bilodeau, G., & Cox, A. E. (2014). Social physiqueanxiety experiences in physical activity: A comprehensive synthesis of research studies focused on measurement, theory, and predictors and outcomes. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7, 158–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabiston, C. M., Sedgwick, W. A., Crocker, P. R. E., Kowalski, K. C., & Mack, D. E. (2007). Social physique anxiety in adolescence: An exploration of influences, coping strategies, and health behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22, 78–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sadalla, E. K., Linder, D. E., & Jenkins, B. A. (1988). Sport preference: A self-presentational analysis. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 10, 214–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization and model. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 641–669.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shavelson, R., Hubner, J., & Stanton, G. (1976). Self-concept: Validation of construct interpretations. Review of Educational Research, 46, 407–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2011). Gender differences in adolescent sport participation, teasing, self-objectification and body image concerns. Journal of Adolescence, 34(3), 455–463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slutzky, C. B., & Simpkins, S. D. (2009). The link between children’s sport participation and self-esteem: Exploring the mediating role of sport self-concept. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 381–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonstroem, R. J. (1976). The validity of self-perceptions regarding physical and athletic ability. Medicine and Science in Sports, 8, 126–132.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonstroem, R. J. (1997). The physical self-system: A mediator of exercise and self-esteem. In K. R. Fox (Ed.), The physical self: From motivation to well-being (pp. 3–26). Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonstroem, R. J., Harlow, L. L., & Josephs, L. (1994). Exercise and self-esteem: Validity of model expansion and exercise associations. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16, 29–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonstroem, R. J., & Morgan, W. P. (1989). Exercise and self-esteem: Rationale and model. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 21, 329–337.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. J. (2003). A sociological approach to self and identity. In M. Leary & J. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 128–152). Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tangney, J. P., Miller, R. S., Flicker, L., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1256–1269.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tangney, J. P., & Tracy, J. L. (2012). Self-conscious emotions. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 446–478). Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tetlock, P. E., & Manstead, A. S. (1985). Impression management versus intrapsychic explanations in social psychology: A useful dichotomy? Psychological Review, 92, 59–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toft, B. S., & Uhrenfeldt, L. (2015). The lived experiences of being physically active when morbidly obese: A qualitative systematic review. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 10, 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004). Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 103–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2007). The psychological structure of pride: A tale of two facets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 506–525.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Troop, N. A. (2016). The effect of current and anticipated body pride and shame on dietary restraint and caloric intake. Appetite, 96, 375–382.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Troop, N. A., & Redshaw, C. (2012). General shame and bodily shame in eating disorders: A 2.5-year longitudinal study. European Eating Disorders Review, 20, 373–378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Osch, Y., Zeelenberg, M., & Breugelmans, S. (2015). On the context dependence of emotion displays: Perceptions of gold medalists’ expressions of pride. Cognition and Emotion, 30, 1332–1343.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vani, M. F., De Jonge, M., Pila, E., Solomon-Krakus, S., & Sabiston, C. M. (2021). ‘Can you move your fat ass off the baseline?’ Exploring the sport experiences of adolescent girls with body image concerns. Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise, 13(4), 671–689. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2020.1771409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vani, M. F., Pila, E., Willson, E., & Sabiston, C. M. (2020). Body-related embarrassment: The overlooked self-conscious emotion. Body Image, 32, 14–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verma, N., Eklund, R. C., Howle, T., Arthur, C., & Gibson, A.-M. (2019). Transformational teaching, self-presentation motives, and identity in adolescent female physical education. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 41, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagnsson, S., Lindwall, M., & Gustafsson, H. (2014). Participation in organized sport and self-esteem across adolescence: The mediating role of perceived sport competence. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 36, 584–594.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welk, G., & Eklund, B. (2005). Validation of the children and youth physical self-perception profile for young children. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6, 51–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodgate, J., Martin Ginis, K. A., & Sinden, A. R. (2003). Physical activity and social physique anxiety in older women: The moderating effects of self-presentation efficacy. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 8, 116–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodman, T., & Hemmings, S. (2008). Body image self-discrepancies and affect: Exploring the feared body self. Self and Identity, 7, 413–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

    Robert C. Eklund

  2. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Catherine M. Sabiston

  3. Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany

    Ulrich Kühnen

Authors
  1. Robert C. Eklund
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Catherine M. Sabiston
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ulrich Kühnen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert C. Eklund .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Universität Konstanz, Constance, Germany

    Julia Schüler

  2. University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

    Mirko Wegner

  3. Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

    Henning Plessner

  4. Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

    Robert C. Eklund

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Eklund, R.C., Sabiston, C.M., Kühnen, U. (2023). The Self in Sport and Exercise. In: Schüler, J., Wegner, M., Plessner, H., Eklund, R.C. (eds) Sport and Exercise Psychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03921-8_19

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation