Abstract
Despite the legislative advances Norway has made for trans rights, and the reputation of Norway as an egalitarian and happy country, trans people continue to feel pressured to maintain gender norms. This paradoxical interpretation is made possible through what I call the ‘(cis)gender imaginary’. In my chapter, I explore the theoretical concept of the (cis)gender imaginary by drawing on two interviews conducted in the months following Norway’s 2016 implementation of its gender recognition act. Using thematic narrative analysis, I demonstrate how the gender norms at the foundation of Norwegian culture infiltrate the modes by which trans individuals interpret their gendered experiences and restore their personhoods, with special attention on how they negotiate these norms and carve spaces for belonging through self-expression and survival. It is hoped that the discussion will encourage thought and discussion on how the image of gender equality can easily obscure the lack of actual progress in fostering gender diversity, even in a nation as revered for gender-based progress as Norway.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aizura, A. Z. (2006). Of borders and homes: The imaginary community of (trans) sexual citizenship. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 7(2), 289–309.
Alm, E. (2006). Ett emballage för inälvor och emotioner: Föreställningar om kroppen i statliga utredningar från 1960–1970-talen [A packaging for intestines and emotions: Notions of the body in state investigations from the 1960s to 1970s]. Doctoral dissertation, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Alm, E. (2013). Somatechnics of consensus: Situating the biomedicalisation of intersex. Somatechnics, 3(2), 307–328.
Alm, E. (2018). What constitutes an in/significant organ? The vicissitudes of juridical and medical decision-making regarding genital surgery for intersex and trans people in Sweden. In G. Griffin & M. Jordal (Eds.), Body, migration, re/constructive surgeries: Making the gendered body in a globalized world (pp. 225–240). Routledge.
Almås, E., & Benestad, E. E. P. (2017). Sexologi i praksis [Sexology in practice]. Universitetsforl.
Appadurai, A., & Holston, J. (1996). Cities and citizenship. Public Culture, 8(2), 187–204.
Ashley, F. (2021). The constitutive in/visibility of the trans legal subject: A case study. UCLA Women’s Law Journal, 28(1), 423–457.
Aultman, B. L. (2018). Feeling as knowing: Trans phenomenology and epistemic justice. Doctoral dissertation, CUNY Academic Works. City University of New York, NY, USA. Retrieved from https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2960/
Benestad, E. E. P. (2016). Gender belonging: Children, adolescents, adults and the role of the therapist. International Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work, 4, 91–106.
Bremer, S. (2009). Det är såklart vi ska hjälpa dig [Of course, we will help you]. Wannabe, 17, 27–31.
Bremer, S. (2011). Kroppslinjer–kön, transsexualism och kropp i berättelser om könskorrigering [Bodylines: Gender, transsexualism and body in narratives on gender correction]. Doctoral dissertation, Göteborgs universitet, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Bremer, S. (2013). Penis as risk: A queer phenomenology of two Swedish transgender women’s narratives on gender correction. Somatechnics, 3(2), 329–350.
Canning, K. & Rose, S. (Eds.) 2002. Gender, citizenships and subjectivities.. Wiley-Blackwell.
Dietz, C. (2018). Governing legal embodiment: On the limits of self-declaration. Feminist Legal Studies, 26(2), 185–204.
Espseth, L. D. (2017). Kjønn og (andre) kjønn: et forslag til lesning: Offentlige diskursers konsekvenser for u/muligheter i folks liv [Gender and other genders: A recommendation for reading: Public discourse consequences for non/opportunities in people’s lives]’. Master’s thesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Halvorsen, M. (2018). Om lov om endring av juridisk kjønn [On the legal gender change law]. Lov og Rett, 57(8), 457–473.
Hartline, F. R. (2019). Examining trans narratives in the wake of Norway’s gender recognition law, a/b. Auto/Biography Studies, 34(1), 67–87.
Hartline, F. R. (2020a). The (trans)gender equality paradox: Challenging Norway’s 2016 law on gender recognition. Doctoral thesis, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
Hartline, F. R. (2020b). Exploring the (cis)gender imaginary in the Nordic Region. Journal of Gender Studies, 1(23), 67–87.
Hartline, F. R. (2020c). Assessing the benefits and limitations of Norway’s gender self-determination law: A thematic analysis. International Journal of Gender, Sexuality and Law, 1(1), 192–217.
Holm, M. L. (2017). Fleshing out the self: Reimagining intersexed and trans embodied lives through (auto)biographical accounts of the past. Doctoral dissertation, Linköping University, Sweden.
Holmqvist, S. (2017). Transformationer: 1800-talets svenska translitteratur genom Lasse-Maja, C. J. L. Almqvist och Aurora Ljungstedt [Transformations: 19th-century Swedish trans literature by Lasse-Maja, C. J. L. Almqvist and Aurora Ljungstedt]. PhD dissertation, Stockholm, Sweden: Makadam Förlag.
Honkasalo, J. (2018). Unfit for parenthood? Compulsory sterilization and transgender reproductive justice in Finland. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 20(1), 40–52.
Honkasalo, J. (2020). In the shadow of eugenics. In R. Pearce, L. Moon, K. Gupta, & D. L. Steinberg (Eds.), The emergence of trans: Cultures, politics and everyday lives (pp. 17–33). Routledge.
Jentoft, E. E. (2019). Through the needle’s eye: A qualitative study of the experiences of adolescents with gender incongruence and their families seeking gender affirming healthcare in Norway. Master’s thesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Jessen, R. (2021). Inside out and outside in: Towards a clinical and dialectical model of gender dysphoria amongst transgender and gender non-conforming youth. Doctoral dissertation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Lowik, A. J. (2018). Reproducing eugenics, reproducing while trans: The state sterilization of trans people. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 14(5), 425–445.
Nordström, B. J. (2019). Eugenics in the Nordic countries. Nordics.info, September 24. Available at https://nordics.info/show/artikel/eugenics-in-the-nordic-countries/. Accessed 8 Jan 2020.
Probyn, E. (1996). Outside belongings. Routledge.
Prosser, J. (1998). Second skin: The body narrative of transsexuality. Columbia University.
Rasmussen, M. L. (2005). Å gjøre kjønn: Performativitet og meningsskaping blant transkjønn og andre kjønn i Norge [To do gender: Performance and meaning-making among transgender and other genders in Norway]. Master’s thesis, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Rasmussen, M. L. (2006). Den norske staten og (trans)kjønn [The Norwegian state and (trans)gender]. Norsk Antropologisk Tidsskrift, 17(3–4), 279–291.
Riessman, C. K. (2008). Narrative methods for the human sciences (pp. 53–76). Sage.
Roen, K., Blakar, R. M., & Nafstad, H. E. (2011). “Disappearing” transsexuals? Norwegian trans-discourses, visibility, and diversity. Psykologisk Tidsskrift, 1, 28–33.
Rubin, H. S. (1998). Phenomenology as method in trans studies. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 4(2), 263–281.
Salamon, G. (2014). Phenomenology. Transgender Studies Quarterly, 1(1–2), 153–155.
Sandal, S. (2017). ‘En særlig trang til å ville forandre sitt kjønn’: Kjønsskiftebehandling i Norge 1952–1982 [‘A particular urge to change one’s gender’: Gender change treatment in Norway 1952–1982]. Master’s thesis, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Sørlie, A. (2014). Tvungen identitet: En vurdering av norsk forvaltningspraksis’ krav om irreversibel sterilisering ved endring av juridisk kjønn [Forced identity: An assessment of Norwegian administrative practice’s requirement of irreversible sterilisation for legal gender change]. Tidsskrift for familierett, arverett og barnevernrettslige spørsmål, 12(4), 272–295.
Sørlie, A. (2015). Legal gender meets reality: A sociolegal children’s perspective. Nordic Journal of Human Rights, 33(4), 353–379.
Sørlie, A. (2018). The right to gender identity: A grounded life cycle perspective. Doctoral dissertation, Oslo, Norway: University of Oslo, Institute of Public Law.
Sørlie, A. (2019). The right to trans-specific healthcare in Norway: Understanding the health needs of transgender people. Medical Law Review, 27(2), 295–317. https://doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fwy029
Van der Ros, J. (2013, January). Alskens Folk: Levekår, Livssituasjon og Livskvalitet for Personer med Kjønnsidentitets-Tematikk [PDF file]. Likestillingssenteret.
Van der Ros, J. (2014, September 17–19). The role of the welfare state in creating trans (e)quality of life: Recognizing differences and distributing differently. Paper presented at ESF exploratory workshop on transgender and political science in Europe: A comparative approach, Brussels, Belgium.
Van der Ros, J. (2017). The Norwegian state and transgender citizens: A complicated relationship. World Political Science, 13(1), 123–150.
Van der Ros, J., & Monro, S. (2018). Trans* and gender variant citizenship and the state in Norway. Critical Social Policy, 38(1), 57–78.
Williams, G. (1984). The genesis of chronic illness: Narrative re-construction. Sociology of Health & Illness, 6(2), 175–200.
Yuval-Davis, N. (2009). Identity, citizenship and contemporary, secure, gendered politics of belonging. In A. Denis & D. Kalekin-Fishman (Eds.), The ISA handbook in contemporary sociology: Conflict, competition, cooperation (pp. 29–41). Sage.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hartline, F.R. (2022). On Being Trans in Norway: Negotiating Belonging Through and Within the (Cis)Gender Imaginary. In: Blidon, M., Brunn, S.D. (eds) Mapping LGBTQ Spaces and Places. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03792-4_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03792-4_27
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-03791-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-03792-4
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)