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Population, Development, and Policy

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International Handbook of Population Policies

Part of the book series: International Handbooks of Population ((IHOP,volume 11))

Abstract

The extensive literature on population and development yielded few policy-relevant results before the discovery of the demographic dividend. This dividend refers to a rise in per capita income that results from an increase in workers per capita as a population’s fertility declines. This chapter describes the role of the demographic dividend in economic development in developing countries and summarizes policy options for strengthening the dividend. The first section reviews the demographic transition with an emphasis on its later phases when declining fertility and a changing population age structure produce the dividend. Next, the demographic drivers of the dividend and its potential impact on economic growth are examined. The following sections discuss policy options. Special attention is given to the role of voluntary family planning programs to meet rising demand for contraception thus accelerating the fertility decline and increasing the dividend when demand for smaller families is growing. The focus throughout is on sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the region that has experienced little demographic dividend but where the potential for a future dividend is greatest.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The model was also used to examine the impact of demographic change on the global economy (World Bank, 2015a), South Africa (World Bank, 2015b), and the Southern African Customs Union economies (Ahmed & Cruz, 2016).

  2. 2.

    The strength of family planning programs is measured with the PS index described below.

  3. 3.

    It should be emphasized that a proportion of this contraceptive use has little effect on fertility because it overlaps with postpartum infecundability (see Bongaarts, 2015).

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Acknowledgement

This work was supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [OPP1208869].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Population Council, New York, NY, USA

    John Bongaarts

  2. Health, Nutrition, and Population Latin America and the Caribbean Region, World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    Michele Gragnolati

  3. Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice, World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    Syud Amer Ahmed

  4. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA

    Jamaica Corker

Authors
  1. John Bongaarts
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  2. Michele Gragnolati
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  3. Syud Amer Ahmed
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  4. Jamaica Corker
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Correspondence to John Bongaarts .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington, VA, USA

    John F. May

  2. Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington, VA, USA

    Jack A. Goldstone

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Bongaarts, J., Gragnolati, M., Ahmed, S.A., Corker, J. (2022). Population, Development, and Policy. In: May, J.F., Goldstone, J.A. (eds) International Handbook of Population Policies. International Handbooks of Population, vol 11. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-02040-7_5

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