Abstract
Milton Friedman was one of the most imaginative and brilliant economists of the twentieth century, writing two foundational books, and hundreds of other, often important, contributions. He also became enormously controversial and whilst lauded by many, he became despised by some. Much of that controversy arises from later criticisms of Keynesian economics which changed in character in the mid-1970s. Friedman’s earlier work was much more constructive and more scientific than the later.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
Publication of the book and hence acceptance of the thesis were delayed by a controversy which has never been explained in detail. Friedman and Friedman (1998) implied that ill will of one of the NBER directors was the problem, but Collier (2017) described Wesley Mitchell’s discovery that Friedman’s original analysis had been incorrect. Interestingly, Rose Friedman (1976: 19) just blamed it on the war, which also contradicts Friedman and Friedman (1998).
- 3.
- 4.
There was a less noted second visit in 1981 described by Edwards and Montes (2020).
- 5.
For example, by Farrell (1959: 688).
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- 7.
Tobin (1958) contains some examples, though his appreciation of the book is also plain.
- 8.
The following debate went on and on, with Tavlas (2021) being a contribution from which earlier ones can be traced.
- 9.
The thinking is clearly visible in Friedman (1956b).
- 10.
Though Brunner and Meltzer (1972) could be seen as an alternative framework to Friedman’s with something of the same motivation.
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- 12.
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On which, see Forder and Monnery (2019).
- 15.
Patinkin (1981: 31) dismissed it as being on the level of saying that the price of potatoes is a potato phenomenon.
- 16.
- 17.
The way in which the problem was treated as an immensely intricate one in the United States is evidenced by the research in Goodwin (1975).
- 18.
That “broad idea” is the nebulous “Phillips curve” arising from the array of specific ideas described in Forder (2021).
- 19.
- 20.
On which, see Forder (2019b).
- 21.
That case is made in Forder (2018b).
- 22.
These points are argued in detail in Forder (2018c).
- 23.
Chapter and verse on these things can be found in Forder and Sømme (2019).
- 24.
A sample of such cases is presented in Forder (2015).
- 25.
Forder (2019c) offers further comments on this matter.
- 26.
- 27.
Similarly, Backhouse and Bateman (2012) emphasised Friedman’s approval of Keynes’s attention to the data, step-by-step modelling, and seeing models as providing a framework for analysis.
- 28.
This line of thinking is pursued by De Vroey (2016).
- 29.
All of which are argued by Rivot (2012).
- 30.
Vallois and Chassonnery-Zaïgouche (2021) consider the motivations of the piece.
- 31.
The text of Friedman’s letter to Pinochet, and hence the truth about its existence, is in Friedman and Friedman (1998: 591–594).
- 32.
This point is explored in Forder (2016).
- 33.
This issue is explored by Cherrier (2011).
References
Main Works by Milton Friedman
Despres, E., A.G. Hart, M. Friedman, P.A. Samuelson and D.H. Wallace (1950). ‘The Problem of Economic Instability’. American Economic Review, 40(4): 505–538.
Friedman, M. (1935). ‘Professor Pigou’s Method for Measuring Elasticities of Demand from Budgetary Data’. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 50(1): 151–163.
Friedman, M. (1941). ‘Review of Measurement of the Social Performance of Business, by T.J. Kreps’. American Economic Review, 31(4): 850–851.
Friedman, M. (1944). ‘Review of Saving, Investment, and National Income, by O.L. Altman’. Review of Economics and Statistics, 26(2): 101–102.
Friedman, M. (1947). ‘Lerner on the Economics of Control’. Journal of Political Economy, 55(5): 405–416. Reprinted in M. Friedman (1953) Essays in Positive Economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 301–319.
Friedman, M. (1948). ‘A Monetary and Fiscal Framework for Economic Stability’. American Economic Review, 38(3): 245–264. Reprinted in M. Friedman (1953) Essays in Positive Economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 133–156.
Friedman, M. (1949). ‘Professor Friedman’s Proposal: Rejoinder’. American Economic Review, 39(5): 949–955.
Friedman, M. (1950a). ‘Contribution of Milton Friedman’. In A Positive Program for Conservatives: A Symposium. W. Allen Wallis Papers. Box 29. University of Rochester. River Campus Libraries. Chicago: 12–15.
Friedman, M. (1950b). ‘Wesley C. Mitchell as an Economic Theorist’. Journal of Political Economy, 58(6): 465–493. Reprinted with minor changes in A.F. Burns (ed.) (1952) Wesley Claire Mitchell: The Economic Scientist. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research: 237–282.
Friedman, M. (1951a). ‘Some Comments on the Significance of Labor Unions for Economic Policy’. Chapter X in D.M. Wright (ed.) The Impact of the Union. New York: Harcourt, Brace: 204–234.
Friedman, M. (1951b). ‘Les Effets d’Une Politique de Plein Emploi sur la Stabilité sur la Stabilité Économique: Analyse Formelle’. Économie Appliquée, 4(July–December): 441–456. Slightly revised as ‘The Effects of a Full-Employment Policy on Economic Stability: A Formal Analysis’. In M. Friedman (1953) Essays in Positive Economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 117–132.
Friedman, M. (1952). ‘Price, Income, and Monetary Changes in Three Wartime Periods’. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 42(2): 612–625.
Friedman, M. (1953a). ‘The Methodology of Positive Economics’. In M. Friedman (ed.) Essays in Positive Economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 3–43.
Friedman, M. (1953b). ‘The Case for Flexible Exchange Rates’. In M. Friedman (ed.) Essays in Positive Economics. Chicago: University of Chicago: 157–203.
Friedman, M. (1953c). ‘Choice, Chance, and the Personal Distribution of Income’. Journal of Political Economy, 61(4): 277–290.
Friedman, M. (1953d). Essays in Positive Economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Friedman, M. (1954). ‘Why the American Economy Is Depression-Proof’. Nationalekonomiska Föreningens Förhandlingar, 3: 58–77. Reprinted as Chapter 2 in M. Friedman (1968) Dollars and Deficits. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall: 72–96.
Friedman, M. (1956a). ‘The Quantity Theory of Money—A Restatement’. Chapter I in M. Friedman (ed.) Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money. Chicago: University of Chicago: 3–21.
Friedman, M. (1956b). ‘The Keynesian Revolution and Economic Liberalism’. Lecture delivered at Wabash College, June.
Friedman, M. (1957). A Theory of the Consumption Function. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Friedman, M. (1959a). ‘The Demand for Money: Some Theoretical and Empirical Results’. Journal of Political Economy, 67(4): 327–351.
Friedman, M. (1959b). ‘Discussion’. In G.G. Somers (ed.) Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting: Industrial Relations Research Association. Wisconsin: Industrial Relations Research Association: 212–216.
Friedman, M. (1960). A Program for Monetary Stability. New York: Fordham University Press.
Friedman, M. (1962a). Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Friedman, M. (1962b). ‘Should There Be An Independent Monetary Authority?’. Chapter VIII in L.B. Yeager (ed.) In Search of a Monetary Constitution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press: 219–243. Reprinted as Chapter 6 in M. Friedman (1968) Dollars and Deficits. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall: 173–194.
Friedman, M. (1963). Inflation: Causes and Consequences. Bombay: Asia Publishing House. Reprinted without introduction and conclusion from the hosts in M. Friedman (1968) Dollars and Deficits. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall: 17–60.
Friedman, M. (1966a). ‘Interest Rates and the Demand for Money’. Journal of Law & Economics, 9(October): 71–85.
Friedman, M. (1966b). ‘What Price Guideposts?’. In G.P. Schultz and R.Z. Aliber (eds) Guidelines, Informal Controls, and the Market Place. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 17–40.
Friedman, M. (1966c). ‘Comments’. In G.P. Schultz and R.Z. Aliber (eds) Guidelines, Informal Controls, and the Market Place. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 55–61.
Friedman, M. (1966d). ‘Inflationary Recession’. Newsweek, 17 October: 92.
Friedman, M. (1967a). ‘Must We Choose Between Inflation and Unemployment?’. Stanford Graduate School of Business Bulletin, 35(Spring): 10–13, 40, 42.
Friedman, M. (1967b). ‘Current Monetary Policy’. Newsweek, 9 January: 59.
Friedman, M. (1968). ‘The Role of Monetary Policy’. American Economic Review, 58(1): 1–17.
Friedman, M. (1970a). The Counter-Revolution in Monetary Theory. London: Institute of Economic Affairs.
Friedman, M. (1970b). ‘The Social Responsibility of Business Is To Increase Its Profits’. The New York Times Magazine, 13 September: 17.
Friedman, M. (1971). ‘Government Revenue from Inflation’. Journal of Political Economy, 79(4): 846–856.
Friedman, M. (1972). ‘Monetary Policy’. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 116(3): 183–196.
Friedman, M. (1974a). ‘A Theoretical Framework for Monetary Analysis’. In R.J. Gordon (ed.) Milton Friedman’s Monetary Framework. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 1–62.
Friedman, M. (1974b). ‘Using Escalators to Help Fight Inflation’. Fortune, July: 94–97, 174, 176.
Friedman, M. (1974c). ‘Comments on the Critics’. In R.J. Gordon (ed.) Milton Friedman’s Monetary Framework. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 132–177.
Friedman, M. (1975). Unemployment Versus Inflation? An Evaluation of the Phillips Curve. Occasional Paper 44. London: Institute of Economic Affairs.
Friedman, M. (1976a). ‘Biographical’. Nobel Prize website. Available at: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1976/friedman/biographical/.
Friedman, M. (1976b). ‘The Line We Dare Not Cross’. Encounter, 47(November): 8–14. Reprinted as Chapter 7 in R. Leeson and C.G. Palm (eds) (2017) Friedman on Freedom. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press: 101–118.
Friedman, M. (1977a). ‘Nobel Lecture: Inflation and Unemployment’. Journal of Political Economy, 85(3): 451–472.
Friedman, M. (1977b). ‘The Conventional Wisdom of J.K. Galbraith’. In A. Seldon (ed.) From Galbraith to Economic Freedom. Occasional Paper 49. London: Institute of Economic Affairs: 12–42.
Friedman, M. (1978). ‘Inflationary Recession’. Newsweek, 24 April: 81.
Friedman, M. (1982a) ‘Monetary Policy: Theory and Practice’. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 14(1): 98–118.
Friedman, M. (1982b). ‘The Yo-Yo Economy’. Newsweek, 15 February: 72.
Friedman, M. (1984a). ‘Monetary Policy for the 1980s’. Chapter 2 in J.H. Moore (ed.) To Promote Prosperity: US Domestic Policy in the 1980s. Palo Alto, CA: Hoover Institution Press: 23–60.
Friedman, M. (1984b). ‘Capitalism and the Jews: Confronting a Paradox’. Encounter, 63(June): 74–79.
Friedman, M. (1989). ‘An Open Letter to Bill Bennett’. The Wall Street Journal, 7 September: A14.
Friedman, M. (1991). ‘Academy of Achievement Interview’. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujxLJx223-Y.
Friedman, M. (1997). ‘John Maynard Keynes’. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Quarterly, 83(Spring): 1–23.
Friedman, M. and G.S. Becker (1957). ‘A Statistical Illusion in Judging Keynesian Models’. Journal of Political Economy, 65(1): 64–75.
Friedman, M. and R.D. Friedman (1980). Free to Choose. London: Penguin.
Friedman, M. and R.D. Friedman (1998). Two Lucky People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Friedman, M. and S. Kuznets (1945). Income from Independent Professional Practice. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Friedman, M. and D.I. Meiselman (1963). ‘The Relative Stability of Monetary Velocity and the Investment Multiplier in the United States, 1897–1958’. In E.C. Brown et al., Stabilization Policies. Prepared for the Commission on Money and Credit. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall: 165–268.
Friedman, M. and L.J. Savage (1948). ‘The Utility Analysis of Choices Involving Risk’. Journal of Political Economy, 56(4): 279–304.
Friedman, M. and A.J. Schwartz (1963). A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Friedman, M. and A.J. Schwartz (1982). Monetary Trends in the United States and the United Kingdom: Their Relation to Income, Prices, and Interest Rates, 1867–1975. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wallis, W.A. and M. Friedman (1942). ‘The Empirical Derivation of Indifference Functions’. In O. Lange, F. McIntryre and T.O. Yntema (eds) Studies in Mathematical Economics and Econometrics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 175–189.
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Forder, J. (2022). Milton Friedman (1912–2006). In: Cord, R.A. (eds) The Palgrave Companion to Chicago Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01775-9_20
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