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Menopause

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Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Surgery

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Abstract

Menopause results from the senescent reduction in ovarian follicular quantity and quality, which ultimately leads to the permanent cessation of menses and significant physiological and potential psychosocial consequences for women. The deficiency of estrogen that occurs in the postmenopausal state may cause a myriad of bothersome symptoms, in addition to increasing the risk of several chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular disease. This is especially true when menopause occurs early (< 45 years old). The gold standard of treatment for systemic menopausal symptoms and to mitigate the consequences of early estrogen loss in women is hormone therapy (HT). Several decades of research have shown that the benefits of HT use outweigh the risks in women without contraindications under the age 60 and/or less than 10 years from menopause. Women without a uterus generally need estrogen-alone therapy, while women with a uterus (i.e., endometrium) need estrogen-progestogen HT.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Specialized Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women’s Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Tara K. Iyer & Holly L. Thacker

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  1. Tara K. Iyer
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  2. Holly L. Thacker
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Correspondence to Tara K. Iyer .

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  1. Cleveland Clinic London, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Tommaso Falcone

  2. Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA

    William W. Hurd

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Iyer, T.K., Thacker, H.L. (2022). Menopause. In: Falcone, T., Hurd, W.W. (eds) Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99596-6_9

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