Abstract
Cecilia Wadsö Lecaros takes as her subject the reception in Sweden of Harriet Martineau’s fictional illustrations of political economy from the 1830s, using this as a representative example of the transnational circulation of ideas around northern Europe in the mid-nineteenth century. Today, Martineau is recognised as a pioneer of didactic fiction in sociology and political economy in Britain, but little scholarly attention has yet been paid to the early reception of her work overseas. Wadsö Lecaros’s path-breaking research here illustrates, in particular, how accounts of Martineau in Swedish newspapers and periodical reviews, premised on material taken originally from British sources, contributed to the reshaping of Martineau’s stories, in translation, for a Swedish audience—often for commercial as well as for ideological reasons.
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Notes
- 1.
Harriet Martineau, Harriet Martineau’s Autobiography, ed. Maria Weston Chapman, vol. 1 (Boston: James R. Osgood & Co., 1877), 172.
- 2.
Ibid.
- 3.
Ibid.
- 4.
Kathleen Shields. ‘Challenges and Possibilities for World Literature, Global Literature, and Translation’, CLCWeb: Comparative Literature & Culture: A WWWeb Journal 15, no. 7 (2013): 3.
- 5.
André Lefevere, Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame (London: Routledge, 1992).
- 6.
For a discussion of Martineau as a translator, see Lesa Scholl, Translation, Authorship and the Victorian Professional Woman: Charlotte Brontë, Harriet Martineau and George Eliot (London: Routledge, 2016), 106.
- 7.
Pat Duffy Hutcheon, ‘Harriet Martineau and the Unitarian Connection’, 35. In Harriet Martineau: Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives, eds Michael R. Hill and Susan Hoecker-Drysdale (New York: Routledge, 2001), 23–40.
- 8.
Anthony John Harding, ‘Harriet Martineau’s Anti-Romanticism’, The Wordsworth Circle 40 (2009): 28.
- 9.
Martineau, Harriet Martineau’s Autobiography, 1:105.
- 10.
Ibid.
- 11.
For an overview of themes in the stories, see Deborah A. Logan, Illustrations of Political Economy: Selected Tales, 383–4.
- 12.
Harriet Martineau, preface to Illustrations of Political Economy, 3rd ed. (London: Charles Fox, 1832).
- 13.
Harriet Martineau, ‘The Hill and the Valley’ in Illustrations of Political Economy, vol. 1, 140.
- 14.
For a discussion of Martineau in relation to other didactic writers at the time, see Shelagh Hunter, Harriet Martineau: The Poetics of Moralism, (Brookfield: Scolar Press, 1996), 59–103 and Marilyn Cohen, ‘“A genuine Victorian oddity”: Harriet Martineau’s fiction’ in Novel Approaches to Anthropology: Contributions to Literary Anthropology, ed. Marilyn Cohen (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2013), 97–138.
- 15.
Linda H. Peterson, ‘From French Revolution to English Reform: Hannah More, Harriet Martineau, and the “Little Book”’, Nineteenth-Century Literature 60, no. 2 (2006): 409–50.
- 16.
Claudia Klaver, A/Moral Economics: Classical Political Economy and Cultural Authority in Nineteenth-Century England (Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 2003), 54.
- 17.
Joanna Rostek, ‘Managing the Unmanageable: Paradoxes of Poverty in Harriet Martineau’s Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–1834)’ in Narrating Poverty and Precarity in Britain, ed. Barbara Korte and Frédéric Regard (Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter, 2014), 35.
- 18.
Elaine Freedgood, ‘Banishing Panic: Harriet Martineau and the Popularization of Political Economy’, Victorian Studies 39, no. 1 (1995): 36
- 19.
‘Miscellaneous’, The Glasgow Herald (8 Sept 1832): 4.
- 20.
George Poulet Scrope, Review of Illustrations of Political Economy, nos. 1–12 by Harriet Martineau, Quarterly Review 49 (April 1833): 136. Scrope is identified as the reviewer in Illustrations of Political Economy: Selected Tales Harriet Martineau, ed. Deborah Anna Logan, 423.
- 21.
Ibid., 138.
- 22.
For an overview of the Scandinavian reception of Scott, see Jørgen Erik Nielsen, ‘“His pirates had foray’d on Scottish hill”: The Danish Reception of Scott with an Outline of his Reception in Norway and Sweden’, in Murray Pittock (ed.), The Reception of Sir Walter Scott in Europe (London: Continuum, 2006), 251–67.
- 23.
The translations mentioned have been retrieved from WorldCat; there may, of course have been more.
- 24.
‘Gleanings of Foreign Literary Intelligence. No. I. Denmark’, Cochrane’s Foreign Quarterly Review 1 (1835): 255.
- 25.
[utgifvit en samling af fem berättelser i lika så många band, och dervid med framgång försökt, att på statshushållningens läror använda ordspråket: ‘Exemplet är den bästa regeln.’]. ‘Strödda underrättelser’, Stockholmsposten (1 February 1833):3. All translations from Swedish are my own and all references to Swedish press have been retrieved via the Swedish National Library database Svenska dagstidningar.
- 26.
Harriet Martineau, Preface, Illustrations, vol. 1, xiii.
- 27.
‘Miss Martineau’s ekonomiska berättelser”, Aftonbladet (12 August, 1833): 4.
- 28.
‘England’, Aftonbladet (29 January, 1834): 2.
- 29.
Brougham was frequently commented upon in the Swedish press in the early 1830s. Cecilia Wadsö Lecaros, ‘Translating “Unprejudiced, Bright and Philanthropic Views”: Henry Brougham and Anglo-Swedish Exchanges in the Early Nineteenth Century’, Romantik: Journal for the Study of Romanticisms (2018): 73–96.
- 30.
Chester W. New, Lord Durham: A Biography of John George Lambton, First Earl of Durham (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1929), 237.
- 31.
Sharon Deane-Cox, Retranslation: Translation, Literature and Reinterpretation (London: Bloomsbury, 2014), 29–30.
- 32.
Gérard Genette, ‘Introduction to the Paratext’, transl. Marie Maclean, New Literary History 22, no. 2 (1991): 264.
- 33.
Harriet Martineau, Upplysningar i politisk economi: Kullen och dalen. (Göteborg: Samuel Norberg, 1834).
- 34.
Harriet Martineau, Statshushållningen, framställd i exempel, 8 vols. (Kristianstad: Schmidt & Comp, 1834–1836).
- 35.
Malmö allehanda (11 February, 1835): 3; Linköpingsbladet (27 December 1834): 4.
- 36.
Carina Burman, Bremer: En biografi (Stockholm: Albert Bonniers förslag, 2001), 190.
- 37.
Pehr Dubb, Beskrifning på de soppor, som til de fattigas försörjning bereddes uti sopphusen i London, åren 1798–1801 med tillägg om den Rumfordska soppan (Göteborg: Samuel Norberg, 1802). Adam Smith, Politisk undersökning om lagar, som hindra och tvinga införseln af sådana utländska varor, som kunna alstras eller tillverkas inom landet, Transl. Erik Erland Bodell (Göteborg: Samuel Norberg, 1804).
- 38.
Per Sörbom, Läsning för folket: Studier i tidig svensk folkbildningshistoria (Stockholm: Norstedt, 1972), 138; Carina and Lars Burman, ‘Inledning’ in Fredrika Bremer: Grannarne, ed. Carina and Lars Burman (Stockholm: Svenska Vitterhetssamfundet, 2001), xvii.
- 39.
[Till förekommande af kollision tillkännagifves, att Illustrations of Political Economy, No II, The Hill and the Valley, a Tale by Harriet Martineau, är under öfversättning.] Post-och inrikes tidningar (25 January, 1834): 4.
- 40.
Dagligt allehanda (28 May, 1834): 4.
- 41.
[rena flärdlösa sinne] Fredrika Bremer, Brev: Ny följd, tidigare ej samlade och tryckta brev, vol. 1, ed. Carina Burman. (Stockholm: Gidlund, 1996), 64.
- 42.
Aftonbladet (21 June, 1834): 4.
- 43.
[oförtöfvat] Post-och inrikes tidningar (8 July, 1834): 4.
- 44.
Växjöbladet (31 October, 1834): 4. Dagligt allehanda (7 November, 1834): 4.
- 45.
[en, i form af Romantisk berättelse, ledigt och med skicklighet utförd grundritning till principerne i Jern- och Bruksrörelsen] Calmar Läns och Ölands Annonsblad (3 December, 1834): 2.
- 46.
[romantiska berättelser eller sagor med en ovanligt lätt hand utförda skrifter] Samuel Norberg, ‘Företal’ in Harriet Martineau, Upplysningar i politisk economi: Kullen och dalen. (Göteborg: Samuel Norberg, 1834), 3.
- 47.
Götheborgs Dagblad (29 November, 1834): 3.
- 48.
Malmö allehanda (17 December, 1834): 3.
- 49.
Robert Bremner, Excursions in Denmark, Norway and Sweden: Including Notices of the Public Opinion in Those Countries and Anecdotes of Their Courts, vol. 2 (London: Henry Colburn, 1840), 200–1.
- 50.
Ibid., 201.
- 51.
Karin Monié, ‘Sophie Gyllenborg, 1801–1841’. Svenskt översättarlexikon, Accessed 24 March 2021,
- 52.
Greta Hjelm-Milczyn, ‘Gud nåde alla fattiga översättare’: Glimtar ur svensk skönlitterär översättningshistoria (Stockholm: Carlsson, 1996), 182.
- 53.
Karin Monié, ‘Sophie Gyllenborg, 1801–1841’.
- 54.
Unsigned review of Illustrations of Political Economy, by Harriet Martineau. Eclectic Review 8 (1832): 60.
- 55.
Samuel Norberg, ‘Företal’, 3.
- 56.
I here quote the English original passage. Review of ‘Weal and Woe’, Spectator (7 July 1832). Reproduced in Illustrations of Political Economy: Selected Tales Harriet Martineau, ed. Deborah Anna Logan, 414.
- 57.
Alexis Easley, ‘Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine in the 1830s: Dialogues on Gender, Class, and Reform’, Victorian Periodicals Review 38 (2005): 275.
- 58.
This quote is the original text. Christian Isobel Johnstone, review of Illustrations of Political Economy, by Harriet Martineau. Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine 1 (August 1832): 613.
- 59.
[Hon afmålar … tecknar hon] Samuel Norberg, ‘Företal’, 4.
- 60.
Malmö allehanda (11 February, 1835): 3.
- 61.
….n. ‘Recension’, Aftonbladet (30 April, 1836): 2.
- 62.
[temligen voluminösa, och troligen blott for statsekonomer njutbara arbete] ‘Smärre Witterleksalster’, Swenska Litteratur-föreningens tidning (7 October, 1835): 638.
- 63.
Byron, George Gordon. Don Juan. London: Hodgson & Co, 1822, Canto I, Stanza XX, lines 5–7.
- 64.
‘Smärre Witterleksalster’: 638.
- 65.
….n. ‘Recension’, Aftonbladet (30 April, 1836): 1–2.
- 66.
[en qvinna, men med ett skarpt reflekterande manligt förstånd] s-s. ‘Historiskt Familje-Bibliothek. I. Samhällslifvet i America af Harriet Martineau’, Frey (1844): 356.
- 67.
[Kullen och Dalen framställer under bilden af en slags eremit på en kulle, och ett jernbruk i en dal, det orätta i att skrinlägga sin förmåga och sin förmögenhet, af fruktan at förlora den, och deremot de välgörande frukterna af väl använda rikedomar och själskrafter; samt der efter de svåra följderna af de hos den obildade rådande fördomen, att arbetsbesparing genom machineri skulle göra de arbetande skada.] ‘Recension’, Aftonbladet (30 April, 1836): 2.
- 68.
Harriet Martineau, ‘The Hill and the Valley’ in Illustrations of Political Economy, vol. 1, (London: Charles Fox, 1832), 5.
- 69.
Harriet Martineau, The Rioters, or a Tale of Bad Times. (Wellington: Houlston and Son, 1827).
- 70.
Nicols Fox. Against the Machine: The Hidden Luddite Tradition in Literature, Art, and Individual Lives. (Washington, etc.: Island Press, 2002), 40.
- 71.
Tom Mole, Byron’s Romantic Celebrity: Industrial Culture and the Hermeneutic of Intimacy. (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 28–43.
- 72.
Laurence Venuti, The Translator’s Invisibility (London: Routledge, 1995).
- 73.
Cecilia Wadsö Lecaros, ‘Who is the Author of the Translated Text? The Swedish Translation of Dinah Mulock’s A Woman’s Thoughts about Women’, in Authorial and Editorial Voices in Translation, vol. 1, ed. Hanne Jansen and Anna Wegener (Vita Traductiva, 2013): 183–205.
- 74.
Karin Monié, ‘Sophie Gyllenborg, 1801–1841’.
- 75.
Carl Gustav Leopold, Afhandling om svenska stafsättet (Stockholm, Svenska akademien, 1801), 218.
- 76.
Carl Jonas Love Almqvist, ‘Hvad är penningen? Skrift som vunnit priset i herr Hugos akademi’ in Samlade verk 9 Törnrosens bok: duodesupplagan, Bd 12–14 (Stockholm: Svenska vitterhetssamfundet i samarbete med Almqvistsällskapet, 1997), 38.
- 77.
Anders Mortensen, ‘Att göra “penningens genius till sin slaf”. Om Carl Jonas Love Almqvists romantiska ekonomikritik’ in Vetenskapssocieteten i Lund, årsbok 2004, ed. Valeria Molnár, Göte Paulsson, and Greger Andersson, (Lund: Vetenskapssocieteten i Lund, 2004), 58.
- 78.
Johan Stuart Mill, Elements of Political Economy (London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1824), 97.
- 79.
Unsigned review of Illustrations of Political Economy, by Harriet Martineau. The Spectator (4 August, 1832). Reproduced in Illustrations of Political Economy: Selected Tales Harriet Martineau, ed. Deborah Anna Logan, 415.
- 80.
Harriet Martineau, Preface in Poor Laws and Paupers Illustrated (London: Charles Fox, 1833), n.p.
- 81.
Gregory Vargo, ‘Contested Authority: Reform and Local Pressure in Harriet Martineau’s Poor Law Stories’, Nineteenth-Century Gender Studies, 3 (2007): para. 4.
- 82.
Harriet Martineau, Harriet Martineau’s Autobiography, 1:219.
- 83.
Bibliothek i populär naturkunnighet, 14 vols. Stockholm: Zacharias Haeggström, 1837–1846.
- 84.
Harald Ericsson, Hillska skolan å Barnängen 1830–1846: Skildringar och minnen (Stockholm: Förf., 1885); W.A.C Stewart and W.P. McCann, The Educational Innovators. vol. 1 (London: Macmillan, 1967), 121.
- 85.
Johannes Westberg: ‘The transnational dissemination of the infant school to the periphery of Europe: The role of primary schools, religion, travels, and handbooks in the case of nineteenth-century Sweden’, Paedagogica Historica (2020): 7–8.
- 86.
Malla Grandinson, ‘Fredrika Bremer och Frances von Koch: En samling brev’, Ord och bild 24 (1915): 290; Stig Jägerskiöld, ‘Nils von Koch’ in Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, accessed 25 March, 2021; Anna Charlotta Hamilton Geete, I solnedgången: Minnen och bilder från Erik Gustaf Geijers senaste lefnadsår (Stockholm: A. Bonnier, 1911), 81–84; Sophie Adlersparre and Sigrid Leijonhufvud, Fredrika Bremer: Biografisk studie (Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söner, 1896).
- 87.
Lars Johan Hierta, Biografiska anteckningar, (Örebro: N. M. Lindhs boktryckeri, 1863), 63–64; Cecilia Wadsö Lecaros, ‘Transnational Exchange between British and Swedish periodicals in the 1830s’ in The Edinburgh History of the British and Irish Press, vol. 2, ed. David Finkelstein (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press), 274.
- 88.
The Lewin Letters: A Selection from the Correspondence & Diaries of an English Family 1756–1884, vol. 1, ed. Thomas Herbert Lewin (London: Archibald Constable & Co. Ltd, 1909), 319.
- 89.
Ibid., 327.
- 90.
Fredrika Bremers brev Del I. 1821–1838, eds. Klara Johanson and Ellen Kleman. (Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söners Förlag, 1915), 553 n241.
- 91.
Sarah Richardson, ‘A regular politician in breeches: The life and work of Harriet Lewin Grote’ in Brill’s Companion to George Grote and the Classical Tradition, ed. Kyriakos N. Demetriou (Leiden: Brill, 2014), 140; Elizabeth Eastlake, Mrs Grote: A Sketch (London: John Murray, 1880), 89.
- 92.
Malla Silfverstolpe: Malla Montgomery Silfverstolpes memoarer, vol. 4 (Stockholm: Albert Bonniers förlag, 1911), 210–11; The Lewin Letters: A Selection from the Correspondence & Diaries of an English Family 1756–1884, vol. 1, 375.
- 93.
Michael Roberts, ‘Geijer and England’, Scandia: Tidskrift för Historisk Forskning 60:2 (1994): 227.
- 94.
[På hennes bord lågo de nyaste engelska böckerna och broschyrerna i alla dagens frågor och de sista numren af de stora engelska tidskrifter … London och Westminster Review, Edinburgh Review, Frasers Magazine] Anna Charlotta Hamilton Geete, I solnedgången: Minnen och bilder från Erik Gustaf Geijers senaste lefnadsår, 82.
- 95.
[moralisk regulator … midtemot en stor rikedom aflar af sig ett stort armod] Erik Gustaf Geijer, ‘Förändringar innom [sic] de arbetande klasserna i England’ in Den blå boken (Örebro: N. M. Lindhs Boktryckeri, 1837), 79.
- 96.
Erik Gustaf Geijer, Fattigvårds-frågan. In Erik Gustaf Geijers samlade skrifter, Förra afdelningen, vol. 6, Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & söner, 1849–1853; Erik Gustaf Geijer, The Poor Laws and Their Bearing on Society: A Series of Political and Historical Essays. (Stockholm: L. J. Hjerta, 1840.
- 97.
‘Notices: Art. XVII The Poor Laws, and their Bearing on Society. By Eric Gustaf Geiger [sic]’, The Monthly Review (1842): 134, emphasis in original.
- 98.
Ibid.
- 99.
[omätligt djup af reflexion och känsla] Anna Charlotta Hamilton Geete, I solnedgången: Minnen och bilder från Erik Gustaf Geijers senaste lefnadsår, 126.
- 100.
Ebba Heckscher, Några drag ur den svenska flickskolans historia (Stockholm: Norstedt & söner, 1914), 103–104; ‘Löwenhielm’. Svenskt biografiskt lexikon. Accessed 25 March, 2021, https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=10108&forceOrdinarySite=true; Vilhelm Vessberg, Review of ‘Till sekelminnet. Wallinska skolan 1831–1931’. Pedagogisk tidskrift (1931): 296.
- 101.
Harriet Martineau, Society in America, 3 vols. (London: Saunders and Otley, 1837); Harriet Martineau, Samhällslifvet i Amerika eller resor i Förenta Staterna, 2 vols., translated by Betty Löwenhielm (Stockholm: Hierta, 1843–4).
- 102.
Fredrika Bremer, Brev, vol. I, ed. Carina Burman, 208.
- 103.
[förträfflig öfversättning … samma skickliga hand] Fredrika Bremer, Review. Aftonbladet (11 December, 1841): 3. I here assume Bremer is the author. The review is signed ‘F.B.’, a known signature of Bremer’s.
- 104.
[Den vida större tillhör alla länder och alla klasser. Ty den utveckling här föregår, och det sedliga värde här framstår, gäller öfverallt] Ibid.
- 105.
G. R. R., Review, Frey: Tidskrift för vetenskap och konst (1841): 332.
- 106.
[ett allmänt kommunikationsmedel i berättelseform] Erik Gustaf Geijer, ‘Företal’ in Harriet Martineau, Byarne och staden, transl. Betty Löwenhielm (Stockholm: Zacharias Haeggström, 1841), xiii.
- 107.
Ibid., xii.
- 108.
[förvandla fattighjonet … till medborgare] Ibid., xii–xiii.
- 109.
[stundom dunkla språket] G. R. R., Review, 332.
- 110.
Harriet Martineau, Jerusalem – en saga ifrån återlösarens tid, translated by Lina Sandell Berg, (Jönköping: Printed by J. A Björk, 1853). Göteborg University library catalogue identifies the Swedish translator as Lina Sandell Berg, a popular hymn writer and translator. The original source was Harriet Martineau, Eastern Life: Past and Present, 3 vols (London: Edward Moxon, 1848), and the German translation on which the Swedish translation was based was Karl Löffler’s Jerusalem eine Sage aus der Zeit des Erlösers (Berlin: Brandis, 1850).
- 111.
‘Utländsk litteratur: Det fordna och närvarande lefnadssättet i Orienten (Ur Chamber’s Edingburgh Journal)’, Stockholms aftonpost (7, 8, 13, and 15 December, 1848); Chambers’ Edinburgh Journal (1 July 1848): 7–11).
- 112.
Harriet Martineau, Harriet Martineau’s Autobiography, vol. 2, 11.
- 113.
Ibid.
- 114.
Elaine Freedgood, ‘Banishing Panic: Harriet Martineau and the Popularization of Political Economy’, 35.
- 115.
Harriet Martineau, Letters on Mesmerism (London: Edward Moxon, 1845).
- 116.
[öfvertro, hennes upphetsade och retliga inbillning] ‘Blandade ämnen’, Örebro Tidning (25 April, 1846): 3; ‘Animala magnetismen begynner åter spöka’. Stockholms Aftonpost (17 February, 1849): 2.
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Lecaros, C.W. (2022). ‘Minds Play into One Another’: The Early Reception of Harriet Martineau in Sweden. In: Duffy, C., Rix, R.W. (eds) Nordic Romanticism. Palgrave Studies in the Enlightenment, Romanticism and Cultures of Print. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99127-2_9
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