Abstract
Neoliberal reforms in higher education have shaped the nature of academic work since the 1980s in Australia and other countries. These reforms have resulted in the use of private sector performance practices designed to improve productivity, efficiency, and customer service in research and teaching within public universities. The use of these practices within public sector institutions has been termed “managerialism.” A key component of these reforms has been the establishment of performance management schemes and the process of performance appraisal for individual staff members (Morris et al., 2007). The central argument in this chapter is that, given the current pervasiveness of managerialism in higher education, collegiality, autonomy, and the traditional role of academic work are being compromised.
The focus in this chapter lies with two aspects of performance management – performance appraisal and performance-based pay. The role and purpose of performance appraisal is reviewed alongside the argument that an approach recognizing the traditional values of academics and is developmental in focus holds merit and is preferable to an approach based on control and surveillance. Caveats are raised regarding the adoption of performance pay within universities. In the final part of the chapter, some discussion is afforded to the actions that managers within universities can take that may help mediate the tensions between traditional and corporate roles of the university.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bechner, W. (2006). Scientific management. In F. W. English (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of educational leadership and administration (Vol. 2, pp. 921–923). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Blackmore, P., & Kandiko, C. B. (2011). Motivation in academic life: A prestige economy. Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 16(4), 399–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/13596748.2011.626971.
Blase, J., & Blase, J. (1997). The micropolitical orientation of facilitative school principals and its effects on teachers’ sense of empowerment. Journal of Educational Administration, 35(2), 138–164. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578239710161777.
Cannizzo, F. (2016). The transformation of academic ideals: An Australian analysis. Higher Education Research & Development, 35(5), 881–894. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2016.1138454.
Christopher, J., & Leung, P. (2015). Tensions arising from imposing NPM in Australian public universities: A management perspective. Financial Accountability Management, 31(2), 171–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/faam.12053.
Davidson, P., & Griffin, R. W. (2003). Management: An Australasian perspective (2nd ed.). Milton, QLD: Wiley.
Deem, R., & Brehony, K. (2005). Management as ideology. The case of ‘new managerialism’ in higher education. Oxford Review of Education, 31(2), 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054980117827.
Delahaye, B. (2000). Human resource development: Adult learning and knowledge management. Brisbane, QLD: Wiley.
Diefenbach, T. (2009). New public management in public sector organizations: The dark sides of managerialist ‘enlightenment’. Public Administration, 87(4), 892–901. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2009.01766.x.
Ehrich, L. C., Kimber, M., & Ehrich, J. (2016). The micropolitics of management in universities: Challenges and opportunities. In J. Ryan & D. E. Armstrong (Eds.), Working (with/out) the system: Educational leadership, micropolitics and social justice [issues in the research, theory, policy, and practice of urban education] (pp. 187–204). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Field, L. (2015). Appraising academic appraisal in the new public management university. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 37(2), 172–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2014.991534.
Foucault, M. (1981). The archaeology of knowledge and the discourses on language (A.M. Sheridan Smith, Trans.). New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
Foucault, M. (1981). Discipline and Punish. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
Graham, A. T. (2016). Role of academic managers in workload and performance management of academic staff: A case study. Educational Management, Administration & Leadership, 44(6), 1042–1063. https://doi.org/10.1177/174114321558731.
Grint, K. (2007). What’s wrong with performance appraisals? A critique and a suggestion. Human Resource Management Journal, 3(3), 61–77.
Hall, R. (2018). On the alienation of academic labour and the possibilities for mass intellectualism. TripleC, 16(1), 97–113. http://www.triple-c.at.
Halligan, J. (2008). Administrative reforms in Westminster democracies: The long-term results. In F. Grotz & T. Toonen (Eds.), Crossing borders: Constitutional development and internationalisation. Essays in honour of Joachim Jens Hesse. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter Recht.
Harkness, P., & Schier, M. (2011). Performance related pay in Australian universities. Australian Universities Review, 53(2), 50–58.
Hawke, A. (2012). Performance management and performance pay the paradox. In J. Wanna, S. Vincent, & A. Podger (Eds.), With the benefit of hindsight: Valedictory speeches of departmental secretaries, 2004–2011 (pp. 15–28). Canberra, ACT: ANU e-Press in conjunction ANZSOG. http://press.anu.edu.au?p=154141.
Hoyle, E. (1982). Micropolitics of educational organisations. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 10, 87–98.
James, R. (1995). In search of staff development: A study of academic staff appraisal. Higher Education Research & Development, 14(2), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/0729436950140204.
Jefferson, A. L. (2010). Performance appraisal applied to leadership. Educational Studies, 36(1), 111–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055690903148597.
Kairuz, T., Andriés, L., Nickloes, T., & Truter, I. (2016). Consequences of KPIs and performance management in higher education. International Journal of Educational Management, 30(6), 881–893. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-05-2015-0067.
Kallio, K., & Kallio, T. J. (2014). Management-by-results and performance measurement in universities – Implications for work motivation. Studies in Higher Education, 39(4), 574–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2012.709497.
Kenny, J. (2017). Academic work and performativitiy. Higher Education, 74, 897–913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0084-y.
Kimber, M. (2001). Managerial matters: A brief discussion of the origins, rationales and characteristics of managerialism. Working Paper Series. Australian Centre for Strategic Management. Queensland University of Technology.
Kimber, M. (2020). A social justice challenge for school leadership in Australia. In R. Papa (Ed.), Handbook on promoting social justice in education (pp. 1–18). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature.
Kimber, M., & Ehrich, L. C. (2015). Are Australia’s universities in deficit? A tale of generic managers, audit culture and casualisation. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 37(1), 83–97.
Kimber, M., & Maddox, G. (2003). The Australian Public Service: A case of weakened accountability? International Journal of Public Sector Management, 16(1), 61–74.
Marsden, D. (2010). The paradox of performance related pay systems: ‘Why do we keep adopting them in the face of evidence that they fail to motivate?’. In C. Hood, H. Margetts, & P. 6 (eds), Paradoxes of modernization: Unintended consequences of public policy reforms. Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/23639/1/The_paradox_of_performance_related_pay%28LSERO%29.pdf
McGregor, D. (1972). An uneasy look at performance appraisal. Harvard Business Review, 50(5), 133–138.
Morris, L. (2005). Performance appraisals in Australian universities – Imposing a managerialistic framework into a collegial culture. Paper presented to the AIRAANZ Conference 2005.
Morris, L. (2011). From collegial engagement to performance management: The changing academic landscape in Australia. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Victoria University.
Morris, L., Stanton, P., & Young, S. (2007). Performance management in higher education – Development versus control. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 32(2), 17–31.
Nankervis, A., Baird, M., Coffey, J., & Shields, J. (2016). Human resource management: Strategy and practice (8th ed.). South Melbourne, VIC: Cengage Learning.
Newton, T., & Findlay, P. (1996). Playing God? The performance of appraisal. Human Resource Management Journal, 6(3), 42–58.
O’Brien, P., & Down, B. (2002). What are teachers saying about new managerialism? Journal of Educational Enquiry, 3(1), 111–113.
Park, S. M., & Word, J. (2012). Driven to service: Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for public and non-profit managers. Public Personnel Management, 41(4), 705–734.
Parker, L. (2012). From privatised to hybrid corporatised higher education: A global financial management discourse. Financial Accountability & Management, 28(3), 247–268.
Radnor, Z., & Barnes, D. (2007). Historical analysis of performance measurement and management in operations management. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 56(5/6), 384–396.
Ryan, J., & Armstrong, D. E. (2016). Micropolitical leadership for social justice: Working (with/out) the system. In J. Ryan & D. E. Armstrong (Eds.), Working (with/out) the system: Educational leadership, micropolitics and social justice (pp. xi–xxi). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Samier, E. (2008). The problem of passive evil in educational administration: Moral implications of doing nothing. International Studies in Educational Administration, 36(1), 2–21.
Shore, C. (2008). Audit culture and illiberal governance: Universities and the politics of accountability. Anthropological Theory, 8(3), 278–298.
Sousa, C. A. A., de Nijs, W. F., & Hendriks, P. H. J. (2010). Secrets of a beehive: Performance management in university research organizations. Human Relations, 63(9), 1439–1460.
Taylor, F. (1911). The principles of scientific management. New York, NY: Harper.
Taylor, J. (2015). Closing the rhetoric-reality gap? Employees’ perspective of performance management in the Australian Public Service. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 74(3), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12066.
Teelken, C. (2012). Compliance or pragmatism? How do academics deal with managerialism in higher education? A comparative study in three countries. Studies in Higher Education, 37(3), 271–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2011.511171.
Teelken, C. (2015). Hybridity, coping mechanisms and academic performance management: Comparing countries. Public Administration, 93(2), 307–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12138.
Townsend, F. (1998). Appraisal: As a process of betrayal. International Studies in Educational Administration, 26(1), 45–56.
Waring, M. (2017). Management and leadership in UK universities: Exploring the possibilities of change. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 39(5), 540–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2017.1354754.
Weise, D. S., & Buckley, M. R. (1998). The evolution of the performance appraisal process. Journal of Management History, 4(3), 233–249. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552529810231003
Wright, R. P. (2002). Perceptual dimensions of performance management systems in the eyes of different sample categories. International Journal of Management, 19(2), 184–193.
Zepeda, S. J., & Ponticell, J. A. (1998, Fall). At cross-purposes: What do teachers need, want, and get from supervision? Journal of Curriculum and Supervision, 14(1), 68–87.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Kimber, M., Ehrich, L.C. (2022). Performance Appraisal and Performance-Based Pay in Universities. In: English, F.W. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Educational Leadership and Management Discourse. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99097-8_61
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99097-8_61
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-99096-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-99097-8
eBook Packages: EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education