Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Questionnaires and Scales Used in Anger Research: Continuous Hope Scale (SAS) and the State–Trait Anger Scale

methods and applications to the elderly

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Anger, Aggression, and Violence

  • 59 Accesses

Abstract

Aging manifests individual differences depending on many factors. Genetic, individual, and environmental characteristics are the determining factors in the aging process. The changes that occur are often a natural outcome of aging. In addition, individuals’ habits, lifestyles, employment, and chronic diseases have been considered the main predictors in the aging process. These changes can cause some emotions to emerge. In this study, anger and hope levels and related factors in the elderly are discussed. In addition, in this chapter, which includes data measurement tools developed to measure anger and hope levels in the elderly, a previous study conducted with the elderly is presented as an example. Although it is seen that the measurement tools developed for the elderly are limited, scales to be developed and research to be conducted in this area are extremely important for the development of lifelong health and healthy aging. The results obtained in the sample study show that there is a negative relationship between anger and hope levels in the elderly. Accordingly, it is thought that anger management in old age is important, and more research is needed in this area.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

CAS:

Clinical Anger Scale

DSHS:

Domain-Specific Hope Scale

HIS:

Hope Index Scale

NAS:

Novaco Anger Scale

STAXI:

State and Trait Anger Inventory

THS:

Trait Hope Scale

WHO:

World Health Organization

References

  • Abbasi P, Mahmoodi F, Ziapour A, Dehghan F, Parvane E (2017) The effectiveness of group hope therapy training on psychological well-being and resilience in divorced women. World Family Med J Incorp Middle East J Family Med 99(5588):1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Amarya, S., Singh, K., & Sabharwal, M. (2018). Ageing process and physiological changes. In Gerontology. IntechOpen

    Google Scholar 

  • Baeg S, Wang SK, Chee IS, Kim SY, Kim JL (2011) Anger in elderly patients with depressive disorders. Psychiatry Investig 8(3):186

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey TC, Snyder CR (2007) Satisfaction with life and hope: a look at age and marital status. Psychol Rec 57(2):233–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banisi P (2019) The effectiveness of positivism training on subjective well-being, positive meta-emotion and self-management ability in the elderly women. Aging Psychol 5(3):217–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow M, Wrosch C, Heckhausen J et al (2017) Control strategies for managing physical health problems in old age: evidence for the motivational theory of lifespan development. In: Reich JW, Infurna FJ (eds) Perceived control: theory, research, and practice in the first 50 years. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 281–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Britton A, Shipley M, Singh-Mannoux A, Marmot MG (2008) Successful aging: the contribution of early-life and midlife risk factors. J Am Geriatr Soc 56:1098–1105

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Buss AH, Perry M (1992) The aggression questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol 63(3):452

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chimich WT, Nekolaichuk CL (2004) Exploring the links between depression, integrity, and hope in the elderly. Can J Psychiatry 49(7):428–433

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costa JP, Vitorino R, Silva GM, Vogel C, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T (2016) A synopsis on aging—theories, mechanisms and future prospects. Ageing Res Rev 29:90–112

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Crewdson JA (2016) The effect of loneliness in the elderly population: a review. Healthy Aging Clin Care Elderly 8:1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobiała E, Winkler P (2016) Positive psychotherapy’according to Seligman and ‘positive Psychotherapy’according to Peseschkian: a comparison. Int J Psychother 20(3):5–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman P (1957) A methodological discussion of nonverbal behavior. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied 43:141–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1957.9713059

  • Erikson, E. H. (2014). İnsanın 8 evresi. Okuyanus yayınları

    Google Scholar 

  • Eryılmaz A (2017) Pozitif psikoterapiler. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar-Curr Approaches Psychiatry 9(3):346–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiori KL, Antonucci TC, Cortina KS (2006) Social network typologies and mental health among older adults. J Gerontol Ser B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 61(1):P25–P32

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankl, V. E. (2000). İnsanın anlam arayışı (7. basım).(çev. S. Budak). Ankara: Öteki

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerrig, R. J., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2012). Psikolojiye giriş: Psikoloji ve yaşam. Çev. G. Sart), İstanbul: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulia KK, Kumar VM (2018) Sleep disorders in the elderly: a growing challenge. Psychogeriatrics 18(3):155–165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gümüş Demir Z, Keskin R, Güler K (2021) The effect of the Posıtıve psychology Interactıon group program on anger and Hope in elderly Indıvıduals. Turkish J Geriatrics/Türk Geriatri Dergisi 24(1):95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joo MK, Jung MH (2020) Effects of Elderly’s anger management on interpersonal relationships-mediating effects of generativity. J Ind Distribution Business 11(9):37–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalınkara V (2014) Temel gerontoloji yaşlılık bilimi (2. baskı). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, Ankara

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaptan, G. (2013). Geriatrik bakım ilkeleri.. Nobel Tıp Kitabevi

    Google Scholar 

  • Kılıç N, Kılıç SP (2022) Kronik Hastalıklar ve Umut Terapisi. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 7(1):185–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Kocaman, E. N. (2019). Bir grup yetişkinde umut ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkinin farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi (Master’s thesis), İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Eğitim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwong JM (2019) What is hope? Eur J Philos 27(1):243–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindberg EN, Gültekin Ahçı Z (2019) Gelişim Psikolojisi 1. Ankara, Basım, Nobel Yayıncılık

    Google Scholar 

  • Lively KJ, Weed EA (2014) Emotion management: sociological insight into what, how, why, and to what end? Emot Rev 6(3):202–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meichsner F, O’Connor M, Skritskaya N, Shear MK (2020) Grief before and after bereavement in the elderly: an approach to care. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 28(5):560–569

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. (2007). Hope: a construct central to nursing. In nursing forum (Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 12–19). Malden, USA: Blackwell Publishing Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novaco RW (1994) Anger as a risk factor for violence among the mentally disordered. In: Monahan J, Steadman HJ (eds) Violence and mental disorder: developments in risk assessment. The University of Chicago Press, pp 21–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Obayuwana AO, Collins JL, Carter AL, Rao MS, Mathura CC, Wilson SB (1982) Hope index scale: an instrument for the objective assessment of hope. J Natl Med Assoc 74(8):761

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, S. (2004). Instruments for clinical health-care research.. Jones & Bartlett Learning

    Google Scholar 

  • Öz, F. (2010). Sağlık Alanında Temel Kavramlar. (2. Baskı). Ankara, Mattek Matbaacılık, 149-155

    Google Scholar 

  • Özer AK (1994) Sürekli öfke (SL-ÖFKE) ve öfke ifade tarzı (ÖFKE-TARZ) ölçekleri ön çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi 9(31):26–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Page KS, Yehyawi NT (2021) Elder abuse: navigating ethical and legal responsibilities. In: Pachana NA, Molinari V, Thompson LW, Gallagher-Thompson D (eds) Psychological assessment and treatment of older adults. Hogrefe Publishing, pp 171–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel V, Hope T (1993) Aggressive behaviour in elderly people with dementia: a review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 8(6):457–472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peseschkian H (2015) Positive Psychosomatik. Erfahrungsheilkunde 64(06):314–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillemer K, Burnes D, Riffin C, Lachs MS (2016) Elder abuse: global situation, risk factors, and prevention strategies. The Gerontologist 56(Suppl_2):S194–S205

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Potter-Efron R (2015) Handbook of anger management and domestic violence offender treatment. Routledge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues MAP, Facchini LA, Thumé E, Maia F (2009) Gender and incidence of functional disability in the elderly: a systematic review. Cad Saude Publica 25:S464–S476

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romas, A., & Sharma, M. (2000). Practıcal stress Management AlIyn&Bacon. Massachusetts

    Google Scholar 

  • Şahin H (2005) Öfke ve öfke denetiminin kuramsal temelleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Burdur Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 6(10):1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Snell WE (2002) Chapter 1: the relationship awareness scale: measuring relational-consciousness, relational-monitoring, and relational-anxiety. In: New directions in the psychology of intimate relations: research and theory. Snell Publications

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder CR (2002) Hope theory: rainbows in the mind. Psychol Inq 13(4):249–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder CR, Sympson SC, Ybasco FC, Borders TF, Babyak MA, Higgins RL (1996) Development and validation of the state Hope scale. J Pers Soc Psychol 70(2):321

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soykan Ç (2003) Öfke ve öfke yönetimi. Kriz dergisi 11(2):019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Speilberger CD (1988) State-trait anger expression inventory professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa (FL)

    Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C. D. (1985). The experience and expression of anger: construction and validation of an anger expression scale. Anger and hostility in cardiovascular and behavioral disorders, 5–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Suls J, Wan CK, Costa PT (1995) Relationship of trait anger to resting blood pressure: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol 14(5):444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sympson SC (1999) Validation of the domain specific Hope scale: exploring hope in life domains. University of Kansas

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarhan N (2017) Duyguların psikolojisi ve duygusal zeka. Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul, p 22

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarhan S, Bacanlı H (2015) Sürekli Umut Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. J Happiness Well-Being 3(1):1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Tel H (2013) Anger and depression among the elderly people with hypertension. Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res 19(3):109–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinnirello A, Mazzoleni S, Santi C (2021) Chronic pain in the elderly: mechanisms and distinctive features. Biomol Ther 11(8):1256

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (2017) World population prospects: the 2017 revision. Key findings and advance tables. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Unsri M, Satiadarma MP, Subroto U (2018) Music therapy practice to reduce anger for elderly in a government nursing home. Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, dan Seni 1(2):529–540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valizadeh S, Davaji RBO, Nikamal M (2010) The effectiveness of anger management skills training on reduction of aggression in adolescents. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 5:1195–1199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watt Smith, T. (2018). Duygular sözlüğü acımadan zevklenmeye. (Çev. Hale Şirin), İstanbul: Kolektif Kitap

    Google Scholar 

  • Wernher I, Lipsky MS (2015) Psychological theories of aging. Dis Mon 11(61):480–488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2015) World report on ageing and health. World Health Organization

    Google Scholar 

  • Yen D, Cohen G, Wei L, Asaad Y (2022) Sağlıklı yaşlanma uygulamaları çerçevesine doğru. İş Araştırmaları Dergisi 142:176–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Zillmer EA, Spiers MV, Culbertson WC (2008) Principles of neuropsychology. Thomson-Wadsworth, Belmont

    Google Scholar 

  • Zartaloudi A, Papadopoulou A, Papadopoulos P, Grammatopoulou E, Kavga A (2021) 525-Anger expression among survivors after stroke in Greek elderly. Int Psychogeriatr 33(S1):72–72

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Zeynep Gümüş Demir

Authors
  1. Zeynep Gümüş Demir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zeynep Gümüş Demir .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research, University of Hull, Hull, UK

    Colin Martin

  2. King's College London, London, UK

    Victor R. Preedy

  3. University of Westminster, London, UK

    Vinood B. Patel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Demir, Z.G. (2022). Questionnaires and Scales Used in Anger Research: Continuous Hope Scale (SAS) and the State–Trait Anger Scale. In: Martin, C., Preedy, V.R., Patel, V.B. (eds) Handbook of Anger, Aggression, and Violence. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_125-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_125-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-98711-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-98711-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation