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CAR-T Cells and Other Related Technologies

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Abstract

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cells (including T lymphocytes and natural killer cells) are cells modified to express a transmembrane protein that exerts a cytotoxic effect against target cancer cells. CAR cells are activated when interacting with tumor antigens surpassing TCR-dependent mechanisms, thus inducing cell activation and promoting cell death by apoptosis induction through various pathways. Hematological-related surface antigens are the most successful targets used in clinical trials of CAR-T cells against cancer, even though several ongoing trials are currently targeting antigens related to many solid tumors. Understanding structural components and their contribution to both activation and proliferation of CAR cells is valuable to engineer new cells. Promising preclinical trials have studied the use of many specific domains, such as scFv, bispecific, and nanobodies. The affinity of extracellular components, choice of co-stimulatory domain, and quality of synapse formation are key features to consider to build a “good” CAR cell and control its cytotoxic effects, such as cytokine release syndrome. In vitro and in vivo parameters, such as “on-target/off-tumor” effects and overall relapse rate, have consequences on the safety and efficacy of CAR cells and reflect on their success in clinical trials.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Connie McManus for the English review of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil

    Marcus Rafael Lobo Bezerra, Larissa Queiroz Pontes & Igor Cabral Studart

  2. Fiocruz Ceará, Precabura, Eusébio, Brazil

    Marcus Rafael Lobo Bezerra, Larissa Queiroz Pontes, Igor Cabral Studart, Bruna de Sousa Lima & Gilvan Pessoa Furtado

  3. Undergraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil

    Bruna de Sousa Lima

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  1. Marcus Rafael Lobo Bezerra
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  1. Pediatric Oncology Pharmacist & Writer, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

    Carolina Witchmichen Penteado Schmidt

  2. Jesus Maria José Maternity Hospital, Quixadá, Ceará, Brazil

    Kaléu Mormino Otoni

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Bezerra, M.R.L., Pontes, L.Q., Studart, I.C., de Sousa Lima, B., Furtado, G.P. (2022). CAR-T Cells and Other Related Technologies. In: Schmidt, C.W.P., Otoni, K.M. (eds) The Golden Guide to Oncologic Pharmacy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98596-7_8

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