Abstract
We live in a society that idealizes youth. Every day we are exposed to advertisements, social media, and TV programs casting the young. In our careers, social arenas, and health systems, we are encouraged to be fit, healthy, strong, slim, beautiful, efficient, exciting, quick, etc. These are all qualities that are pronounced in youth and decrease in old age. At the same time, fewer children are being born, and people live longer. This leads to a growing proportion of older people in society. People who lived long lives are likely to have experienced numerous losses and potential traumatic experiences. Older people are not as fast, efficient, or healthy as the young ideal, and they are often seen as rigid and predictable: Following this line of thought, it is often presumed that older people are neither willing nor able to change their ways. But is that really so? This chapter investigates traumatic reactions in older people, the efficacy of psychotherapy with older people in general, and the treatment of posttraumatic stress reactions in older people in particular.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alexopoulos GS, Raue PJ, Kiosses DN, Mackin RS, Kanellopoulos D, McCulloch C, Areán PA (2011) Problem-solving therapy and supportive therapy in older adults with major depression and executive dysfunction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68(1):33–41
American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5TM, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington
Aspnes AK, Lynch TR (2007) Individual and group psychotherapy. In: Essentials of geriatric psychiatry. American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, pp 337–356
Averill PM, Beck JG (2000) Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults: a conceptual review. J Anxiety Disord 14:133–156
Baltes PB, Baltes MM (1990) Psychological perspectives on successful aging: the model of selective optimization with compensation. In: Successful aging: perspectives from the behavioral sciences. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 1–34
Beck AT (1976) Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. International Universities Press, Oxford
Birren JE (1996) Encyclopedia of gerontology: age, aging, and the aged, vol 1 and 2. Academic Press, San Diego
Bryant RA (2014) Prolonged grief: where to after diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition? Curr Opin Psychiatry 27(1):21–26
Carr D (2004) Gender, preloss marital dependence, and older adults’ adjustment to widowhood. J Marriage Fam 66:220–235
Chung MC, Preveza E, Papandreou K, Prevezas N (2006) Spinal cord injury, posttraumatic stress, and locus of control among the elderly: a comparison with young and middle-aged patients. Psychiatry Interpers Biol Process 69(1):69–80
Coleman PG, O’Hanlon A (2008) Ageing and adaptation. Wiley, New York
Cook JM, Simiola V (2017) Trauma and PTSD in older adults: prevalence, course, concomitants and clinical considerations. Curr Opin Psychol 14:1–4
Creamer M, Parslow R (2008) Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in the elderly: a community prevalence study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 16(10):853–856
Davenhill R (2008) Psychoanalysis and old age. Wiley, New York
Dinnen S, Simiola V, Cook J, M.C. (2015) Post-traumatic stress disorder in older adults: a systematic review of the psychotherapy treatment literature. Aging Ment Health 19(2):144–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2014.920299
Ditlevsen DN, Elklit A (2010) The combined effect of gender and age on post traumatic stress disorder: do men and women show differences in the lifespan distribution of the disorder? Ann General Psychiatry 9:32
Elklit A, O’Connor M (2005) Post-traumatic stress disorder in a Danish population of elderly bereaved. Scand J Psychol 46(5):439–445
Fromholt P, Bruhn P (1998) Cognitive dysfunction and dementia. In: Clinical geropsychology. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp 183–188
Gadermann AM, Alonso J, Vilagut G, Zaslavsky AM, Kessler RC (2012) Comorbidity and disease burden in the national comorbidity survey replication (NCS-R). Depress Anxiety 29(9):797–806
Gallagher-Thompson D, Thompson LW (1996) Applying cognitive-behavioral therapy to the psychological problems of later life. In: A guide to psychotherapy and aging: effective clinical interventions in a life-stage context. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp 61–82
Glaesmer H, Kaiser M, Bräehler E, Freyberger H, Kuwert P (2012) Posttraumatic stress disorder and its comorbidity with depression and somatisation in the elderly—a German community-based study. Aging Ment Health 16(4):403–412
Hajjar ER, Cafiero AC, Hanlon JT (2007) Polypharmacy in elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 5(4):345–351
Hofmann SG, Sawyer AT, Witt AA, Oh D (2010) The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol 78(2):169–183
James IA (2010) Cognitive behavioural therapy with older people. Interventions for those with and without dementia, 1st edn. Jessica Kingsley, London
Johannsen M, O’Toole MS, O’Connor M, Jensen AB, Zachariae R (2017) Clinical and psychological moderators of the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on persistent pain in women treated for primary breast cancer—explorative analyses from a randomized controlled trial. Acta Oncol 56:321–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2016.1268713
Johansson B (2008) Memory and cognition in ageing. Wiley, New York
Kabat-Zinn J (2005) Full catastrophe living: using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness, 15th edn. Delta Trade Paperback/Bantam Dell, New York
Kessler RC, Wang PS (2008) The descriptive epidemiology of commonly occurring mental disorders in the United States. Annu Rev Public Health 29:115–129
Kessler RC, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Wittchen H (2012) Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 21(3):169–184
Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Benjet C, Bromet EJ, Cardoso G, Degenhardt L, de Girolamo G, Dinolova RV, Ferry F, Florescu S, Gureje O, Haro JM, Huang Y, Karam EG, Kawakami N, Lee S, Lepine J, Levinson D, Navarro-Mateu F, Pennell B, Piazza M, Posada-Villa J, Scott KM, Stein DJ, Have MT, Torres Y, Viana MC, Petukhova MV, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Koenen KC (2017) Trauma and PTSD in the WHO world mental health surveys. Eur J Psychotraumatol 8(5):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383
Kiosses DN, Teri L, Velligan DI, Alexopoulos GS (2011) A home-delivered intervention for depressed, cognitively impaired, disabled elders. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 26(3):256–262
Kubzansky LD, Koenen KC, Spiro A III, Vokonas PS, Sparrow D (2007) Perspective study of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and coronary heart disease in the normative aging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64(1):109–116
Kuwert P, Braehler E, Freyberger HJ, Glaesmer H (2012) More than 60 years later: the mediating role of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder for the association of forced displacement in world war II with somatization in old age. J Nerv Ment Dis 200(10):911–914
Laidlaw K (2008) Cognitive behaviour therapy with older people. Wiley, New York
Laidlaw K, Thompson LW, Dick-Siskin L, Gallagher-Thompson D (2003) Cognitive behaviour therapy with older people. Wiley, New York
Lapp LK, Agbokou C, Ferreri F (2011) PTSD in the elderly: the interaction between trauma and aging. Int Psychogeriatr 23(6):858–868
Lohr JB, Palmer BW, Eidt CA, Aailaboyina S, Mausbach BT, Wolkowitz OM, Thorp SR, Jeste DV (2015) Is post-traumatic stress disorder associated with premature senescence? A review of the literature. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 23(7):709–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2015.04.001
Lupien SJ, Wan N, Huppert FA, Baylis N, Keverne B (2005) Successful ageing: from cell to self. In: The science of well-being. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 75–103
Maercker A, Forstmeier S, Enzler A, Krüsi G, Hörler E, Maier C, Ehlert U (2008) Adjustment disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depressive disorders in old age: findings from a community survey. Compr Psychiatry 49(2):113–120
Maercker A, Brewin CR, Bryant RA, Cloitre M, Reed GM, van Ommeren M, Humayun A, Jones LM, Kagee A, Llosa AE, Rousseau C, Somasundaram DJ, Souza R, Suzuki Y, Weissbecker I, Wessely SC, First MB, Saxena S (2013) Proposals for mental disorders specifically associated with stress in the international classification of diseases-11. Lancet 381(9878):1683–1685
Mehlsen MY (2005) Den paradoksale livstilfredshed i alderdommen. Psyke Logos 26(2):609–628
Morrison V (2008) Ageing and physical health. Wiley, New York
Nordhus IH (2008) Manifestations of depression and anxiety in older adults. Wiley, New York
O’Connor M (2010a) “A longitudinal study of PTSD in the elderly bereaved: prevalence and predictors”: erratum. Aging Ment Health 14(5):3
O’Connor M (2010b) PTSD in older bereaved people. Aging Ment Health 14(6):670–678
O’Connor M, Piet J, Hougaard E (2014) The effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on depressive symptoms in elderly bereaved people with loss-related distress: a controlled pilot study. Mindfulness 5:400–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0194-x
O'Connor M, Lasgaard M, Larsen L, Johannsen M, Lundorff M, Farver-Vestergaard I, Boelen PA (2019) Comparison of proposed diagnostic criteria for pathological grief using a sample of elderly bereaved spouses in Denmark: perspectives on future bereavement research. J Affect Disord 251:52–59
Oliver C, Adams D, Kalsy S (2008) Ageing, dementia and people with intellectual disability. Wiley, New York
Palgi Y, Avidor SS, Hoffman Y, Bodner E, Ben-Ezrad M (2019) Understanding the long-term connections between posttraumatic stress, subjective age, and successful aging among midlife and older adults. Eur J Psychotraumatol 10:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1583523
Roper-Hall A (2008) Systemic interventions and older people. Wiley, New York
Ruskin PE, Talbott JA (1996) Aging and posttraumatic stress disorder, 1st edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
Schaie KW (1994) The course of adult intellectual development. Am Psychol 49(4):304–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.49.4.304
Schaie KW (2005) Developmental influences on adult intelligence: the Seattle longitudinal study. Oxford University Press, New York
Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Teasdale JD (2013) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression, 2nd edn. Guilford Press, New York
Shear MK, Simon N, Wall M, Zisook S, Neimeyer R, Duan N, Reynolds C, Lebowitz B, Sung S, Ghesquiere A, Gorscak B, Clayton P, Ito M, Nakajima S, Konishi T, Melhem N, Meert K, Schiff M, O'Connor MF, First M, Sareen J, Bolton J, Skritskaya N, Mancini AD, Keshaviah A (2011) Complicated grief and related bereavement issues for DSM-5. Depress Anxiety 28(2):103–117
Silverman GK, Jacobs SC, Kasl SV, Shear MK, Maciejewski PK, Noaghiul FS, Prigerson HG (2000) Quality of life impairments associated with diagnostic criteria for traumatic grief. Psychol Med 30:857–862
Smith A, Graham L, Senthinathan S (2007) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for recurring depression in older people: a qualitative study. Aging Ment Health 11(3):346–357
Spirduso WW, MacRae PG (1990) Motor performance and aging. Academic Press, San Diego
Spitzer C, Barnow S, Völzke H, John U, Freyberger HJ, Grabe HJ (2008) Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the elderly: findings from a German community study. J Clin Psychiatry 69(5):693–700
Splevins K, Smith A, Simpson J (2009) Do improvements in emotional distress correlate with becoming more mindful? A study of older adults. Aging Ment Health 13(3):328–335
Stroebe M, Schut H, van den Bout J (2013) Complicated grief: assessment of scientific knowledge and implications for research and practice. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, New York, pp 295–311
Van Zelst WH, De Beurs E, Beekman ATF, Van Dyck R, Deeg DDH (2006) Well-being, physical functioning, and use of health services in the elderly with PTSD and subthreshold PTSD. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 21(2):180–188
Yaffe K, Vittinghoff E, Lindquist K, Barnes D, Covinsky KE, Neylan T, Kluse M, Marmar C (2010) Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of dementia among US veterans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67(6):608–613
Yang YK, Yeh TL, Chen CC, Lee CK, Lee IH, Lee L, Jeffries KJ (2003) Psychiatric morbidity and posttraumatic symptoms among earthquake victims in primary care clinics. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 25(4):253–261
Young LA, Baime MJ (2010) Mindfulness-based stress reduction: effect on emotional distress in older adults. Complement Health Pract Rev 15(2):59–64
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
O’Connor, M., Elklit, A. (2022). Treating PTSD Symptoms in Older Adults. In: Schnyder, U., Cloitre, M. (eds) Evidence Based Treatments for Trauma-Related Psychological Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97802-0_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97802-0_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-97801-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-97802-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)