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Fighting Against the Decline: Concepts of Modernization of the Conservative “Volksparteien” in Germany

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The Legacy and Impact of German Unification

Part of the book series: New Perspectives in German Political Studies ((NPG))

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Abstract

For decades, the Volksparteien were the undisputed powerhouses of German politics. By 2021, their former sheen had worn off. The conservative Union parties, the CDU and CSU, are also struggling with decreasing party ties, which result in an ongoing decline in membership and ever-decreasing popularity at the ballot box. This development, which is discussed in the research on German political parties as the ‘crisis of the Volksparteien’, is not new, but has been virulent since at least the early 1990s. However, previous efforts to adapt the Volksparteien to the new conditions of an increasingly individualized, fragmented, secularized, digitized and globalized environment have remained half-hearted and largely ineffective. The persistence of the party organizations, as complex actors, turned out to be stronger than the level of suffering. But this has now changed. In the face of the threat of their own marginalization, the “cumbersome steamboats” known as the Volksparteien have been set in motion. Both the CDU and the Bavarian CSU have experienced a surge in modernization in recent years. Both have broken away from some of their conservative traditions and have become more liberal and cosmopolitan. However, these processes—which have not yet reached their conclusion—take a very different course in both parties, despite them being closely linked as sister parties. While the modernization process of the CDU predominantly exhibits the characteristics of a tactical party shift, that of the CSU is more strategic. In the CSU, it first took dramatic defeats at the ballot box for the window of opportunity to open up for powerful leadership which also allows the party to modernize. The realization came late, but, since then, the party’s modernization has been targeted all the more resolutely. In the CDU, on the other hand, the factions within the party were not suitable for enabling a strategic shift within the party, such as in the CSU. The modernization took place on a situational and tactical basis, more from the Federal Chancellery than from the party headquarters.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The “sister parties” CDU and the CSU, the latter being organized and running for elections only in Bavaria, act as one parliamentary group in the Bundestag at the federal level. The term “Union” designates both.

  2. 2.

    Although, the start of the decline of the Union parties was somewhat delayed. The SPD achieved its best result in the 1972 Bundestag elections (45.8%), and its membership peaked in 1976 (1.022 million). The CDU, on the other hand, was only at the height of its development in 1983, when it registered its best Bundestag election result (48.8%), with the exception of 1957, as well as its highest number of members (CDU: 734,555, CSU: 185,428).

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Weigl, M. (2022). Fighting Against the Decline: Concepts of Modernization of the Conservative “Volksparteien” in Germany. In: Oswald, M., Robertson, J. (eds) The Legacy and Impact of German Unification. New Perspectives in German Political Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97154-0_5

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