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Rubber Tire Recycling and Disposal

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Solid Waste Engineering and Management

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 25))

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Abstract

Waste management is an important indicator for creating sustainable and livable cities, but it remains a challenge for many countries around the world. Millions of rubber tire waste pollute the environment due to improper disposal methods, creating a global environmental crisis. The number of rubber tire waste piles continues to grow, posing greater environmental, safety, and aesthetic issues due to a lack of clear disposal options. This chapter gives a general overview of rubber tire waste recycling and disposal worldwide. A brief history of natural and synthetic rubber and global rubber production and consumption was first discussed. Next, various rubber tire recycling and disposal technologies were elaborated. This is followed by discussing the issues involved in recycling and disposal.

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Abbreviations

BDS:

Broadband dielectric spectroscopy

dBA:

Decibel

DMA:

Dynamic mechanical analysis

ELTs:

End-of-life tires

EPDM:

Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer

EPR:

Extended producer responsibility

GTR:

Ground tire rubber

HHV:

Calorific value

NR:

Natural rubber

OTR:

Off-the-road tires

SBR:

Styrene-butadiene rubber

TDF:

Tire-derived fuel

USEPA:

United Sates of Environmental Protection Agency

USTMA:

United States Tire Manufacturers Association

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia

    Noor Ainee Zainol & Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny

  2. Centre of Excellence Water Research and Environmental Sustainability Growth (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

    Noor Ainee Zainol

  3. Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization (COEBU), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

    Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny

  4. School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Hamidi Abdul Aziz

  5. Solid Waste Management Cluster, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Hamidi Abdul Aziz

  6. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

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  1. Noor Ainee Zainol
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  2. Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny
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  3. Hamidi Abdul Aziz
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  4. Yung-Tse Hung
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Correspondence to Noor Ainee Zainol .

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  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang

  2. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  3. Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

Glossary

Calorific Value

The total energy released as heat when a substance undergoes complete combustion with oxygen under standard conditions.

Crumb Rubber

Is recycled rubber produced from automotive and truck scrap tires.

Devulcanization

A process that causes the selective breakup of the sulfur–sulfur (S–S) and carbon–sulfur (C–S) chemical bonds without breaking the backbone network and without degrading the material.

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)

An environmental program and principle adopted by certain countries that extends the responsibility of the manufacturer to fund the entire life cycle of their products, including the take-back, treatment, and disposal of the expired products.

Incineration

A controlled process for burning solid, liquid, and gaseous combustible wastes to gases and a residue containing non-combustible materials.

Landfilling

One of the primary technologies used to dispose of solid waste.

Leachate

A liquid produced from a combination of water percolation and biodegradation activities in a landfill.

Monofilling

A more specialized type of landfilling that disposes of only one type of waste.

Natural Rubber

Is made from the latex sap of rubber trees, especially those trees which belong to the genera Hevea and Ficus.

Open Dumping

A land disposal site at which solid wastes are disposed of in a manner that does not protect the environment, are susceptible to open burning, and are exposed to the elements, vectors, and scavengers.

Pyrolysis

The thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere. It involves a change of chemical composition and generates high energy in the form of oil, gas, and char products.

Recycling

The process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects.

Retreading Tire

The process of removing worn tread from your vehicle’s tires and replacing them with new treads.

Sanitary Landfill

A method of disposing waste on land without creating nuisance or hazard to public health or safety by utilizing the principle of engineering to confine the waste.

Scrap Tire

Tires that have served their original purpose and have been discarded.

Synthetic Rubber

Is any artificial elastomer and synthesized from petroleum by-products.

Tire-Derived-Fuel (TDF)

A fuel derived from scrap tires of all kinds. This may include whole tire or tires processed into uniform, flowable pieces that satisfy the specifications of the end-user.

Vulcanization

A chemical process in which the rubber is heated with sulfur, accelerator, and activator at 140–160 °C. The process involves the formation of cross-links between long rubber molecules so as to achieve improved elasticity, resilience, tensile strength, viscosity, hardness, and weather resistance.

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Zainol, N.A., Gunny, A.A.N., Aziz, H.A., Hung, YT. (2022). Rubber Tire Recycling and Disposal. In: Wang, L.K., Wang, MH.S., Hung, YT. (eds) Solid Waste Engineering and Management. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 25. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96989-9_2

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