Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ecofeminist Participatory Action Research for Planetary Health

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Social Sciences and Global Public Health

Abstract

Over the past few decades, feminist scholars, activists, and communities around the world have undertaken feminist participatory action research (FPAR) as a critical methodology of research and activism. FPAR offers a democratic, community-led process whereby community members, especially people experiencing marginalization and disadvantage, examine and document lived experiences of injustice, and use this knowledge to strategically advocate for structural change. Through FPAR, communities seek to transform power as it manifests in systems such as colonialism, patriarchy, neoliberal capitalism, and racism, informed by principles of intersectionality and solidarity and using creative and arts-based methods to honor diverse forms of knowledge. However, current crises such as climate change, environmental degradation, war, and pandemics have multiple and intersecting impacts on people, places, and the planet. The emerging field of planetary health recognizes the interdependent vitality of all natural and anthropogenic systems. When FPAR is analyzed from the frame of planetary health, the authors identify that the methodology is human-centered, and marginalizes the rights, agency, and voices of nature. In this chapter, the authors propose an extended methodology of EcoFeminist Participatory Action Research (EcoFPAR) for planetary health that prioritizes Indigenous wisdoms and methods, promotes inquiry, activism, and reciprocal human-environment relationships from a systems lens, and seeks justice for the organic and the inorganic. The authors share case studies of FPAR for women’s health and PAR for planetary health and examine the opportunities and challenges of EcoFPAR as a transformative methodological paradigm for the interconnected health and well-being of humans and more-than-humans.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adger WN, Brown K, Butler C et al (2021) Social ecological dynamics of catchment resilience. Water 13(3):349–349. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agboka GY (2014) Decolonial methodologies: social justice perspectives in intercultural technical communication research. J Tech Writ Commun 44(3):297–327. https://doi.org/10.2190/TW.44.3.e

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • AHCWA (2019) Submission: WA Climate Health Inquiry. AHCWA, Perth

    Google Scholar 

  • APWLD, ADC (2019) Vietnam: increasing Tay ethnic women’s capacities to understand impacts of climate change and influence local adaptation strategies [Policy brief]. APWLD, Chiang Mai

    Google Scholar 

  • APWLD, CCERR (2019) Myanmar: amplifying women’s voices in Hakha Thar resettlement community in reviewing the post-landslide situation [Policy brief]. APWLD, Chiang Mai

    Google Scholar 

  • APWLD, CMS (2019) Nepal: supporting grassroots women’s movement for sustainable strategies to reduce impacts of climate change [Policy brief]. APWLD, Chiang Mai

    Google Scholar 

  • APWLD, HA (2019) Cambodia: supporting indigenous peoples’ fight against hydro-power projects to protect their right to land and citizenship [Policy brief]. APWLD, Chiang Mai

    Google Scholar 

  • APWLD, IWNT (2019) Thailand: building women’s capacity to design and implement development and climate change adaptation plans [Policy brief]. APWLD, Chiang Mai

    Google Scholar 

  • APWLD, NEADS (2019) India: including women’s voices in panchayat development plan for women-led livelihoods and climate change adaptation strategies [Policy brief]. APWLD, Chiang Mai

    Google Scholar 

  • APWLD, ROSHNI (2019) Pakistan: building a local women’s movement to restore forests and address flood and erosion through government programmes [Policy brief]. APWLD, Chiang Mai

    Google Scholar 

  • APWLD, WWL (2019) Sri Lanka: organising women to demand basic services in landslide displaced community and participate in development planning [Policy brief]. APWLD, Chiang Mai

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballard C (2001) Wetland drainage and agricultural transformations in the southern highlands of Papua New Guinea. Asia Pac Viewp 42(2&3):287–304

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartolomé Y (2020) Radical ecstasy: the passionate compassion of sacred altruism. PhD thesis, Pacifica Graduate Institute

    Google Scholar 

  • Bawaka Country, Wright S, Lloyd K, Laklak B, Ritjilili G, Banbapuy G, Djawundil M, Sweeney J (2016) Co-becoming Bawaka. Prog Hum Geogr 40(4):455–475. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132515589437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beling AE, Cubillo-Guevara AP, Hidalgo-Capitán AL (2021) Buen vivir (good living): a “glocal” genealogy of a Latin American utopia for the world. Lat Am Perspect 48(3):17–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X211009242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell K (2016) Bread and roses: a gender perspective on environmental justice and public health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13(10)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessarab D, Ng’andu B (2010) Yarning about yarning as a legitimate method in Indigenous research. Int J Crit Indig Stud 3(1):37–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blodgett AT, Schinke RJ, Peltier D, Fisher LA, Watson J, Wabano MJ (2011) May the circle be unbroken: the research recommendations of aboriginal community members engaged in participatory action research with university academics. J Sport Soc Issues 35(3):264–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723511416984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown G, Weber D (2013) A place-based approach to conservation management using public participation GIS (PPGIS). Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 56(4):455–473

    Google Scholar 

  • Buse CG, Oestreicher JS, Ellis NR, Patrick R, Brisbois B, Jenkins AP, McKellar K, Kingsley J, Gislason M, Galway L et al (2018) Public health guide to field developments linking ecosystems, environments and health in the Anthropocene. J Epidemiol Community Health 72(5):420–420. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-210082

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Celermajer D, Schlosberg D, Rickards L, Stewart-Harawira M, Thaler M, Tschakert P, Verlie B, Winter C (2021) Multispecies justice: theories, challenges, and a research agenda for environmental politics. Environ Polit 30(1–2):119–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chakma T (2016) Feminist participatory action research (FPAR): an effective framework for empowering grassroots women & strengthening feminist movements in Asia Pacific. Asian J Women's Stud 22(2):165–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2016.1168153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ewan AR (2019) Maintaining the authenticity of co-researcher voice using FPAR principles. Collab J Community-Based Res Pract 2(2):18. https://doi.org/10.33596/coll.46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fals-Borda O, Rahman MA (eds) (1991) Action and knowledge: breaking the monopoly with Participatory Action-Research. Apex Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Federici S (2020) Revolution at point zero: housework, reproduction, and feminist struggle. PM Press, Oakland

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine M, Torre ME (2019) Critical participatory action research: a feminist project for validity and solidarity. Psychol Women Q 43(4):433–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319865255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster E (2021) Ecofeminism revisited: critical insights on contemporary environmental governance. Fem Theory 22:190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700120988639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster A, Cole J, Farlow A, Petrikova I (2019) Planetary health ethics: beyond first principles. Challenges 10(1):14–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe10010014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freire P (1970) Pedagogy of the oppressed. Continuum, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill H, Purru K, Lin G (2012) In the midst of participatory action research practices: moving towards decolonizing and decolonial praxis. Reconcept Educ Res Methodol 3(1). https://doi.org/10.7577/rerm.357

  • Godden NJ (2017) The participation imperative in co-operative inquiry: personal reflections of an initiating researcher. Syst Pract Action Res 30(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-016-9387-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godden NJ (2018) Community work research through co-operative inquiry in Timor-Leste, Australia and Peru: insights into process. Syst Pract Action Res 31(1):55–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-017-9420-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godden NJ (2021) Community work, love and the Indigenous worldview of buen vivir in Peru. Int Soc Work 64(3):354–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872820930254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godden NJ, Macnish P, Chakma T, Naidu K (2020) Feminist participatory action research as a tool for climate justice. Gend Dev 28(3):593–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2020.1842040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanh TN (1993) Love in action: writings on nonviolent social change. Parallax Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanh TN (2017) Thích Nhất Hạnh on nonduality and the consciousness of ‘things’. https://www.kosmosjournal.org/news/thich-nhat-hanh-on-the-consciousness-of-things/. Accessed 15 June 2022

  • Hayhurst LMC (2017) Image-ining resistance: using participatory action research and visual methods in sport for development and peace. Third World Thematics TWQ J 2(1):117–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802014.2017.1335174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayhurst LMC, Sundstrom LMI, Arksey E (2018) Navigating norms: charting gender-based violence prevention and sexual health rights through global-local sport for development and peace relations in Nicaragua. Sociol Sport J 35(3):277–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooks B (2009) Belonging: a culture of place. Routledge, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • IPBES (2019) Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. IPBES secretariat, Bonn

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2022) IPCC 6th assessment report. Climate change 2022 impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. IPCC, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins A, Capon A, Negin J, Marais B, Sorrell T, Parkes M, Horwitz P (2018) Watersheds in planetary health research and action. Lancet Planet Health 2(12):511. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30228-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaneshiro KY, Chinn P, Duin KN, Hood AP, Maly K, Wilcox BA (2005) Hawai‘i’s mountain-to-sea ecosystems: social-ecological microcosms for sustainability science and practice. EcoHealth 2(4):349–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-005-8779-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kemmis S, McTaggart R, Nixon R (2014) The action research planner: doing critical participatory action research. Springer, Singapore

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kimmerer RW (2013) Braiding sweetgrass: Indigenous wisdom, scientific knowledge and the teachings of plants. Milkweed Editions, Minneapolis

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirby E (2011) The philosophy of “Co-”: acting with to maximize potential in participatory partnerships. In: Harter LM, Hamel-Lambert J, Millesen JL (eds) Participatory partnerships for social action and research. Kendall & Hunt, Dubuque, pp 377–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirksey SE, Helmreich S (2010) The emergence of multispecies ethnography. Cult Anthropol 25(4):545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2010.01069.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krznaric R (2020) The good ancestor: how to think long term in a short-term world. Random House, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurio J, Reason P (2022) Voicing rivers through ontopoetics: a co-operative inquiry. River Res Appl 38(3):376–384. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3817

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzetti L, Walsh CA (2014) Is there an “F” in your PAR? Understanding, teaching and doing action research. Can J Action Res 15(1):50–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Love B (2019) We want to do more than survive. Abolitionist teaching and the pursuit of educational freedom. Beacon Press, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Lykes MB, Hershberg RM (2012) Participatory action research and feminisms—social inequalities and transformative praxis. In: Hesse-Biber S (ed) Handbook of feminist research II: theory and practice. Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp 331–367

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Malin SA, Ryder SS (2018) Developing deeply intersectional environmental justice scholarship. Environ Sociol 4(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2018.1446711

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martuwarra River of Life, Pelizzon A, Poelina A, Akhtar-Khavari A, Clark C, Laborde S, Macpherson E, O’Bryan K, O’Donnell E, Page J (2021) Yoongoorrookoo. Griffith Law Rev 30(3):505–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2021.1996882

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masterson VA, Stedman RC, Enqvist J, Tengö M, Giusti M, Wahl D, Svedin U (2017) The contribution of sense of place to social-ecological systems research: a review and research agenda. Ecology and Society 22(1):49

    Google Scholar 

  • McDiarmid T, Pineda A, Scothern A (2021) We are women! We are ready! Amplifying women’s voices through feminist participatory action research. Eval J of Aust 21(2):85–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1035719X21998479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane RA, Horwitz P, Arabena K, Capon A, Jenkins A, Jupiter S, Negin J, Parkes MW, Saketa S (2019) Ecosystem services for human health in Oceania. Ecosyst Serv 39:100976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100976

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morse M, Jickling B, Quay J (2018) Rethinking relationships through education: wild pedagogies in practice. J Outdoor Environ Educ 21(3):241–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42322-018-0023-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muller S (2012) ‘Two ways’: bringing Indigenous and non-Indigenous knowledges together. In: Weir JK (ed) Country, native title and ecology. ANU E Press and Aboriginal History Incorporated, Canberra, pp 59–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom E (2009) A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science 5939(5939):419–419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paradies Y (2020) Unsettling truths: modernity, (de-)coloniality and indigenous futures. Postcolon Stud 23(4):438–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2020.1809069

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ponic P, Frisby W (2010) Unpacking assumptions about inclusion in community-based health promotion: perspectives of women living in poverty. Qual Health Res 20(11):1519–1531. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732310374303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prescott S, Logan A, Albrecht G, Campbell D, Crane J, Cunsolo A, Holloway J, Kozyrskyj A, Lowry C, Penders J et al (2018) The Canmore Declaration: statement of principles for planetary health. Challenges 9(2):31–31. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe9020031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redvers N (2021) The determinants of planetary health. Lancet Planet Health 5(3):112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00008-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redvers N, Yellow Bird M, Quinn D, Yunkaporta T, Arabena K (2020) Molecular decolonization: an Indigenous microcosm perspective of planetary health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124586

  • Redvers N, Celidwen Y, Schultz C, Horn O, Githaiga C, Vera M, Perdrisat M, Mad Plume L, Kobei D, Kain MC et al (2022) The determinants of planetary health: an Indigenous consensus perspective. Lancet Planet Health 6(2):163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00354-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid C, Frisby W (2008) Continuing the journey: articulating dimensions of Feminist Participatory Action Research (FPAR). In: Reason P, Bradbury H (eds) The Sage handbook of action research: participative inquiry and practice. Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp 93–105

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reid C, Tom A, Frisby W (2006) Finding the ‘action’ in feminist participatory action research. Action Res 4(3):315–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Revill G (2021) Voicing the environment: Latour, Peirce and an expanded politics. Environ Plann D Soc Space 39(1):121–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775820944521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sangha KK, Le Brocque A, Costanza R, Cadet-James Y (2015) Ecosystems and Indigenous well-being: an integrated framework. Glob Ecol Conserv 4:197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2015.06.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schurr C, Segebart D (2012) Engaging with feminist postcolonial concerns through participatory action research and intersectionality. Geogr Helv 67(3):147–154. https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-67-147-2012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seppälä T, Sarantou M, Miettinen S (eds) (2021) Arts-based methods for decolonising participatory research. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharmil H, Kelly J, Bowden M, Galletly C, Cairney I, Wilson C, Hahn L, Liu D, Elliot P, Else J et al (2021) Participatory Action Research-Dadirri-Ganma, using Yarning: methodology co-design with Aboriginal community members. Int J Equity Health 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-021-01493-4

  • Snooks G, Nagy R, Timms R, Debassige D, Jodouin K, Quenneville B, Chen L (2021) Blending feminist, Indigenous, and participatory action research methodologies: critical reflections from the Northeastern Ontario research alliance on human trafficking. Fem Form 33(2):160–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Távara G (2019) Engaging and contesting hegemonic discourses through feminist participatory action research in Peru: towards a feminist decolonial praxis. In: Boonzaier F, van Niekerk T (eds) Decolonial feminist community psychology. Springer International Publishing, Berlin, pp 27–41

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Temmink RJM, Lamers LPM, Angelini C, Bouma TJ, Fritz C, van de Koppel J, Lexmond R, Rietkerk M, Silliman BR, Joosten H (2022) Recovering wetland biogeomorphic feedbacks to restore the world's biotic carbon hotspots. Science 376(6593). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn1479

  • The Care Collective (2020) In: Chatzidakis A, Hakim J, Littler J, Rottenberg C, Segal L (eds) The care manifesto: the politics of interdependence. Verso Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolhurst R, Leach B, Price J, Robinson J, Ettore E, Scott-Samuel A, Kilonzo N, Sabuni LP, Robertson S, Kapilashrami A et al (2012) Intersectionality and gender mainstreaming in international health: using a feminist participatory action research process to analyse voices and debates from the global south and north. Soc Sci Med 74(11):1825–1825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Törnberg A (2021) Prefigurative politics and social change: a typology drawing on transition studies. Distinktion J Soc Theory 22(1):83–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/1600910X.2020.1856161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tschakert P (2022) More-than-human solidarity and multispecies justice in the climate crisis. Environ Polit 31(2):277–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2020.1853448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tschakert P, Schlosberg D, Celermajer D, Rickards L, Winter C, Thaler M, Stewart-Harawira M, Verlie B (2020) Multispecies justice: Climate-just futures with, for and beyond humans. WIREs Climate Change 12(2):e699. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.699

  • Tuana N (2019) Climate apartheid: the forgetting of race in the Anthropocene. Crit Philos Race 7(1):1–31. https://doi.org/10.5325/critphilrace.7.1.0001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuck E, Guishard M (2013) Uncollapsing ethics: racialized sciencism, settler coloniality, and an ethical framework of decolonial participatory action research. In: Kress TM, Malott CS, Portfilio BJ (eds) Challenging status quo retrenchment: new directions in critical qualitative research. Information Age Publishing, Charlotte, pp 3–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuck E, McKenzie M (2015) Place in research: theory, methodology, and methods. Routledge, Milton Park

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuck E, Yang KW (2012) Decolonization is not a metaphor. Decolon Indig Educ Soc 1(1):40

    Google Scholar 

  • Ungunmerr-Baumann M-R, Groom RA, Schuberg EL, Atkinson J, (Carlie) Atkinson C, Wallace R, Morris G (2022) Dadirri: an Indigenous place-based research methodology. AlterNative: Int J Indig Peoples 18(1):94–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/11771801221085353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (2007) United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples.html. Accessed 15 June 2022

  • United Nations General Assembly (2015) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. 70/1 transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. United Nations, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Wakwella A, Wenger A, Jupiter S, Lamb J, Kuempel C, Jenkins A, Claar D, Corbin C, Falinski K, Rivera A, Grantham H (2022) Managing watersheds for coral reef and public health. Commissioned white paper for Bloomberg Philanthropies Vibrant Oceans Initiative, 37 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeramanthri T, Joyce S, Bowman F, Bangor-Jones R, Law C (2020) Climate Health WA Inquiry: final report. Department of Health, Perth

    Google Scholar 

  • West R, Stewart L, Foster K, Usher K (2012) Through a critical lens: Indigenist research and the Dadirri method. Qual Health Res 22(11):1582–1590. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732312457596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westoby P, Dowling G (2013) Theory and practice of dialogical community development: international perspectives. Routledge, Abingdon

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Whitmee S, Haines A, Beyrer C, Boltz F, Capon AG, Ezeh A, Frumkin H, Gong P, Head P, Horton R, Mace GM, Marten R, Myers SS, Nishtar S, Osofsky SA, Pattanayak SK, Pongsiri MJ, Romanelli C, Soucat A et al (2015) Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of the Rockefeller Foundation – Lancet Commission on Planetary Health. Lancet 386(10007):1973–2028. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • York M (2014) Transforming masculinities: a qualitative study of a transformative education programme for young Zulu men and boys in rural KwaZulu-Natal. J Pan Afr Stud 7(7)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zanotti L, Apok C, Ambrozek C, Carothers C, Coleman J, Huang S (2020) Political ecology and decolonial research: co-production with the Iñupiat in Utqiaġvik. J Polit Ecol 27(1). https://doi.org/10.2458/v27i1.23335

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for People, Place and Planet, Edith Cowan University, Bunbury, WA, Australia

    Naomi Joy Godden

  2. Feminist Participatory Action Research Academy, Seoul, South Korea

    Trimita Chakma

  3. Centre for People, Place and Planet, Edith Cowan University and University of Sydney, Joondalup, WA, Australia

    Aaron Jenkins

Authors
  1. Naomi Joy Godden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Trimita Chakma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Aaron Jenkins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Naomi Joy Godden .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Camberwell, VIC, Australia

    Pranee Liamputtong

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Godden, N.J., Chakma, T., Jenkins, A. (2023). Ecofeminist Participatory Action Research for Planetary Health. In: Liamputtong, P. (eds) Handbook of Social Sciences and Global Public Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96778-9_47-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96778-9_47-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-96778-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-96778-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Social SciencesReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation