Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Clinical Applications in Cardiac Imaging

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Spectral Imaging

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

  • 1107 Accesses

Abstract

Cardiac computed tomography (CT) is an indispensable tool for evaluating cardiovascular structures. Its widespread use has increasingly gained momentum in the past decade as results from large-scale trials became available, and it steadily found its way to become the guidelines’ recommended first-line imaging test for various cardiac conditions. Spectral imaging capabilities in cardiac CT first became possible with the introduction of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) scanners. Cardiac CT examinations obtained using dual-energy techniques benefit from improved image quality, which enhances the diagnostic value of these scans. Additionally, DECT enables the generation of advanced postprocessed image reconstructions that may be utilized to reduce the radiation and contrast media doses required in patients, thus making cardiac CT scans safer overall. The latest emerging advancement in CT imaging is photon-counting CT (PCCT) scanning that employs state-of-the-art photon detectors. This technology promises higher spatial resolution and lower image noise, which are critical in visualizing the small structures of the heart such as coronary arteries and stents. That said, the use of PCCT for cardiac imaging is still under investigation with very few research scans performed in human subjects. As more validation studies are performed, time will tell whether PCCT is set to become the next frontier of cardiac CT imaging.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abadia AF, van Assen M, Martin SS, Vingiani V, Griffith LP, Giovagnoli DA, Bauer MJ, Schoepf UJ (2020) Myocardial extracellular volume fraction to differentiate healthy from cardiomyopathic myocardium using dual-source dual-energy CT. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 14(2):162–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2019.09.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albrecht MH, Trommer J, Wichmann JL, Scholtz J-E, Martin SS, Lehnert T, Vogl TJ, Bodelle B (2016) Comprehensive comparison of virtual monoenergetic and linearly blended reconstruction techniques in third-generation dual-source dual-energy computed tomography angiography of the thorax and abdomen. Investig Radiol 51(9):582–590. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLI.0000000000000272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albrecht MH, Vogl TJ, Martin SS, Nance JW, Duguay TM, Wichmann JL, De Cecco CN, Varga-Szemes A, van Assen M, Tesche C, Schoepf UJ (2019) Review of clinical applications for virtual monoenergetic dual-energy CT. Radiology 293(2):260–271. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2019182297

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andreini D, Pontone G, Mushtaq S, Bertella E, Conte E, Segurini C, Giovannardi M, Baggiano A, Annoni A, Formenti A, PetullĂ  M, Beltrama V, Volpato V, Bartorelli AL, Trabattoni D, Fiorentini C, Pepi M (2015) Diagnostic accuracy of rapid kilovolt peak–switching dual-energy CT coronary angiography in patients with a high calcium score. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 8(6):746–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.10.013

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andreini D, Magnoni M, Conte E, Masson S, Mushtaq S, Berti S, Canestrari M, Casolo G, Gabrielli D, Latini R, Marraccini P, Moccetti T, Modena MG, Pontone G, Gorini M, Maggioni AP, Maseri A (2020) Coronary plaque features on CTA can identify patients at increased risk of cardiovascular events. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 13(8):1704–1717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.06.019

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt CT, Czwikla R, Lenga L, Wichmann JL, Albrecht MH, Booz C, Martin SS, Leithner D, Tischendorf P, Blandino A, Vogl TJ, D’Angelo T (2020) Improved coronary artery contrast enhancement using noise-optimised virtual monoenergetic imaging from dual-source dual-energy computed tomography. Eur J Radiol 122:108666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2019.108666

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnoldi E, Lee YS, Ruzsics B, Weininger M, Spears JR, Rowley CP, Chiaramida SA, Costello P, Reiser MF, Schoepf UJ (2011) CT detection of myocardial blood volume deficits: dual-energy CT compared with single-energy CT spectra. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 5(6):421–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2011.10.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bamberg F, Marcus RP, Becker A, Hildebrandt K, Bauner K, Schwarz F, Greif M, von Ziegler F, Bischoff B, Becker HC, Johnson TR, Reiser MF, Nikolaou K, Theisen D (2014) Dynamic myocardial CT perfusion imaging for evaluation of myocardial ischemia as determined by MR imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 7(3):267–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.06.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barreto M, Schoenhagen P, Nair A, Amatangelo S, Milite M, Obuchowski NA, Lieber ML, Halliburton SS (2008) Potential of dual-energy computed tomography to characterize atherosclerotic plaque: ex vivo assessment of human coronary arteries in comparison to histology. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2(4):234–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2008.05.146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumann S, Kaeder F, Schoepf UJ, Golden JW, Kryeziu P, Tesche C, Renker M, Jannsen S, Weiss C, Hetjens S, Schoenberg SO, Borggrefe M, Akin I, Lossnitzer D, Overhoff D (2021) Prognostic value of coronary computed tomography angiography-derived morphologic and quantitative plaque markers using semiautomated plaque software. J Thorac Imaging 36(2):108–115. https://doi.org/10.1097/rti.0000000000000509

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binder RK, Webb JG, Willson AB, Urena M, Hansson NC, Norgaard BL, Pibarot P, Barbanti M, Larose E, Freeman M, Dumont E, Thompson C, Wheeler M, Moss RR, Yang TH, Pasian S, Hague CJ, Nguyen G, Raju R, Toggweiler S, Min JK, Wood DA, RodĂ©s-Cabau J, Leipsic J (2013) The impact of integration of a multidetector computed tomography annulus area sizing algorithm on outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a prospective, multicenter, controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 62(5):431–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.04.036

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boll DT, Merkle EM, Paulson EK, Mirza RA, Fleiter TR (2008a) Calcified vascular plaque specimens: assessment with cardiac dual-energy multidetector CT in anthropomorphically moving heart phantom. Radiology 249(1):119–126. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2483071576

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boll DT, Merkle EM, Paulson EK, Fleiter TR (2008b) Coronary stent patency: dual-energy multidetector CT assessment in a pilot study with anthropomorphic phantom. Radiology 247(3):687–695. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2473070849

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boussel L, Coulon P, Thran A, Roessl E, Martens G, Sigovan M, Douek P (2014) Photon counting spectral CT component analysis of coronary artery atherosclerotic plaque samples. BJR 87(1040):20130798. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20130798

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bratke G, Hickethier T, Bar-Ness D, Bunck AC, Maintz D, Pahn G, Coulon P, Si-Mohamed S, Douek P, Sigovan M (2020) Spectral photon-counting computed tomography for coronary stent imaging: evaluation of the potential clinical impact for the delineation of in-stent restenosis. Investig Radiol 55(2):61–67. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLI.0000000000000610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brodoefel H, Burgstahler C, Tsiflikas I, Reimann A, Schroeder S, Claussen CD, Heuschmid M, Kopp AF (2008) Dual-source CT: effect of heart rate, heart rate variability, and calcification on image quality and diagnostic accuracy. Radiology 247(2):346–355. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2472070906

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brundage BH, Lipton MJ (1982) The emergence of computed tomography as a cardiovascular diagnostic technique. Am Heart J 103(2):313–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(82)90517-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cademartiri F, Mollet NR, Runza G, Bruining N, Hamers R, Somers P, Knaapen M, Verheye S, Midiri M, Krestin GP, de Feyter PJ (2005) Influence of intracoronary attenuation on coronary plaque measurements using multislice computed tomography: observations in an ex vivo model of coronary computed tomography angiography. Eur Radiol 15(7):1426–1431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-005-2697-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cannaò PM, Schoepf UJ, Muscogiuri G, Wichmann JL, Fuller SR, Secchi F, Varga-Szemes A, De Cecco CN (2015) Technical prerequisites and imaging protocols for dynamic and dual energy myocardial perfusion imaging. Eur J Radiol 84(12):2401–2410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.02.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carrascosa P, Leipsic JA, Capunay C, Deviggiano A, Vallejos J, Goldsmit A, Rodriguez-Granillo GA (2015) Monochromatic image reconstruction by dual energy imaging allows half iodine load computed tomography coronary angiography. Eur J Radiol 84(10):1915–1920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.06.019

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caruso D, Eid M, Schoepf UJ, Jin KN, Varga-Szemes A, Tesche C, Mangold S, Spandorfer A, Laghi A, De Cecco CN (2016) Dynamic CT myocardial perfusion imaging. Eur J Radiol 85(10):1893–1899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2016.07.017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cavallo AU, Patterson AJ, Thomas R, Alaiti MA, Attizzani GF, Laukamp K, GroĂźe Hokamp N, Bezerra H, Gilkeson R, Rajagopalan S (2020) Low dose contrast CT for transcatheter aortic valve replacement assessment: results from the prospective SPECTACULAR study (spectral CT assessment prior to TAVR). J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 14(1):68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2019.06.015

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cavedon C, Rudin S (2015) Cardiovascular and neurovascular imaging: physics and technology. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Chu WC, Au WY, Lam WW (2012) MRI of cardiac iron overload. J Magn Reson Imaging 36(5):1052–1059. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.23628

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Danad I, Fayad ZA, Willemink MJ, Min JK (2015) New applications of cardiac computed tomography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 8(6):710–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.03.005

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • De Santis D, Jin KN, Schoepf UJ, Grant KL, De Cecco CN, Nance JW, Vogl TJ, Laghi A, Albrecht MH (2018) Heavily calcified coronary arteries: advanced calcium subtraction improves luminal visualization and diagnostic confidence in dual-energy coronary computed tomography angiography. Investig Radiol 53(2):103–109. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLI.0000000000000416

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • den Harder AM, Willemink MJ, de Jong PA, Schilham AM, Rajiah P, Takx RA, Leiner T (2016) New horizons in cardiac CT. Clin Radiol 71(8):758–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2016.01.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faggiano P, Frattini S, Zilioli V, Rossi A, Nistri S, Dini FL, Lorusso R, Tomasi C, Cas LD (2012) Prevalence of comorbidities and associated cardiac diseases in patients with valve aortic stenosis. Potential implications for the decision-making process. Int J Cardiol 159(2):94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.02.026

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Felmly LM, De Cecco CN, Schoepf UJ, Varga-Szemes A, Mangold S, McQuiston AD, Litwin SE, Bayer RR 2nd, Vogl TJ, Wichmann JL (2017) Low contrast medium-volume third-generation dual-source computed tomography angiography for transcatheter aortic valve replacement planning. Eur Radiol 27(5):1944–1953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-016-4537-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferencik M, Mayrhofer T, Bittner DO, Emami H, Puchner SB, Lu MT, Meyersohn NM, Ivanov AV, Adami EC, Patel MR, Mark DB, Udelson JE, Lee KL, Douglas PS, Hoffmann U (2018) Use of high-risk coronary atherosclerotic plaque detection for risk stratification of patients with stable chest pain: a secondary analysis of the PROMISE randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol 3(2):144. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2017.4973

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP, Douglas PS, Foody JM, Gerber TC, Hinderliter AL, King SB 3rd, Kligfield PD, Krumholz HM, Kwong RY, Lim MJ, Linderbaum JA, Mack MJ, Munger MA, Prager RL, Sabik JF, Shaw LJ, Sikkema JD, Smith CR Jr, Smith SC Jr, Spertus JA, Williams SV, Anderson JL (2012) 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation 126(25):e354–e471. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318277d6a0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer AM, Eid M, De Cecco CN, Gulsun MA, van Assen M, Nance JW, Sahbaee P, De Santis D, Bauer MJ, Jacobs BE, Varga-Szemes A, Kabakus IM, Sharma P, Jackson LJ, Schoepf UJ (2020) Accuracy of an artificial intelligence deep learning algorithm implementing a recurrent neural network with long short-term memory for the automated detection of calcified plaques from coronary computed tomography angiography. J Thorac Imaging 35:S49–S57. https://doi.org/10.1097/rti.0000000000000491

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foley WD, Shuman WP, Siegel MJ, Sahani DV, Boll DT, Bolus DN, De Cecco CN, Kaza RK, Morgan DE, Schoepf UJ, Vrtiska TJ, Yeh BM, Berland LL (2016) White paper of the Society of Computed Body Tomography and Magnetic Resonance on dual-energy CT, part 2: radiation dose and iodine sensitivity. J Comput Assist Tomogr 40(6):846–850. https://doi.org/10.1097/RCT.0000000000000539

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs TA, Stehli J, Fiechter M, Dougoud S, Gebhard C, Ghadri JR, Husmann L, Gaemperli O, Kaufmann PA (2013) First experience with monochromatic coronary computed tomography angiography from a 64-slice CT scanner with gemstone spectral imaging (GSI). J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 7(1):25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2013.01.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs TA, Stehli J, Dougoud S, Sah B-R, Bull S, Clerc OF, Possner M, Buechel RR, Gaemperli O, Kaufmann PA (2014) Coronary artery calcium quantification from contrast enhanced CT using gemstone spectral imaging and material decomposition. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 30(7):1399–1405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-014-0474-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gogas BD, Garcia-Garcia HM, Onuma Y, Muramatsu T, Farooq V, Bourantas CV, Serruys PW (2013) Edge vascular response after percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 6(3):211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2013.01.132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grant KL, Flohr TG, Krauss B, Sedlmair M, Thomas C, Schmidt B (2014) Assessment of an advanced image-based technique to calculate virtual monoenergetic computed tomographic images from a dual-energy examination to improve contrast-to-noise ratio in examinations using iodinated contrast media. Investig Radiol 49(9):586–592. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLI.0000000000000060

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, Braun LT, de Ferranti S, Faiella-Tommasino J, Forman DE, Goldberg R, Heidenreich PA, Hlatky MA, Jones DW, Lloyd-Jones D, Lopez-Pajares N, Ndumele CE, Orringer CE, Peralta CA, Saseen JJ, Smith SC Jr, Sperling L, Virani SS, Yeboah J (2019) 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 73(24):3168–3209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haghighi RR, Chatterjee S, Tabin M, Sharma S, Jagia P, Ray R, Singh RP, Yadav R, Sharma M, Krishna K, Vani VC, Lakshmi R, Mandal SR, Kumar P, Arava S (2015) DECT evaluation of noncalcified coronary artery plaque. Med Phys 42(10):5945–5954. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4929935

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hickethier T, BaeĂźler B, Kroeger JR, Doerner J, Pahn G, Maintz D, Michels G, Bunck AC (2017) Monoenergetic reconstructions for imaging of coronary artery stents using spectral detector CT: in-vitro experience and comparison to conventional images. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 11(1):33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2016.12.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann U, Moselewski F, Nieman K, Jang I-K, Ferencik M, Rahman AM, Cury RC, Abbara S, Joneidi-Jafari H, Achenbach S, Brady TJ (2006) Noninvasive assessment of plaque morphology and composition in culprit and stable lesions in acute coronary syndrome and stable lesions in stable angina by multidetector computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 47(8):1655–1662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.01.041

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes T, Ulzheimer S, Pourmorteza A (2020) Dose-efficient ultra-high-resolution imaging of calcified coronary artery stenoses with photon-counting Ct. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 14(3):S69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2020.06.133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong YJ, Hur J, Kim YJ, Lee HJ, Hong SR, Suh YJ, Kim HY, Lee JW, Choi BW (2014) Dual-energy cardiac computed tomography for differentiating cardiac myxoma from thrombus. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 30(Suppl 2):121–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-014-0490-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh SS, Leng S, Rajendran K, Tao S, McCollough CH (2020) Photon counting CT: clinical applications and future developments. IEEE Trans Radiat Plasma Med Sci:1–1. https://doi.org/10.1109/TRPMS.2020.3020212

  • Huang X, Gao S, Ma Y, Lu X, Jia Z, Hou Y (2020) The optimal monoenergetic spectral image level of coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography on a dual-layer spectral detector CT with half-dose contrast media. Quant Imaging Med Surg 10(3):592–603. https://doi.org/10.21037/qims.2020.02.17

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hur J, Kim YJ, Lee HJ, Nam JE, Hong YJ, Kim HY, Lee JW, Choi BW (2012) Cardioembolic stroke: dual-energy cardiac CT for differentiation of left atrial appendage thrombus and circulatory stasis. Radiology 263(3):688–695. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12111691

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim E-SH, Bowman AW (2014) Evaluation of iron overload: dual-energy computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 16(1):O92. https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-16-S1-O92

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson TR, Krauss B, Sedlmair M, Grasruck M, Bruder H, Morhard D, Fink C, Weckbach S, Lenhard M, Schmidt B, Flohr T, Reiser MF, Becker CR (2007) Material differentiation by dual energy CT: initial experience. Eur Radiol 17(6):1510–1517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-006-0517-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juntunen MAK, Inkinen SI, Ketola JH, Kotiaho A, Kauppinen M, Winkler A, Nieminen MT (2020) Framework for photon counting quantitative material decomposition. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 39(1):35–47. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMI.2019.2914370

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalisz K, Halliburton S, Abbara S, Leipsic JA, Albrecht MH, Schoepf UJ, Rajiah P (2017) Update on cardiovascular applications of multienergy CT. RadioGraphics 37(7):1955–1974. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2017170100

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kang DK, Schoepf UJ, Bastarrika G, Nance JW, Abro JA, Ruzsics B (2010) Dual-energy computed tomography for integrative imaging of coronary artery disease: principles and clinical applications. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI 31(4):276–291. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sult.2010.05.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kay FU (2020) Dual-energy CT and coronary imaging. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 10(4):1090–1107. https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt.2020.04.04

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim KP, Einstein AJ, Berrington de González A (2009) Coronary artery calcification screening: estimated radiation dose and cancer risk. Arch Intern Med 169(13):1188. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.162

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, Prescott E, Storey RF, Deaton C, Cuisset T, Agewall S, Dickstein K, Edvardsen T, Escaned J, Gersh BJ, Svitil P, Gilard M, Hasdai D, Hatala R, Mahfoud F, Masip J, Muneretto C, Valgimigli M, Achenbach S, Bax JJ (2020) 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 41(3):407–477. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kolossváry M, Kellermayer M, Merkely B, Maurovich-Horvat P (2018) Cardiac computed tomography radiomics: a comprehensive review on radiomic techniques. J Thorac Imaging 33(1):26–34. https://doi.org/10.1097/rti.0000000000000268

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kolossváry M, Gerstenblith G, Bluemke DA, Fishman EK, Mandler RN, Kickler TS, Chen S, Bhatia S, Lai S, Lai H (2021) Contribution of risk factors to the development of coronary atherosclerosis as confirmed via coronary CT angiography: a longitudinal radiomics-based study. Radiology 299(1):97–106. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2021203179

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kruk M, Noll D, Achenbach S, Mintz GS, PrÄ™gowski J, Kaczmarska E, Kryczka K, PracoĹ„ R, DzieliĹ„ska Z, Ĺšleszycka J, Witkowski A, Demkow M, RuĹĽyĹ‚Ĺ‚o W, KÄ™pka C (2014) Impact of coronary artery calcium characteristics on accuracy of CT angiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 7(1):49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.07.013

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuchenbecker S, Faby S, Sawall S, Lell M, KachelrieĂź M (2015) Dual energy CT: how well can pseudo-monochromatic imaging reduce metal artifacts?: DECT: can monoenergetic imaging remove metal artifacts? Med Phys 42(2):1023–1036. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4905106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurita Y, Kitagawa K, Kurobe Y, Nakamori S, Nakajima H, Dohi K, Ito M, Sakuma H (2016) Estimation of myocardial extracellular volume fraction with cardiac CT in subjects without clinical coronary artery disease: a feasibility study. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 10(3):237–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2016.02.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leng S, Zhou W, Yu Z, Halaweish A, Krauss B, Schmidt B, Yu L, Kappler S, McCollough C (2017) Spectral performance of a whole-body research photon counting detector CT: quantitative accuracy in derived image sets. Phys Med Biol 62(17):7216–7232. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/aa8103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Leng S, Rajendran K, Gong H, Zhou W, Halaweish AF, Henning A, Kappler S, Baer M, Fletcher JG, McCollough CH (2018) 150-ÎĽm spatial resolution using photon-counting detector computed tomography technology: technical performance and first patient images. Investig Radiol 53(11):655–662. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLI.0000000000000488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lenga L, Albrecht MH, Othman AE, Martin SS, Leithner D, D’Angelo T, Arendt C, Scholtz JE, De Cecco CN, Schoepf UJ, Vogl TJ, Wichmann JL (2017) Monoenergetic dual-energy computed tomographic imaging: cardiothoracic applications. J Thorac Imaging 32(3):151–158. https://doi.org/10.1097/rti.0000000000000259

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma Q, Hu J, Yang W, Hou Y (2020) Dual-layer detector spectral CT versus magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of iron overload in myelodysplastic syndromes and aplastic anemia. Jpn J Radiol 38(4):374–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-020-00921-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandal SR, Bharati A, Haghighi RR, Arava S, Ray R, Jagia P, Sharma S, Chatterjee S, Tabin M, Sharma M, Sharma S, Kumar P (2018) Non-invasive characterization of coronary artery atherosclerotic plaque using dual energy CT: explanation in ex-vivo samples. Phys Med 45:52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.12.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mangold S, CannaĂł PM, Schoepf UJ, Wichmann JL, Canstein C, Fuller SR, Muscogiuri G, Varga-Szemes A, Nikolaou K, De Cecco CN (2016a) Impact of an advanced image-based monoenergetic reconstruction algorithm on coronary stent visualization using third generation dual-source dual-energy CT: a phantom study. Eur Radiol 26(6):1871–1878. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-015-3997-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mangold S, Wichmann JL, Schoepf UJ, Litwin SE, Canstein C, Varga-Szemes A, Muscogiuri G, Fuller SR, Stubenrauch AC, Nikolaou K, De Cecco CN (2016b) Coronary CT angiography in obese patients using 3rd generation dual-source CT: effect of body mass index on image quality. Eur Radiol 26(9):2937–2946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-015-4161-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mankad R, Herrmann J (2016) Cardiac tumors: echo assessment. Echo Res Pract 3(4):R65–r77. https://doi.org/10.1530/erp-16-0035

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mannil M, Hickethier T, von Spiczak J, Baer M, Henning A, Hertel M, Schmidt B, Flohr T, Maintz D, Alkadhi H (2018) Photon-counting CT: high-resolution imaging of coronary stents. Investig Radiol 53(3):143–149. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLI.0000000000000420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin SS, Albrecht MH, Wichmann JL, HĂĽsers K, Scholtz JE, Booz C, Bodelle B, Bauer RW, Metzger SC, Vogl TJ, Lehnert T (2017) Value of a noise-optimized virtual monoenergetic reconstruction technique in dual-energy CT for planning of transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Eur Radiol 27(2):705–714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-016-4422-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto K, Jinzaki M, Tanami Y, Ueno A, Yamada M, Kuribayashi S (2011) Virtual monochromatic spectral imaging with fast kilovoltage switching: improved image quality as compared with that obtained with conventional 120-kVp CT. Radiology 259(1):257–262. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11100978

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCollough CH, Leng S, Yu L, Fletcher JG (2015) Dual- and multi-energy CT: principles, technical approaches, and clinical applications. Radiology 276(3):637–653. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2015142631

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monti CB, Codari M, van Assen M, De Cecco CN, Vliegenthart R (2020) Machine learning and deep neural networks applications in computed tomography for coronary artery disease and myocardial perfusion. J Thorac Imaging 35:S58–S65. https://doi.org/10.1097/rti.0000000000000490

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moss AJ, Williams MC, Newby DE, Nicol ED (2017) The updated NICE guidelines: cardiac CT as the first-line test for coronary artery disease. Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep 10(5):15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12410-017-9412-6

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Motoyama S, Ito H, Sarai M, Kondo T, Kawai H, Nagahara Y, Harigaya H, Kan S, Anno H, Takahashi H, Naruse H, Ishii J, Hecht H, Shaw LJ, Ozaki Y, Narula J (2015) Plaque characterization by coronary computed tomography angiography and the likelihood of acute coronary events in mid-term follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol 66(4):337–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.069

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nacif MS, Kawel N, Lee JJ, Chen X, Yao J, Zavodni A, Sibley CT, Lima JA, Liu S, Bluemke DA (2012) Interstitial myocardial fibrosis assessed as extracellular volume fraction with low-radiation-dose cardiac CT. Radiology 264(3):876–883. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12112458

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nacif MS, Liu Y, Yao J, Liu S, Sibley CT, Summers RM, Bluemke DA (2013) 3D left ventricular extracellular volume fraction by low-radiation dose cardiac CT: assessment of interstitial myocardial fibrosis. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 7(1):51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2012.10.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nadjiri J, Kaissis G, Meurer F, Weis F, Laugwitz K-L, Straeter AS, Muenzel D, NoĂ«l PB, Rummeny EJ, Rasper M (2018) Accuracy of calcium scoring calculated from contrast-enhanced coronary computed tomography angiography using a dual-layer spectral CT: a comparison of calcium scoring from real and virtual non-contrast data. PLoS One 13(12):e0208588. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208588

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Narula J, Nakano M, Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Petersen R, Newcomb R, Malik S, Fuster V, Finn AV (2013) Histopathologic characteristics of atherosclerotic coronary disease and implications of the findings for the invasive and noninvasive detection of vulnerable plaques. J Am Coll Cardiol 61(10):1041–1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.10.054

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nerlekar N, Ha FJ, Cheshire C, Rashid H, Cameron JD, Wong DT, Seneviratne S, Brown AJ (2018) Computed tomographic coronary angiography-derived plaque characteristics predict major adverse cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 11(1):e006973. https://doi.org/10.1161/circimaging.117.006973

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nieman K, Shapiro MD, Ferencik M, Nomura CH, Abbara S, Hoffmann U, Gold HK, Jang IK, Brady TJ, Cury RC (2008) Reperfused myocardial infarction: contrast-enhanced 64-Section CT in comparison to MR imaging. Radiology 247(1):49–56. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2471070332

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obaid DR, Calvert PA, Gopalan D, Parker RA, West NEJ, Goddard M, Rudd JHF, Bennett MR (2014) Dual-energy computed tomography imaging to determine atherosclerotic plaque composition: a prospective study with tissue validation. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 8(3):230–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2014.04.007

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ohta Y, Kitao S, Watanabe T, Kishimoto J, Yamamoto K, Ogawa T (2017) Evaluation of image quality of coronary artery plaque with rapid kVp-switching dual-energy CT. Clin Imaging 43:42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2017.01.014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohta Y, Kitao S, Yunaga H, Fujii S, Mukai N, Yamamoto K, Ogawa T (2018) Myocardial delayed enhancement CT for the evaluation of heart failure: comparison to MRI. Radiology 288(3):682–691. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2018172523

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pessis E, Campagna R, Sverzut J-M, Bach F, Rodallec M, Guerini H, Feydy A, DrapĂ© J-L (2013) Virtual monochromatic spectral imaging with fast kilovoltage switching: reduction of metal artifacts at CT. Radiographics 33(2):573–583. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.332125124

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pijls NH, Fearon WF, Tonino PA, Siebert U, Ikeno F, Bornschein B, van’t Veer M, Klauss V, Manoharan G, Engstrøm T, Oldroyd KG, Ver Lee PN, MacCarthy PA, De Bruyne B (2010) Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: 2-year follow-up of the FAME (Fractional Flow Reserve Versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 56(3):177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.04.012

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pomerantz SR, Kamalian S, Zhang D, Gupta R, Rapalino O, Sahani DV, Lev MH (2013) Virtual monochromatic reconstruction of dual-energy unenhanced head CT at 65–75 keV maximizes image quality compared with conventional polychromatic CT. Radiology 266(1):318–325. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12111604

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajagopal JR, Farhadi F, Solomon J, Sahbaee P, Saboury B, Pritchard WF, Jones EC, Samei E (2020) Comparison of low dose performance of photon-counting and energy integrating CT. Acad Radiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2020.07.033

  • Sandfort V, Palanisamy S, Symons R, Pourmorteza A, Ahlman MA, Rice K, Thomas T, Davies-Venn C, Krauss B, Kwan A, Pandey A, Zimmerman SL, Bluemke DA (2017) Optimized energy of spectral CT for infarct imaging: experimental validation with human validation. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 11(3):171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2017.02.003

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sandfort V, Persson M, Pourmorteza A, NoĂ«l PB, Fleischmann D, Willemink MJ (2020) Spectral photon-counting CT in cardiovascular imaging. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2020.12.005

  • Scheffel H, Alkadhi H, Plass A, Vachenauer R, Desbiolles L, Gaemperli O, Schepis T, Frauenfelder T, Schertler T, Husmann L, Grunenfelder J, Genoni M, Kaufmann PA, Marincek B, Leschka S (2006) Accuracy of dual-source CT coronary angiography: first experience in a high pre-test probability population without heart rate control. Eur Radiol 16(12):2739–2747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-006-0474-0

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Scheske JA, O’Brien JM, Earls JP, Min JK, LaBounty TM, Cury RC, Lee T-Y, So A, Hague CJ, Al-Hassan D, Kuriyabashi S, Dowe DA, Leipsic JA (2013) Coronary artery imaging with single-source rapid kilovolt peak–switching dual-energy CT. Radiology 268(3):702–709. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.13121901

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoepf UJ (2019) CT of the heart. Humana Press, Totowa

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schoepf UJ, Emrich T (2021) A brave new world: toward precision phenotyping and understanding of coronary artery disease using radiomics plaque analysis. Radiology 299(1):107–108. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2021204456

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz FR, Koweek LM, Nørgaard BL (2019) Current evidence in cardiothoracic imaging: computed tomography-derived fractional flow reserve in stable chest pain. J Thorac Imaging 34(1):12–17. https://doi.org/10.1097/rti.0000000000000369

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz FR, Tailor T, Gaca JG, Kiefer T, Harrison K, Hughes GC, Ramirez-Giraldo JC, Marin D, Hurwitz LM (2020) Impact of dual energy cardiac CT for metal artefact reduction post aortic valve replacement. Eur J Radiol 129:109135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz F, Nance JW, Ruzsics B, Bastarrika G, Sterzik A, Schoepf UJ (2012) Quantification of coronary artery calcium on the basis of dual-energy coronary CT angiography. Radiology 264(3):700–707. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12112455

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Secchi F, De Cecco CN, Spearman JV, Silverman JR, Ebersberger U, Sardanelli F, Schoepf UJ (2015) Monoenergetic extrapolation of cardiac dual energy CT for artifact reduction. Acta Radiol 56(4):413–418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0284185114527867

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senoner T, Plank F, Beyer C, Langer C, Birkl K, Steinkohl F, Widmann G, Barbieri F, Adukauskaite A, Friedrich G, Dichtl W, Feuchtner GM (2020) Does coronary calcium score zero reliably rule out coronary artery disease in low-to-intermediate risk patients? A coronary CTA study. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 14(2):155–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2019.09.009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma P, Suehling M, Flohr T, Comaniciu D (2020) Artificial intelligence in diagnostic imaging: status quo, challenges, and future opportunities. J Thorac Imaging 35(Suppl 1):S11–s16. https://doi.org/10.1097/rti.0000000000000499

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sigovan M, Si-Mohamed S, Bar-Ness D, Mitchell J, Langlois J-B, Coulon P, Roessl E, Blevis I, Rokni M, Rioufol G, Douek P, Boussel L (2019) Feasibility of improving vascular imaging in the presence of metallic stents using spectral photon counting CT and K-edge imaging. Sci Rep 9(1):19850. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56427-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Song I, Yi JG, Park JH, Kim SM, Lee KS, Chung MJ (2016) Virtual non-contrast CT using dual-energy spectral CT: feasibility of coronary artery calcium scoring. Korean J Radiol 17(3):321. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2016.17.3.321

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sørgaard MH, Kofoed KF, Linde JJ, George RT, Rochitte CE, Feuchtner G, Lima JA, Abdulla J (2016) Diagnostic accuracy of static CT perfusion for the detection of myocardial ischemia. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 10(6):450–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2016.09.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stehli J, Fuchs TA, Singer A, Bull S, Clerc OF, Possner M, Gaemperli O, Buechel RR, Kaufmann PA (2015) First experience with single-source, dual-energy CCTA for monochromatic stent imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 16(5):507–512. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeu282

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stehli J, Clerc OF, Fuchs TA, Possner M, Gräni C, Benz DC, Buechel RR, Kaufmann PA (2016) Impact of monochromatic coronary computed tomography angiography from single-source dual-energy CT on coronary stenosis quantification. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 10(2):135–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2015.12.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suchá D, Symersky P, Tanis W, Mali WP, Leiner T, van Herwerden LA, Budde RP (2015) Multimodality imaging assessment of prosthetic heart valves. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 8(9):e003703. https://doi.org/10.1161/circimaging.115.003703

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Symons R, Choi Y, Cork TE, Ahlman MA, Mallek M, Bluemke DA, Sandfort V (2018a) Optimized energy of spectral coronary CT angiography for coronary plaque detection and quantification. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 12(2):108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2018.01.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Symons R, De Bruecker Y, Roosen J, Van Camp L, Cork TE, Kappler S, Ulzheimer S, Sandfort V, Bluemke DA, Pourmorteza A (2018b) Quarter-millimeter spectral coronary stent imaging with photon-counting CT: initial experience. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 12(6):509–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2018.10.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Symons R, Sandfort V, Mallek M, Ulzheimer S, Pourmorteza A (2019) Coronary artery calcium scoring with photon-counting CT: first in vivo human experience. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 35(4):733–739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-018-1499-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanami Y, Ikeda E, Jinzaki M, Satoh K, Nishiwaki Y, Yamada M, Okada Y, Kuribayashi S (2010) Computed tomographic attenuation value of coronary atherosclerotic plaques with different tube voltage: an ex vivo study. J Comput Assist Tomogr 34(1):58–63. https://doi.org/10.1097/RCT.0b013e3181b66c41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor AJ, Cerqueira M, Hodgson JM, Mark D, Min J, O’Gara P, Rubin GD (2010) ACCF/SCCT/ACR/AHA/ASE/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SCMR 2010 appropriate use criteria for cardiac computed tomography. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the American College of Radiology, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Echocardiography, the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 4(6):407.e401–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2010.11.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tesche C, Gray HN (2020) Machine learning and deep neural networks applications in coronary flow assessment: the case of computed tomography fractional flow reserve. J Thorac Imaging 35:S66–S71. https://doi.org/10.1097/rti.0000000000000483

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tops LF, Wood DA, Delgado V, Schuijf JD, Mayo JR, Pasupati S, Lamers FP, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ, Webb JG, Bax JJ (2008) Noninvasive evaluation of the aortic root with multislice computed tomography implications for transcatheter aortic valve replacement. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 1(3):321–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2007.12.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai YS, Chen JS, Wang CK, Lu CH, Cheng CN, Kuo CS, Liu YS, Tsai HM (2014) Quantitative assessment of iron in heart and liver phantoms using dual-energy computed tomography. Exp Ther Med 8(3):907–912. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2014.1813

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Valenti V, Ăł Hartaigh B, Heo R, Cho I, Schulman-Marcus J, Gransar H, Truong QA, Shaw LJ, Knapper J, Kelkar AA, Sandesara P, Lin FY, Sciarretta S, Chang H-J, Callister TQ, Min JK (2015) A 15-year warranty period for asymptomatic individuals without coronary artery calcium. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 8(8):900–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.01.025

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van Assen M, De Cecco CN, Sahbaee P, Eid MH, Griffith LP, Bauer MJ, Savage RH, Varga-Szemes A, Oudkerk M, Vliegenthart R, Schoepf UJ (2019a) Feasibility of extracellular volume quantification using dual-energy CT. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 13(1):81–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2018.10.011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Assen M, Lavra F, Schoepf UJ, Jacobs BE, Williams BT, Thompson ZM, Varga-Szemes A, Ruzsics B, Oudkerk M, Vliegenthart R, De Cecco CN (2019b) Iodine quantification based on rest / stress perfusion dual energy CT to differentiate ischemic, infarcted and normal myocardium. Eur J Radiol 112:136–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2019.01.017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Hedent S, GroĂźe Hokamp N, Kessner R, Gilkeson R, Ros PR, Gupta A (2018) Effect of virtual monoenergetic images from spectral detector computed tomography on coronary calcium blooming. J Comput Assist Tomogr 42(6):912–918. https://doi.org/10.1097/RCT.0000000000000811

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang R, Yu W, Wang Y, He Y, Yang L, Bi T, Jiao J, Wang Q, Chi L, Yu Y, Zhang Z (2011) Incremental value of dual-energy CT to coronary CT angiography for the detection of significant coronary stenosis: comparison with quantitative coronary angiography and single photon emission computed tomography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 27(5):647–656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-011-9881-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Zamyatin A, Shi D (2012) Dose reduction potential with photon counting computed tomography. In: Medical imaging 2012: physics of medical imaging. International Society for Optics and Photonics, p 831349

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Yu M, Wang M, Wang Y, Kong L, Yi Y, Wang M, Li Y, Jin Z (2019) Application of artificial intelligence–based image optimization for computed tomography angiography of the aorta with low tube voltage and reduced contrast medium volume. J Thorac Imaging 34(6):393–399. https://doi.org/10.1097/rti.0000000000000438

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams MC, Moss AJ, Dweck M, Adamson PD, Alam S, Hunter A, Shah ASV, Pawade T, Weir-McCall JR, Roditi G, van Beek EJR, Newby DE, Nicol ED (2019) Coronary artery plaque characteristics associated with adverse outcomes in the SCOT-HEART study. J Am Coll Cardiol 73(3):291–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.066

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada Y, Jinzaki M, Okamura T, Yamada M, Tanami Y, Abe T, Kuribayashi S (2014) Feasibility of coronary artery calcium scoring on virtual unenhanced images derived from single-source fast kVp-switching dual-energy coronary CT angiography. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 8(5):391–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2014.08.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yan RT, Miller JM, Rochitte CE, Dewey M, Niinuma H, Clouse ME, Vavere AL, Brinker J, Lima JAC, Arbab-Zadeh A (2013) Predictors of inaccurate coronary arterial stenosis assessment by CT angiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 6(9):963–972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.02.011

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yi Y, Zhao X-M, Wu R-Z, Wang Y, Vembar M, Jin Z-Y, Wang Y-N (2019) Low dose and low contrast medium coronary CT angiography using dual-layer spectral detector CT: low keV versus low kVp. Int Heart J 60(3):608–617. https://doi.org/10.1536/ihj.18-340

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young PM, Foley TA, Araoz PA, Williamson EE (2019) Computed tomography imaging of cardiac masses. Radiol Clin N Am 57(1):75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2018.08.002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu L, Christner JA, Leng S, Wang J, Fletcher JG, McCollough CH (2011) Virtual monochromatic imaging in dual-source dual-energy CT: radiation dose and image quality: monochromatic imaging in dual-source dual-energy CT. Med Phys 38(12):6371–6379. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3658568

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yu L, Leng S, McCollough CH (2012) Dual-energy CT–based monochromatic imaging. Am J Roentgenol 199(5_supplement):S9–S15. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.12.9121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yunaga H, Ohta Y, Kaetsu Y, Kitao S, Watanabe T, Furuse Y, Yamamoto K, Ogawa T (2017) Diagnostic performance of calcification-suppressed coronary CT angiography using rapid kilovolt-switching dual-energy CT. Eur Radiol 27(7):2794–2801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-016-4675-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zachrisson H, Engström E, Engvall J, Wigström L, Smedby Ă–, Persson A (2010) Soft tissue discrimination ex vivo by dual energy computed tomography. Eur J Radiol 75(2):e124–e128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.02.001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang S, Levin DC, Halpern EJ, Fischman D, Savage M, Walinsky P (2008) Accuracy of MDCT in assessing the degree of stenosis caused by calcified coronary artery plaques. Am J Roentgenol 191(6):1676–1683. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.07.4026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zou Y, Silver MD (2009) Elimination of blooming artifacts off stents by dual energy CT. In: Samei E, Hsieh J (eds) SPIE medical imaging, 2009, Lake Buena Vista, FL, vol 72581X. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.811696

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA

    Basel Yacoub, Josua Decker, U. Joseph Schoepf, Tilman Emrich, Jon F. Aldinger & Akos Varga-Szemes

  2. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany

    Josua Decker

  3. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany

    Tilman Emrich

  4. German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany

    Tilman Emrich

Authors
  1. Basel Yacoub
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Josua Decker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. U. Joseph Schoepf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Tilman Emrich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jon F. Aldinger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Akos Varga-Szemes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to U. Joseph Schoepf .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Hatem Alkadhi

  2. Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    André Euler

  3. Department of Radiology, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Köln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    David Maintz

  4. Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Dushyant Sahani

Ethics declarations

Disclosure of Interests

U. Joseph Schoepf has received institutional research support, consulting fees, and/or speaker honoraria from Bayer, Bracco, Elucid, GE, Guerbet, HeartFlow Inc., Keya Medical, and Siemens. Tilman Emrich has received a speaker fee and travel support from Siemens. Akos Varga-Szemes receives institutional research support from Siemens and is a consultant for Bayer and Elucid Bioimaging. The other authors have no potential conflict of interest to disclose.

Funding

This book chapter did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Yacoub, B., Decker, J., Schoepf, U.J., Emrich, T., Aldinger, J.F., Varga-Szemes, A. (2022). Clinical Applications in Cardiac Imaging. In: Alkadhi, H., Euler, A., Maintz, D., Sahani, D. (eds) Spectral Imaging. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96285-2_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96285-2_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-96284-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-96285-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation