Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Special Diets in Various Asian Populations and Their Effect on Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease in Asia

Part of the book series: Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection ((UHCP))

  • 701 Accesses

Abstract

Both hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are highly prevalent worldwide and Asia is no exception. The burden of these noncommunicable diseases has already reached epidemic proportions. A large part of this explosion of metabolic disorders is attributable to undesirable dietary patterns. On the other hand, beneficial dietary patterns have been identified and there is evidence to prove their effectiveness for both the prevention and management of hypertension and CVD. Overall, most evidence points towards the advantages of different versions of plant-based diets, particularly the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. There is also mounting evidence for the Mediterranean diet for reducing risk factors for, and adverse outcomes of, CVD. However, both these diets do contain animal protein, albeit to a limited extent. The Asian population is ethnically and genetically prone to insulin resistance and its consequences, including CVD. Native Asian diets are quite like the DASH diet. But increasing Westernization, automation, and sedentary behavioural habits have altered the original dietary patterns in these countries. There is a need to reinforce the introduction of DASH-like diets with lower sodium intakes to reduce the burden of CVD and hypertension in Asian regions because this is a cost-effective approach with known and substantial benefits.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R, Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360(9349):1903–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. INTERHEART Study Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364(9438):937–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ford ES, Bergmann MM, Kröger J, Schienkiewitz A, Weikert C, Boeing H. Healthy living is the best revenge: findings from the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(15):1355–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Chiuve SE, McCullough ML, Sacks FM, Rimm EB. Healthy lifestyle factors in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease among men: benefits among users and nonusers of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications. Circulation. 2006;114(2):160–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(16):1117–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(1):3–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Juraschek SP, Miller ER 3rd, Weaver CM, Appel LJ. Effects of sodium reduction and the DASH diet in relation to baseline blood pressure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(23):2841–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Kawamura A, Kajiya K, Kishi H, Inagaki J, Mitarai M, Oda H, et al. Effects of the DASH-JUMP dietary intervention in Japanese participants with high-normal blood pressure and stage 1 hypertension: an open-label single-arm trial. Hypertens Res. 2016;39:777–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Most MM. Estimated phytochemical content of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet is higher than in the Control Study Diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104(11):1725–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Juraschek SP, Millar CL, Foley A, Shtivelman M, Cohen A, McNally V, et al. The effects of a low sodium meal plan on blood pressure in older adults: the SOTRUE randomized feasibility trial. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):964.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. de Brito-Ashurst I, Perry L, Sanders TA, Thomas JE, Dobbie H, Varagunam M, et al. The role of salt intake and salt sensitivity in the management of hypertension in South Asian people with chronic kidney disease: a randomised controlled trial. Heart. 2013;99:1256–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jürgens G. Effects of low-sodium diet vs. high-sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride (Cochrane Review). Am J Hypertens. 2012;25(1):1–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Joshi S, Ettinger L, Liebman SE. Plant-based diets and hypertension. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2019;14(4):397–405.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Donnison CP. Blood pressure in the African native. Its bearing upon the aetiology of hyperpiesia and arterio-sclerosis. Lancet. 1929;1:6–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Morse WR, Beh YT. Blood pressure amongst aboriginal ethnic groups of Szechwan Province, West China. Lancet. 1937;229(5929):966–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Casley-Smith JR. Blood pressures in Australian aborigines. Med J Aust. 1959;49:627–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Anholm AC. Relationship of a vegetarian diet to blood-pressure. Prev Med. 1978;7:35–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Rouse IL, Armstrong BK, Beilin LJ. The relationship of blood pressure to diet and lifestyle in two religious populations. J Hypertens. 1983;1(1):65–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Yokoyama Y, Nishimura K, Barnard ND, Takegami M, Watanabe M, Sekikawa A, et al. Vegetarian diets and blood pressure: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(4):577–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Steffen LM, Kroenke CH, Yu X, Pereira MA, Slattery ML, Van Horn L, et al. Associations of plant food, dairy product, and meat intakes with 15-y incidence of elevated blood pressure in young black and white adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(6):1169–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Borgi L, Curhan GC, Willett WC, Hu FB, Satija A, Forman JP. Long-term intake of animal flesh and risk of developing hypertension in three prospective cohort studies. J Hypertens. 2015;33(11):2231–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Barnard ND, Kahleova H, Levin SM. The use of plant-based diets for obesity treatment. Int J Dis Reversal Prev. 2019;1(1):12.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP. Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2013;346:f1378.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Li D, Sinclair AJ, Mann NJ, Turner A, Ball MJ. Selected micronutrient intake and status in men with differing meat intakes, vegetarians and vegans. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2000;9(1):18–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Cook NR, Cohen J, Hebert PR, Taylor JO, Hennekens CH. Implications of small reductions in diastolic blood pressure for primary prevention. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155(7):701–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;12(12):CD004022.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Chiu S, Bergeron N, Williams PT, Bray GA, Sutherland B, Krauss RM. Comparison of the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet and a higher-fat DASH diet on blood pressure and lipids and lipoproteins: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(2):341–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Shannon OM, Mendes I, Köchl C, Mazidi M, Ashor AW, Rubele S, et al. Mediterranean diet increases endothelial function in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Nutr. 2020;150(5):1151–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, Covas M-I, Corella D, Arós F, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:e34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Davis CR, Hodgson JM, Woodman R, Bryan J, Wilson C, Murphy KJ. A Mediterranean diet lowers blood pressure and improves endothelial function: results from the MedLey randomized intervention trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;105:1305–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Enas EA, Garg A, Davidson MA, Nair VM, Huet BA, Yusuf S. Coronary heart disease and its risk factors in first-generation immigrant Asian Indians to the United States of America. Indian Heart J. 1996;48(4):343–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Hughes LO, Raval U, Raftery EB. First myocardial infarctions in Asian and white men. BMJ. 1989;298(6684):1345–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Palaniappan L, Wang Y, Fortmann SP. Coronary heart disease mortality for six ethnic groups in California, 1990-2000. Ann Epidemiol. 2004;14(7):499–506.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Shah SN, Core Committee Members: Billimoria AB, Mukherjee S, Kamath S, Munjal YP, Maiya M, Wander GS, Mehta N. Indian guidelines on management of hypertension (I.G.H) – IV 2019. Suppl J Assoc Phys India (JAPI). 2019;67(9):1–48.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/vASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults. Hypertension. 2018;71:e13–e115.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH). Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3021–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Te Riet L, van Esch JH, Roks AJ, van den Meiracker AH, Danser AH. Hypertension: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system alterations. Circ Res. 2015;116(6):960–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kawano Y, Minami J, Takishita S, Omae T. Effects of potassium supplementation on office, home, and 24-h blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1998;11:1141–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Gu D, He J, Wu X, Duan X, Whelton PK. Effect of potassium supplementation on blood pressure in Chinese: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Hypertens. 2001;19:1325–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Zheng PF, Shu L, Zhang XY, Si CJ, Yu XL, Gao W, et al. Association between dietary patterns and the risk of hypertension among Chinese: a cross-sectional study. Nutrients. 2016;8(4):239.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ravi S, Bermudez OI, Harivanzan V, Kenneth Chui KH, Vasudevan P, Must A, et al. Sodium intake, blood pressure, and dietary sources of sodium in an adult south Indian population. Ann Glob Health. 2016;82(2):234–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Liu J. Highlights of the 2018 Chinese hypertension guidelines. Clin Hypertens. 2020;26:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40885-020-00141-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Umemura S, Arima H, Arima S, Asayama K, Dohi Y, Hirooka Y, et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2019). Hypertens Res. 2019;42(9):1235–481.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Lee HY, Shin J, Kim GH, Park S, Ihm SH, Kim HC, et al. 2018 Korean Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension: part II-diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. Clin Hypertens. 2019;25:20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Lin HJ, Wang TD, Yu-Chih Chen M, Hsu CY, Wang KL, Huang CC, et al. 2020 Consensus Statement of the Taiwan Hypertension Society and the Taiwan Society of Cardiology on home blood pressure monitoring for the management of arterial hypertension. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2020;36(6):537–61.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Kashino I, Eguchi M, Miki T, Kochi T, Nanri A, Kabe I, et al. Prospective association between whole grain consumption and hypertension: the Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):902.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Gupta R, Pandey RM, Misra A, Agrawal A, Misra P, Dey S, et al. High prevalence and low awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Asian Indian women. J Hum Hypertens. 2012;26(10):585–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lee H, Jang HB, Yoo MG, Chung KS, Lee HJ. Protective effects of dietary MUFAs mediating metabolites against hypertension risk in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1928.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Hubert HB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, Castelli WP. Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1983;67:968–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Chuang SY, Chou P, Hsu PF, Cheng HM, Tsai ST, Lin IF, et al. Presence and progression of abdominal obesity are predictors of future high blood pressure and hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2006;19(8):788–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ávila-Escalante ML, Coop-Gamas F, Cervantes-Rodríguez M, Méndez-Iturbide D, Aranda-González II. The effect of diet on oxidative stress and metabolic diseases-clinically controlled trials. J Food Biochem. 2020;44(5):e13191.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Panagiotakos DB, Georgousopoulou EN, Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Skoumas I, Pitaraki E, et al. Exploring the path of Mediterranean diet on 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease: the ATTICA study (2002-2012). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;25(3):327–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Panagiotakos DB, Georgousopoulou EN, Georgiopoulos GA, Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Skoumas I, et al. Adherence to Mediterranean diet offers an additive protection over the use of statin therapy: results from the ATTICA study (2002-2012). Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2015;13(6):778–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Bathrellou E, Kontogianni MD, Chrysanthopoulou E, Georgousopoulou E, Chrysohoou C, Pitsavos C, et al. Adherence to a DASH-style diet and cardiovascular disease risk: the 10-year follow-up of the ATTICA study. Nutr Health. 2019;25(3):225–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Saulle R, Lia L, De Giusti M, La Torre G. A systematic overview of the scientific literature on the association between Mediterranean diet and the stroke prevention. Clin Ter. 2019;170(5):e396–408.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Wang Y, Ames NP, Tun HM, Tosh SM, Jones PJ, Khafipour E. High molecular weight barley β-glucan alters gut microbiota toward reduced cardiovascular disease risk. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:129.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Fung TT, Chiuve SE, McCullough ML, Rexrode KM, Logroscino G, Hu FB. Adherence to a DASH-style diet and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in women. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(7):713–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Carey VJ, Obarzanek E, Swain JF, Miller ER 3rd, et al. Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. JAMA. 2005;294(19):2455–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Henkin Y, Garber DW, Osterlund LC, Darnell BE. Saturated fats, cholesterol, and dietary compliance. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152(6):1167–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Torres-Peña JD, Garcia-Rios A, Delgado-Casado N, Gomez-Luna P, Alcala-Diaz JF, Yubero-Serrano EM, et al. Mediterranean diet improves endothelial function in patients with diabetes and prediabetes: a report from the CORDIOPREV study. Atherosclerosis. 2018;269:50–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Whitton C, Rebello SA, Lee J, Tai ES, van Dam RM. A healthy Asian a posteriori dietary pattern correlates with a priori dietary patterns and is associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors in a multiethnic Asian population. J Nutr. 2018;148(4):616–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Gadgil MD, Anderson CA, Kandula NR, Kanaya AM. Dietary patterns are associated with metabolic risk factors in South Asians living in the United States. J Nutr. 2015;145(6):1211–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Jaacks LM, Kapoor D, Singh K, Narayan KM, Ali MK, Kadir MM, et al. Vegetarianism and cardiometabolic disease risk factors: differences between South Asian and US adults. Nutrition. 2016;32(9):975–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Dehghan M, Mente A, Zhang X, Swaminathan S, Li W, Mohan V, et al.; Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study investigators. Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2017;390(10107):2050–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Gulati S, Misra A. Sugar intake, obesity, and diabetes in India. Nutrients. 2014;6(12):5955–74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Bhatnagar D, Anand IS, Durrington PN, Patel DJ, Wander GS, Mackness MI, et al. Coronary risk factors in people from the Indian subcontinent living in West London and their siblings in India. Lancet. 1995;345(8947):405–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. O’Keefe JH, Gheewala NM, O’Keefe JO. Dietary strategies for improving post-prandial glucose, lipids, inflammation, and cardiovascular health. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(3):249–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Belgaum Diabetes Centre, Weight Watch Centre, MM Dental College, Belgaum & USM-KLE International Medical Program, Belgaum, Karnataka, India

    Neeta Deshpande

Authors
  1. Neeta Deshpande
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Apollo Hospitals, Apollo Institute for Blood Pressure Management, Hyderabad, India

    C. Venkata S. Ram

  2. Head, Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin Sch of Med Natl Univ of Sin, Singapore, Singapore

    Boon Wee Jimmy Teo

  3. Department of Cardiology, Hero DMC Heart Institute, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

    Gurpreet S. Wander

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Deshpande, N. (2022). Special Diets in Various Asian Populations and Their Effect on Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease. In: Ram, C.V.S., Teo, B.W.J., Wander, G.S. (eds) Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease in Asia. Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95734-6_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95734-6_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-95733-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-95734-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation