Abstract
Nonverbal communication plays an instrumental role in the process of meeting someone in a potential romantic encounter, starting from determining if they are attractive, if they are interested in a relationship with us, and whether we would be compatible. In this chapter we highlight not just the nonverbal signs and signals of attraction, but attempt to articulate a deeper evolutionary derived meaning and reason for them. We examine the static features of faces and bodies that we find attractive, their relationship to health, fertility, and dominance (reproductive fitness), and then move to the dynamic nonverbal actions suggesting romantic interest, such as arousal and engagement, and finish by articulating those nonverbal markers that indicate attention, trust, and commitment. We hope this exploration of the static and dynamic characteristics of people will better illustrate how evolution can explain why and when people are attracted to each other.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acker, M., & Davis, M. H. (1992). Intimacy, passion and commitment in adult romantic relationships: A test of the triangular theory of love. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9(1), 21–50.
Andersson, M., & Simmons, L. W. (2006). Sexual selection and mate choice. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 21(6), 296–302.
Andersson, M. B. (1994). Sexual selection. Princeton University Press.
Armstrong, J. (2006). The secret power of beauty. Penguin Global.
Armstrong, N., & Welsman, J. R. (2001). Peak oxygen uptake in relation to growth and maturation in 11–17 year old humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 85, 546–551.
Aron, A., Melinat, E., Aron, E. N., Vallone, R. D., & Bator, R. J. (1997). The experimental generation of interpersonal closeness: A procedure and some preliminary findings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(4), 363–377.
Barelli, C., Heistermann, M., Boesch, C., & Reichard, U. H. (2007). Sexual swellings in wild white-handed gibbon females (Hylobates lar) indicate the probability of ovulation. Hormones and Behavior, 51(2), 221–230.
Berry, D. S., & McArthur, L. Z. (1985). Some components and consequences of a babyface. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(2), 312–323.
Bickman, L. (1974). The social power of a uniform. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4, 47–61.
Booth, A., & Dabbs, J. M. (1993). Testosterone and men’s marriages. Social Forces, 72, 463–477.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, volume 1 attachment. Basic Books.
Braxton-Davis, P. (2010). The social psychology of love and attraction. McNair Scholars Journal, 4(1), 6–12.
Brennan, P. (2010). Sexual selection. Nature Education Knowledge, 3(10), 79.
Brockner, J., & Swap, W. C. (1976). Effects of repeated exposure and attitudinal similarity on self-disclosure and interpersonal attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33(5), 531.
Burgoon, J. K. (1991). Relational interpretations of touch, conversational distance, and posture. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 15, 233–259.
Buss, D. (1994). The evolution of desire. Basic Books.
Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception–behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(6), 893–910. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.893
Coetzee, V., Faerber, S. J., Greeff, J. M., Lefevre, C. E., Re, D. E., & Perrett, D. I. (2012). African perceptions of female attractiveness. PLoS One, 7, e48116.
Coetzee, V., Perrett, D. I., & Stephen, I. D. (2009). Facial adiposity: A cue to health? Perception, 38, 1700–1711.
Collins, R., Lincoln, R., & Frank, M. G. (2002). The effect of rapport in forensic interviewing. Psychiatry, Psychology, & Law, 9, 69–78.
Darwin, C. (1871). The descent of man: Selection in relation to sex. John Murray.
Darwin, C. (1872/1998). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. (3rd Ed.) With introduction, afterword, and commentary by Paul Ekman. New York: Oxford University Press.
DeBruine, L. M. (2014). Women’s preferences for male facial features. In V. A. Weekes-Shackelford & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Evolutionary perspectives on human sexual psychology and behavior (pp. 261–275). Springer.
DeBruine, L. M., Jones, B. C., Little, A. C., Boothroyd, L. G., Perrett, D. I., Penton-Voak, I. S., . . . Tiddeman, B. P. (2006). Correlated preferences for facial masculinity and ideal or actual partner’s masculinity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 273, 1355–1360.
DeSteno, D., Breazeal, C., Frank, R. H., Pizarro, D., Baumann, J., Dickens, L., & Lee, J. J. (2012). Detecting trustworthiness of novel partners in economic exchange. Psychological Science, 23(12), 1549–1556.
Diamond, L. (2003). What does sexual orientation orient? A biobehavioral model distinguishing romantic love and sexual desire. Psychological Review, 110(1), 173–192. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.110.1.173
Dunbar, R. I. M. (2010). The social role of touch in humans and primates: Behavioural function and neurobiological mechanisms. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews, 34, 260–268.
Ekman, P. (1978). Facial signs: Facts, fantasies, and possibilities. In T. Sebeok (Ed.), Sight, sound, and sense (pp. 124–156). Indiana University Press.
Ekman, P. (2003). Emotions revealed: Recognizing faces and feelings to improve emotional life. Times Books/Henry Holt & Co.
Elliot, A. J., & Niesta, D. (2008). Romantic red: Red enhances men’s attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1150–1164.
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Youth: Change and challenge. Basic books.
Farkas, L. G. (1987). Age-and sex-related changes in facial proportions. In L. G. Farkas & I. R. Munro (Eds.), Anthropometric facial proportions in medicine (pp. 29–56). Charles C Thomas Publisher Ltd.
Fink, B., Grammer, K., & Thornhill, R. (2001). Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness in relation to skin texture and color. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 115, 92–99.
Fisher, H. E. (1999). The first sex: The natural talents of women and how they are changing the world. Random House.
Frank, M. G., & Shaw, A. Z. (2016). Evolution and nonverbal communication. In D. Matsumoto, H. C. Hwang, & M. G. Frank (Eds.), Handbook of nonverbal communication (pp. 45–76). American Psychological Association press.
Frank, M. G., & Svetieva, E. (2013). The role of nonverbal behavior in detecting and telling lies. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Hall (Eds.), Nonverbal communication (pp. 471–511). Mouton de Gruyter.
Frank, M. G., Yarbrough, J. D., & Ekman, P. (2006). Improving interpersonal evaluations: Combining science and practical experience. In T. Williamson (Ed.), Investigative interviewing: Rights, research, regulation (pp. 229–255). Willan Publishing.
Frank, R. H. (1988). Passions within reason: The strategic role of the emotions. W. W. Norton.
Furnham, A., & Baguma, P. (1994). Cross-cultural differences in the evaluation of male and female body shapes. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 15(1), 81–89.
Furnham, A., Moutafi, J., & Baguma, P. (2002). A cross-cultural study on the role of weight and waist-to-hip ratio on female attractiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(4), 729–745.
Furnham, A., Swami, V., & Shah, K. (2006). Body weight, waist-to-hip ratio and breast size correlates of ratings of attractiveness and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(3), 443–454.
Galperin, A., & Haselton, M. (2010). Predictors of how often and when people fall in love. Evolutionary Psychology, 8(1), 147470491000800102.
Gao, G. (2001). Intimacy, passion, and commitment in Chinese and US American romantic relationships. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25(3), 329–342.
Gawley, T., Perks, T., & Curtis, J. (2009). Height, gender, and authority status as work: Analyses or a national sample of Canadian workers. Sex Roles, 60, 208–222.
Glowacki, Z. R., Frank, M. G., & Neurohr, M. (2021). Do we like Honest Signal Givers? An Evolutionary lens comparing different facial displays of disgust on various traits. Paper to be presented at the Annual National Communication Association Conference, Seattle, November 18–21.
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Penguin.
Golle, J., Mast, F. W., & Lobmaier, J. S. (2014). Something to smile about: The interrelationships between attractiveness and emotional expression. Cognition & Emotion, 28(2), 298–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.817383
Gonzaga, G. C., & Haselton, M. G. (2008). The evolution of love and long-term bonds. Social Relationships: Cognitive, Affective, and Motivational Processes, 10, 39.
Gonzaga, G. C., Turner, R. A., Keltner, D., Campos, B., & Altemus, M. (2006). Romantic love and sexual desire in close relationships. Emotion, 6(2), 163.
Gorn, G. J., Jiang, Y., & Johar, G. V. (2008). Babyfaces, trait inferences, and company evaluations in a public relations crisis. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(1), 36–49.
Gottman, J. M. (1994). What predicts divorce? The relationship between marital processes and marital outcomes. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Grady, D., & Ernster, V. (1992). Does cigarette smoking make you ugly and old? American Journal of Epidemiology, 135(8), 839–842.
Grammer, K., & Thornhill, R. (1994). Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: The role of symmetry and averageness. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 108, 233–242.
Guerrero, L. K., & Andersen, P. A. (1991). The waxing and waning of relational intimacy: Touch as a function of relational stage, gender, and touch avoidance. Journal of Personal and Social Relationships, 8, 147–165.
Hall, E. T. (1966). The hidden dimension. Doubleday.
Hall, J. A., & Xing, C. (2015). The verbal and nonverbal correlates of the five flirting styles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 39(1), 41–68.
Han, S., Li, Y., Liu, S., Xu, Q., Tan, Q., & Zhang, L. (2018). Beauty is in the eye of the beholder: The halo effect and generalization effect in the facial attractiveness evaluation. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 50(4), 363–376.
Hensley, W. E. (1990). Pupillary dilation revisited: The constriction of a nonverbal cue. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 97–104.
Hess, E. H. (1965). Attitude and pupil size. Scientific American, 212, 45–54.
Hosken, D. J., & House, C. M. (2011). Sexual selection. Current Biology, 21(2), 62–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.053
Jablonski, N. G., & Chaplin, G. (2000). The evolution of human skin coloration. Journal of Human Evolution, 39, 57–106.
Jenner, B. M., & Myers, K. C. (2019). Intimacy, rapport, and exceptional disclosure: A comparison of in-person and mediated interview contexts. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 22(2), 165–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2018.1512694
Johnston, V. S., & Franklin, M. (1993). Is beauty in the eye of the beholder? Ethology and Sociobiology, 14(3), 183–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(93)90005-3
Jones, B. C. (2014). Agreement and individual differences in men’s preferences for women’s facial characteristics. In V. A. Weekes-Shackelford & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Evolutionary perspectives on human sexual psychology and behavior (pp. 87–102). Springer.
Jones, B. C., Little, A. C., Burt, D. M., & Perrett, D. I. (2004). When facial attractiveness is only skin deep. Perception, 33, 569–576.
Kowner, R. (1996). Facial asymmetry and attractiveness judgement in developmental perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22(3), 662.
Kurtz, D. L. (1969). Physical appearance and stature: Important variables in sales recruiting. The Personnel Journal, 48, 981–983.
Langlois, J. H., & Roggman, L. A. (1990). Attractive faces are only average. Psychological Science, 1, 115–121.
Lieberman, D. Z., & Long, M. E. (2018). The molecule of more: How a single chemical in your brain drives love, sex, and creativity – And will determine the fate of the human race. BenBella Books, Inc.
Lipson, S. F., & Ellison, P. T. (1996). Comparison of salivary steroid profiles in naturally occurring conception and non-conception cycles. Human Reproduction, 11, 2090–2096.
Little, A. C. (2014). Domain specificity in human symmetry preferences: Symmetry is most pleasant when looking at human faces. Symmetry, 6, 222–233. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym6020222
Little, A. C., DeBruine, L. M., & Jones, B. C. (2014). Sex differences in attraction to familiar and unfamiliar opposite-sex faces: Men prefer novelty and women prefer familiarity. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(5), 973–981.
Little, A. C., & Jones, B. C. (2012). Variation in facial masculinity and symmetry preferences across the menstrual cycle is moderated by relationship context. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 999–1008.
Little, A. C., Jones, B. C., Burt, D. M., & Perrett, D. I. (2007). Preferences for symmetry in faces change across the menstrual cycle. Biological Psychology, 76, 209–216.
Little, A. C., Penton-Voak, I. S., Burt, D. M., & Perrett, D. I. (2002). Evolution and individual differences in the perception of attractiveness.: How cyclic hormonal changes in self-perceived attractiveness influence female preferences for male faces. In G. Rhodes & L. A. Zebrowitz (Eds.), Facial attractiveness (pp. 59–90). Ablex.
Masip, J., Garrido, E., & Herrero, C. (2003). Facial appearance and judgments of credibility: The effects of facial babyishness and age on statement credibility. Genetic Social and General Psychology Monographs, 129(3), 269.
Matsumoto, D., Frank, M. G., & Hwang, H. C. (2013). Nonverbal communication: Science and applications. Sage.
Matsumoto, D., Hwang, H. C., & Frank, M. G. (2016). The body: Postures, gait, proxemics, and haptics. In D. Matsumoto, H. C. Hwang, & M. G. Frank (Eds.), Handbook of nonverbal communication (pp. 387–400). American Psychological Association press.
Maynard-Smith, J. (1989). Evolutionary genetics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854215-5
McArthur, L. Z., & Apatow, K. (1983–84). Impressions of baby-faced adults. Social Cognition, 2(4), 315–342.
McKinney, K., & Sprecher, S. (1991). Sexuality in close relationships. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
Moore, M. M. (1985). Nonverbal courtship patterns in women: Context and consequences. Ethology and Sociobiology, 6, 237–247.
Moore, M. M. (1998). Nonverbal courtship patterns in women: Rejection signaling – An empirical investigation. Semiotica, 118(3–4), 201–214.
Moreland, R. L., & Zajonc, R. B. (1982). Exposure effects in person perception: Familiarity, similarity, and attraction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18(5), 395–415.
Morris, D. (1967). The naked ape. Delta.
Morris, D. (1985). Bodywatching: A field guide to the human species. Outlet.
Muehlenbein, M. P., & Bribiescas, R. G. (2005). Testosterone-mediated immune functions and male life histories. American Journal of Human Biology, 17, 527–558.
Muehlenhard, C. L., Koralewski, M. A., Andrews, S. L., & Burdick, C. A. (1986). Verbal and nonverbal cues that convey interest in dating: Two studies. Behavior Therapy, 17(4), 404–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(86)80071-5
Myers, N. E., Stokes, M. G., & Nobre, A. C. (2017). Prioritizing information during working memory: Beyond sustained internal attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(6), 449–461.
Novotny, E., Frank, M. G., & Grizzard, M. (2021). A laboratory study comparing the effectiveness of verbal and nonverbal rapport-building techniques in interviews. Communication Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2021.1975141
Paunonen, S. V., Ewan, K., Earthy, J., Lefave, S., & Goldberg, H. (1999). Facial features as personality cues. Journal of Personality, 67(3), 555–583.
Penton-Voak, I. S., Jacobson, A., & Trivers, R. (2004). Populational differences in attractiveness judgements of male and female faces: Comparing British and Jamaican samples. Evolution and Human Behavior, 25, 355–370.
Penton-Voak, I. S., Jones, B. C., Little, A. C., et al. (2001). Symmetry, sexual dimorphism in facial proportions and male facial attractiveness. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 268(1476), 1617–1623.
Penton-Voak, I. S., Little, A. C., Jones, B. C., Burt, D. M., Tiddeman, B. P., & Perrett, D. I. (2003). Female condition influences preferences for sexual dimorphism in faces of male humans (Homo sapiens). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 117, 264–271.
Perrett, D. I., Lee, K. J., Penton-Voak, I., et al. (1998). Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness. Nature, 394(6696), 884–887.
Peskin, M., & Newell, F. N. (2004). Familiarity breeds attraction: Effects of exposure on the attractiveness of typical and distinctive faces. Perception, 33(2), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1068/p5028
Re, D. E., & Rule, N. O. (2016). Appearance and physiognomy. In D. Matsumoto, H. C. Hwang, & M. G. Frank (Eds.), Handbook of nonverbal communication (pp. 221–256). American Psychological Association press.
Rhodes, G. (2006). The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 199–226. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190208
Rhodes, G., Chan, J., Zebrowitz, L. A., & Simmons, L. W. (2003). Does sexual dimorphism in human faces signal health? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 270, S93–S95.
Rhodes, G., Yoshikawa, S., Clark, A., Lee, K., McKay, R., & Akamatsu, S. (2001). Attractiveness of facial averageness and symmetry in non-Western populations: In search of biologically based standards of beauty. Perception, 30, 611–625.
Richner, H., & Wilson, K. (2019). Reproductive behavior and parasites. In J. C. Choe (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior (2nd ed., pp. 718–726). Elsevier.
Ryder, H., Maltby, J., Rai, L., Jones, P., & Flowe, H. D. (2016). Women’s fear of crime and preference for formidable mates: How specific are the underlying psychological mechanisms? Evolution and Human Behavior, 37(4), 293–302.
Scott, I. M., Clark, A. P., Josephson, S. C., Boyette, A. H., Cuthill, I. C., Fried, R. L., … Honey, P. L. (2014). Human preferences for sexually dimorphic faces may be evolutionarily novel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(40), 14388–14393. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1409643111
Sekerdej, M., Simão, C., Waldzus, S., & Brito, R. (2018). Keeping in touch with context: Non-verbal behavior as a manifestation of communality and dominance. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 42(3), 311–326.
Sim, S., Shin, J. E., & Sohn, Y. W. (2019). Effects of non-verbal priming on attachment-style activation. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 684.
Simpson, J. A. (2007). Psychological foundations of trust. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(5), 264–268.
Singh, D. (2002). Female mate value at a glance: Relationship of waist-to-hip ratio to health, fecundity, and attractiveness. Neurodndocrinoloy Letters, 23, 81–91.
Snyder, J. K., Fessler, D. M., Tiokhin, L., Frederick, D. A., Lee, S. W., & Navarrete, C. D. (2011). Trade-offs in a dangerous world: Women’s fear of crime predicts preferences for aggressive and formidable mates. Evolution and Human Behavior, 32(2), 127–137.
Stass, J. W., & Willis, F. N. (1967). Eye contact, pupil dilation, and personal preference. Psychonomic Science, 7(10), 375–376.
Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93(2), 119.
Swami, V., Furnham, A., Balakumar, N., Williams, C., Canaway, K., & Stanistreet, D. (2008). Factors influencing preferences for height: A replication and extension. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(5), 395–400.
Swami, V., & Tovée, M. J. (2005). Female physical attractiveness in Britain and Malaysia: A cross-cultural study. Body Image, 2(2), 115–128.
Thornhill, R., & Gangestad, S. W. (1999). Facial attractiveness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, 452–460.
Tickle-Degnen, L., & Rosenthal, R. (1987). Group rapport and nonverbal behavior. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 113–136.
Tickle-Degnen, L., & Rosenthal, R. (1990). The nature of rapport and its nonverbal correlates. Psychological Inquiry, 1(4), 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0104_1
Tinlin, R. M., Watkins, C. D., Welling, L. L. M., DeBruine, L. M., Al-Dujaili, E. A. S., & Jones, B. C. (2012). Perceived facial adiposity conveys information about women’s health. British Journal of Psychology, 104, 235–248.
Toma, C. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2010). Looks and lies: The role of physical attractiveness in online dating self-presentation and deception. Communication Research, 37(3), 335–351.
Vacharkulksemsuk, T., Reit, E., Khambatta, P., Eastwick, P. W., Finkel, E. J., & Carney, D. R. (2016). Dominant, open nonverbal displays are attractive at zero-acquaintance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(15), 4009–4014.
Valentine, T., Darling, S., & Donnelly, M. (2004). Why are average faces attractive? The effect of view and averageness on the attractiveness of female faces. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 482–487.
Wade, T. J. (2010). The relationships between symmetry and attractiveness and mating relevant decisions and behavior: A review. Symmetry, 2, 1081–1098.
Wade, T. J., Fisher, M. L., & Clark, E. (2021). I saw him first: Competitive nonverbal flirting among women, the tactics used and their perceived effectiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110898
Williams, G. C. (2020). Sex and evolution. (MPB-8), Vol. 8. Princeton University Press.
Zahavi, A. (1975). Mate selection—A selection for a handicap. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 53, 205–214.
Zak, P. J. (2012). The moral molecule: The source of love and prosperity. Random House.
Zebrowitz, L. A., & Franklin, R. G. (2014). The attractiveness halo effect and the babyface stereotype in older and younger adults: Similarities, own-age accentuation, and older adult positivity effects. Experimental Aging Research, 40(3), 375–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073x.2014.897151
Zebrowitz, L. A., & Rhodes, G. (2004). Sensitivity to “bad genes” and the anomalous face overgeneralization effect: Cue validity, cue utilization, and accuracy in judging intelligence and health. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28(3), 167–185.
Zeifman, D., & Hazan, C. (1997). A process model of adult attachment formation. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research and interventions (pp. 179–195). Wiley.
Zuckerman, M., Miserandino, M., & Bernieri, F. (1983). Civil inattention exists – In elevators. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 578–586.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Frank, M.G., Solbu, A., Glowacki, Z.R., Toh, Z., Neurohr, M. (2022). The Look of Love: Evolution and Nonverbal Signs and Signals of Attraction. In: Sternberg, R.J., Kostić, A. (eds) Nonverbal Communication in Close Relationships. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94492-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94492-6_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-94491-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-94492-6
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)