Abstract
This chapter argues that any rights that have been secured through what Colin Williams called the ‘legislative turn’ in minority language policy tend to be rights held by the individual against the state. Against this backdrop, Dunbar analyses three recent pieces of legislation in Wales, all of which impose obligations on the government to consider the impact of a wide range of policy decisions on the language itself. He argues that this is an important development in language legislation, as it recognises that policy-making in areas which are not obviously related to language, such as economic development and land-use planning, can have a significant impact on a language. As such, these enactments move beyond the individual rights of speakers and recognise a broader communal interest in the language.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. 1982. Part I, Constitution Act, 1982, enacted as Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982, 1982 c. 11 (UK). https://web.archive.org/web/20160110221331/; http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-15.html. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Capotorti, F. 1979. Study on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities. New York: United Nations.
Charter of the French Language. 1977. CQLR c C-1. https://www.canlii.org/en/qc/laws/stat/cqlr-c-c-11/latest/cqlr-c-c-11.html. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Council of Europe. 1992. Explanatory Report to the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages. Council of Europe.
Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg. 2021. ‘Human Dam’ to Prevent the Collapse of Welsh Communities. https://cymdeithas.cymru/node/52807. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities. Adopted by General Assembly resolution 47/135 of 18 December 1992. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/Minorities.aspx. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE. 1990. https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/d/7/19394.pdf. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Dunbar, R. 2012. Article 7. Objectives and Principles. In The Interpretation and Implementation of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, ed. I. Urrutia et al., 185–244. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Dunbar, R. 2013. The Uneasy Relationship between Language Issues and Socio-economic Participation: Linguistically Sensitive Approaches to Participation. In The Interrelationship between the Right to Identity of Minorities and their Socioeconomic Participation, ed. K. Henrard, 205–226. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
Dunbar, R. 2016. Language Legislation and Policy in the UK and Ireland: Different Aspects of Territoriality in a ‘Celtic’ Context. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 23 (4): 454–484.
Eastaugh, É.L. 2017–2020. Enforcing Part VII of the Official Languages Act: the Structure of s. 41 as a Legal Norm. Revue du droit linguistique 4: 1–51.
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. 1992. ETS No. 148. https://www.coe.int/en/web/european-charter-regional-or-minority-languages/text-of-the-charter. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. 1995. ETS No. 157. https://rm.coe.int/16800c10cf. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005. 2005 asp 7. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2005/7/contents. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Gaeltacht Act 2012. Number 34 of 2012. http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2012/act/34/enacted/en/html. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Kymlicka, W. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Mac Giolla Chríost, D. 2016. The Welsh Language Commissioner in Context: Roles, Methods and Relationships. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Mitnick, E.J. 2006. Rights, Groups, and Self-Invention: Group-Differentiated Rights in Liberal Theory. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Nogueira López, A., E.J. Ruiz Vieytez, and I. Urrutia Libarona, eds. 2012. Shaping language rights: Commentary on the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in light of the Committee of Experts’ evaluation, Regional or Minority Languages No. 9. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.
Ó Flatharta, P., S. Sandberg and C.H. Williams. 2014. From Act to Action: Implementing Language Legislation in Finland, Ireland and Wales. Dublin: Fiontar, Ollscoil Chathair Bhaile Átha Cliath.
Official Languages Act, 1969. 1970 R.S.C., Chapter 0–2. https://www.uottawa.ca/clmc/official-languages-act-1969. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Official Languages Act, 1988. R.S.C., 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.). https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/O-3.01/FullText.html. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Official Languages Act, 2003. Number 32 of 2003. http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2003/act/32/enacted/en/html. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Ó hAoláin, P. 2009. Economic Development through Language: The Gaeltacht Experience. In Language and Economic Development: Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, and Scotland, ed. J.M. Kirk and D.P. Ó Baoill, 61–69. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona.
Ó hAoláin, P. 2011. Sustaining Minority Language Communities: Yin and Yang Juncture for Irish! In Sustaining Minority Language Communities: Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, and Scotland, ed. J.M. Kirk and D.P. Ó Baoill, 81–88. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona.
Patten, A., and W. Kymlicka. 2003. Introduction: Language Rights and Political Theory: Context, Issues, and Approaches. In Language Rights and Political Theory, ed. W. Kymlicka and A. Patten, 1–51. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004, 2004 c. 5. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/5. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Planning (Wales) Act 2015. 2015 anaw 4. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/anaw/2015/4/contents/enacted. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Strubell, M. 2001. Catalan a decade later. In Can Threatened Languages Be Saved? Reversing Language Shift Revisited: A 21st Century Perspective, ed. J.A. Fishman, 260–283. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Town and Country Planning Act 1990. 1990 c. 8. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/8/contents. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Walsh, J. 2006. Language and socio-economic development: Experiences from the Scottish Gàidhealtachd and the Irish Gaeltacht. In Revitalising Gaelic in Scotland: Policy, Planning and Public Discourse, ed. W. McLeod, 257–278. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press.
Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015. 2015 anaw 2. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/anaw/2015/2/contents/enacted. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Welsh Government. 2016a. Shared Purpose, Shared Future: Statutory Guidance on the Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015, SPSF 1: Core Guidance. Cardiff: Welsh Government.
Welsh Government. 2016b. Shared Purpose, Shared Future: Statutory Guidance on the Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015, SPSF 2: Individual role (public bodies). Cardiff: Welsh Government.
Welsh Language Act 1993. 1993 c. 38. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1993/38/contents. Accessed 20 July 2021.
The Welsh Language Standards (No. 1) Regulations 2015. 2015 No. 996 (W.68). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2015/996/contents/made. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011. 2011 nawm 1. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/mwa/2011/1/contents/enacted. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Williams, C.H. 2013. Perfidious Hope: The Legislative Turn in Official Minority Language Regimes. Regional & Federal Studies 23 (1): 101–122.
Woehrling, J-M. 2006. The European charter for regional or minority languages: A critical commentary. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dunbar, R. (2022). Recent Legal Developments in Wales: Moving Beyond Individual to Group Rights?. In: McLeod, W., Dunbar, R., Jones, K., Walsh, J. (eds) Language, Policy and Territory. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94346-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94346-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-94345-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-94346-2
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)