Skip to main content

Digital Media Use and Social Inclusion: A Case Study of East York Older Adults

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Vulnerable People and Digital Inclusion

Abstract

Digital media is essential for sustaining communication with various types of social ties. However, older adults (aged 65+) are reported to be the least likely to use digital media. While statistics show that older adults are increasingly using more digital media, evidence shows this is predominantly aging long-term users of digital media rather than older adults adopting new digital media. To investigate this “grey divide” and adoption of digital media by older adults, this study qualitatively analyses semi-structured interviews of 41 individuals aged 65 and older from the East York region of Toronto, Canada. Our findings suggest that satisfaction with personal digital skill levels and attitudes toward digital media influence the adoption of new digital technology in older adults. Additionally, we discuss the benefits and challenges older adults face when deciding to adopt new digital technologies. Finally, we discuss key implications of this research and provide insights for training and policy development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anderson, M. (2019). Mobile technology and home broadband 2019. Pew Research Center. Retrieved December 19, 2019, from https://www.pewresearch.org/Internet/2019/06/13/mobile-technology-and-home-broadband-2019/

  • Baecker, R., Sellen, K., Crosskey, S., Boscart, V., & Neves, B. B. (2014, October). Technology to reduce social isolation and loneliness. In Proceedings of the 16th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility (pp. 27–34).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blank, G., Dutton, W. H., & Lefkowitz, J. (2020). OxIS 2019. Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://ssrn.com/abstract=3538301

  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brokaw, T. (1998). The greatest generation. Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castleton, A. (2019). Ageing and technology. Carleton University. Retrieved December 6, 2019, from https://curve.carleton.ca/7d7d2820-ec01-4d13-a5ad-071114e0582e

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP). (2015). Healthy aging at a glance. Retrieved January 1, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/pdf/2015/healthy-aging-aag.pdf

  • Choi, R. N., Kong, S., & Jung, D. (2012). Computer and Internet interventions for loneliness and depression in older adults. Healthcare Informatics Research, 18(3), 191–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chopik, W. J. (2016). The benefits of social technology use among older adults are mediated by reduced loneliness. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 19(9), 551–556.

    Google Scholar 

  • City of Toronto. (2018). Toronto at a glance. Retrieved November 14, 2019, from https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/data-research-maps/toronto-at-a-glance/

  • Coelho, J. B., & Duarte, C. (2016). A literature survey on older adults’ use of social network services and social applications. Computers in Human Behavior, 58(c), 187–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornwell, E. Y., & Waite, L. J. (2009). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and health among older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(1), 31–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotten, S. R., Anderson, W. A., & McCullough, B. M. (2013). Impact of Internet use on loneliness and contact with others among older adults. Journal of Media Internet Research, 15(2), e39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotten, S. R., Ford, G., Ford, S., & Hale, T. M. (2014). Internet use and depression among older adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(2), 496–499.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Bruin, W. B., Parker, A. M., & Strough, J. (2020). Age differences in reported social networks and well-being. Psychology and Aging, 35(2), 159–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, E .E., Martin, J. D., & Wood, R. (2013). Media use in the Middle East. Retrieved December 6, 2019, from https://www.qatar.northwestern.edu/docs/publications/research/2013-Media-Use-Middle-East.pdf

  • Dickens, A., Richards, S., Greaves, C., & Campbell, J. (2011). Interventions targeting social isolation in older people. BMC Public Health, 11(647).

    Google Scholar 

  • Elueze, I., & Quan-Haase, A. (2018). Privacy attitudes and concerns in the digital lives of older adults. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(10), 1372–1391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, J., Rikard, R. V., Cotten, S., & Kadylak, T. (2017). Does ICT use matter? Information, Communication & Society, 22(9), 1281–1294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friemel, T. N. (2014). The digital divide has grown. New Media & Society, 18(2), 313–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, A. (2009). The social capital of older people. Ageing and Society, 29(1), 5–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hage, E., van Offenbeek, M., & Boonstra, A. (2020). New rules of engagement. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 25(2), 182–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haight, M., Quan-Haase, A., & Corbett, B. (2014). Revisiting the digital divide in Canada. Information, Communication & Society, 17(4), 503–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanninen, R., Taipale, S., & Luostari, R. (2020). Exploring heterogenous ICT use among older adults. New Media & Society, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargittai, E., & Dobransky, K. (2017). Old dogs, new clicks. Canadian Journal of Communication, 42(2), 196–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helsper, E. J. (2017). The social relativity of digital exclusion. Communication Theory, 27(3), 223–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, R., Betts, L. R., & Gardner, S. E. (2015). Older adults’ experiences and perceptions of digital technology. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 415–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holladay, S. J., & Seipke, H. L. (2007). Communication between grandparents and grandchildren in geographically separated relationships. Communication Studies, 58(3), 281–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hope, A., Schwaba, T., & Piper, A. M. (2014). Understanding digital and material social communications for older adults. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 3903–3912.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houghton, C., Casey, D., Shaw, D., & Murphy, K. (2013). Rigour in qualitative case-study research. Nurse Researcher, 20(4), 12–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunsaker, A., & Hargittai, E. (2018). A review of Internet use among older adults. New Media & Society, 20(10), 3937–3954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunsaker, A., Nguyen, M. H., Fuchs, J., Djukaric, T., Hugentobler, L., & Hargittai, E. (2019). He explained it to me and I also did it myself. Socius: Sociological Research, 5, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Internetstiftelson. (2019). The Swedes and the Internet 2017. Svenskarna Och Internet. Retrieved December 6, 2019, from https://svenskarnaochInternet.se/rapporter/svenskarna-och-Internet-2017/the-swedes-and-the-Internet-2017-summary/

  • Ke, Y. (2015). Aging on WeChat. Journal of Visual and Media Anthropology, 1(1), 8–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kezer, M., Sevi, B., Cemalcilar, Z., & Baruh, L. (2016). Age differences in privacy attitudes, literacy, and privacy management on Facebook. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 10(1), 52–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khalaila, R., & Vitman-Schorr, A. (2018). Internet use, social networks, loneliness, and quality of life among adults aged 50 and older. Quality of Life Research, 27, 479–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knowles, B., & Hanson, V. L. (2018). The wisdom of older technology (non)users. Communications of the ACM, 61(30), 72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loos, E. F. (2012). Senior citizens. Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, 6(1), 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, W., & Hampton, K. N. (2017). Beyond the power of networks. New Media and Society, 19(6), 861–879.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luders, M., & Brandtzaeg, P. B. (2017). My children tell me it’s so simple. New Media & Society, 19(2), 230–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maeb, W. (2011). The elderly and the Internet. In S. Trepte & L. Reinecke (Eds.), Privacy online (pp. 235–249). Springer Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattais, H., Hargittai, E., Buchi, M., & Seifert, A. (2019). Older adults’ online information seeking and subjective well-being. International Journal of Communication, 13, 4426–4443.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKechnie, L. E. F., Chabot, R., Dalmer, N., Julien, H., & Mabbott, C. (2016). Writing and reading the results. Information Research, 21(4), isic1604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mok, D., Wellman, B., & Carrasco, J. A. (2010). Does distance matter in the age of the Internet? Urban Studies, 47(13), 2747–2783.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, S. (2019). Older adults and technology. Stanford Center on Longevity. Retrieved December 6, 2019, from http://longevity.stanford.edu/2019/05/30/older-adults-and-technology-moving-beyond-the-stereotypes/

  • Neves, B. B., Amaro, F., & Fonseca, J. R. S. (2013). Coming of (old) age in the digital age. Sociological Research Online, 18(2), 22–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neves, B. B., Franz, R., Judges, R., Beermann, C., & Baecker, R. (2019). Can digital technology enhance social connectedness among older adults? Journal of Applied Gerontology, 38(1), 49–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrin, A., & Anderson, M. (2019). Share of U.S. adults using social media, including Facebook, is mostly unchanged since 2018. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/10

  • Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone. Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quan-Haase, A. (2020). Technology and society (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quan-Haase, A., & Ho, D. (2020). Online privacy concerns and privacy protection strategies among older adults in East York, Canada. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 71(9).

    Google Scholar 

  • Quan-Haase, A., Martin, K., & Schreurs, K. (2016). Interviews with digital seniors. Information, Communication & Society, 19(5), 691–707.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quan-Haase, A., Mo, G. Y., & Wellman, B. (2017). Connected seniors. Information, Communication & Society, 20(7), 967–998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quan-Haase, A., Wang, H., Zhang, A., & Wellman, B. (2018). Weaving family connections on and offline. In B. B. Neves & C. Casimiro (Eds.), Connecting families (pp. 57–77). Policy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quan-Haase, A., Williams, C., Kicevski, M., Elueze, I., & Wellman, B. (2018). Dividing the grey divide. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(9), 1207–1228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quan-Haase, A., Zhang, A., Wang, H., & Wellman, B. (2019). Older adults on digital media in a networked society. In M. Graham & W. H. Dutton (Eds.), Society and the internet (2nd ed., pp. 96–108). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quintana, D., Cervantes, A., Sáez, Y., & Isasi, P. (2018). Internet use and psychological well-being at advanced age. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(3), 480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rios, J. S., Wohn, D. Y., & Lee, Y. H. (2019). Effect of Internet literacy in understanding older adults’ social capital and expected Internet support. Communication Research Reports, 36(2), 93–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, L., Cotten, S. R., Ono, H., Quan-Haase, A., Mesch, G., Chen, W., Schulz, J., Hale, T. M., & Stern, M. J. (2015). Digital inequalities and why they matter. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 569–582.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, L., Schulz, J., Blank, G., Ragnedda, M., Ono, H., Hogan, B., Mesch, G., Cotten, S. R., Kretchmer, S. B., Hale, T. M., Drabowicz, T., Yan, P., Wellman, B., Harper, M. G., Quan-Haase, A., Dunn, H. S., Casilli, A. A., Tubaro, P., Carveth, R., … Stern, M. J. (2020). Digital inequalities 2.0. First Monday, 25(7). Retrieved May 5, 2020, from https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/10842

  • Schreurs, K., Quan-Haase, A., & Martin, K. (2017). Problematizing the digital literacy paradox in the context of older adults’ ICT use. Canadian Journal of Communication, 42(2). Retrieved December 6, 2019, from http://www.cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/3130

  • Selwyn, N. (2003). Schooling the mobile generation. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 24(2), 131–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selwyn, N. (2004). Reconsidering political and popular understandings of the digital divide. New Media & Society, 6(3), 341–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sferrazza, F. (2016, November). How the Internet is empowering China’s older generation. Sixth Tone. Retrieved December 6, 2019, from https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1551/how-the-Internet-is-empowering-chinas-older-generation

  • Shaw, L. H., & Gant, L. M. (2002). In defense of the internet. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 5(2), 157–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. (2014). Older adults and technology use. Pew Research Center. Retrieved December 6, 2019, from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2014/04/03/older-adults-and-technology-use/

  • Statistics Canada. (2019a, October). Canadian Internet use survey. Retrieved December 6, 2019, from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/191029/dq191029a-eng.htm

  • Statistics Canada. (2019b). Census profile, 2016 census. Retrieved December 6, 2019, from https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E

  • Stone, M. E., Lin, J., Dannefer, D., & Kelley-Moore, J. A. (2017). The continued eclipse of heterogeneity in gerontological research. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 72(1), 162–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taipale, S., & Hanninen, R. (2018). More years, more technology? Human Technology, 14(3), 258–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toronto City Planning. (2018). Toronto and East York. Retrieved December 6, 2019, from https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/977c-City_Planning_2016_Census_Profile_2014_Wards_CCA_TorontoEastYork.pdf

  • Tsai, H. S., Shillair, R., Cotten, S. R., Winstead, V., & Yost, E. (2015). Getting grandma online. Educational Gerontology, 41(10), 695–709.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaportzis, E., Giatsi Clausen, M., & Gow, A. J. (2017). Older adults’ perceptions of technology and barriers to interacting with tablet computers: A focus group study. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(1687).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ware, C., Damnee, S., Djabelkhir, L., Cristancho, V., Wu, Y-H., Benovici, J., Pino, M., & Rigaud, A.-S. (2017). Maintaining cognitive functioning in healthy seniors with a technology-based foreign language program. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9(42).

    Google Scholar 

  • Waycott, J., Vetere, F., Pedell, S., Morgans, A., Orzanne, E., & Kulik, L. (2016). Not for me. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellman, B. (1979). The community question. American Journal of Sociology, 84, 1201–1231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellman, B., & Wortley, S. (1990). Different strokes from different folks. American Journal of Sociology, 96, 558–588.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R. (2019, January). One in five people aged 75 and over now use a smartphone. iNews UK. Retrieved December 6, 2019, from https://inews.co.uk/news/one-in-five-people-aged-75-and-over-now-use-a-smartphone-157778

  • Wu, Y. H., Damnee, S., Kerherve, H., Ware, C., & Rigaud, A. S. (2015). Bridging the digital divide in older adults. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 10, 193–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaitsu, M., Kawachi, I., Ashida, T., Kondo, K., & Kondo, N. (2018). Participation in community group activities among older adults. Journal of Epidemiology, 28(11), 452–457.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research benefited from financial support from the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Grant Number: SSHRC 435-2015-1444). We are grateful to those who have advised and supported us, especially those who transcribed and coded the interviews. Thanks also go to Christian Beermann, Brent Berry, Isioma Elueze, Maria Kicevski, Lilia Smale, Helen Hua Wang, Barry Wellman, and Renwen Alice Zhang. Most of all, we owe immense gratitude to the residents of East York who welcomed us into their homes.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anabel Quan-Haase .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Quan-Haase, A., Harper, MG., Hwang, A. (2022). Digital Media Use and Social Inclusion: A Case Study of East York Older Adults. In: Tsatsou, P. (eds) Vulnerable People and Digital Inclusion. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94122-2_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics