Abstract
The incidence of cancer is an emerging public health problem in Nigeria. Using secondary data from the University College Hospital Ibadan from 1993 to 2012, the study investigated the spatial–temporal incidence of prostate cancer. Questionnaire was also administered to 120 prostate cancer patients to establish the risk factor habits associated with cancer in Ibadan metropolis. The study objectives are to examine how some socioeconomic characteristics have predisposed patients to the modifiable risk factors and examine the spatial variation in the incidence rate of prostate cancer among the five local government areas for a period of 20 years (1993–2012). The findings of the study show that income and level of education have a significant influence on predisposing people to the modifiable risk factors of smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, animal fat intake, red meat consumption, and calcium intake. Time-series analysis presents a strong positive relationship in the incidence of prostate cancer. This shows that the income status and educational status of patients play an integral role as a risk factor for prostate cancer in the Ibadan metropolis. Secondary evidence presented shows that the built environment (industrialization, pollution effect) in the sampled local government areas (LGAs) plays a vital role in the rate of dwellers’ exposure to cancer.
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Appendices
Appendices
1.1 Appendix 1 Relationship Between Education and Modifiable Risk Factors
Smoking by level of education | |||||||
Chi-square tests | Symmetric measures | ||||||
Value | df | Asymp. sig. (2-sided) | Value | Approx. sig. | |||
Pearson’s chi-square | 8.026a | 3 | 0.045 | Nominal by nominal | Phi | 0.259 | 0.045 |
Likelihood ratio | 8.157 | 3 | 0.043 | Cramer’s V | 0.259 | 0.045 | |
Linear-by-linear association | 6.760 | 1 | 0.009 | N of valid cases | 120 | ||
N of valid cases | 120 | ||||||
Alcohol consumption by level of education | |||||||
Chi-square tests | Symmetric measures | ||||||
Value | df | Asymp. sig. (2-sided) | Value | Approx. sig. | |||
Pearson’s chi-square | 9.888a | 3 | 0.020 | Nominal by nominal | Phi | 0.287 | 0.020 |
Likelihood ratio | 15.194 | 3 | 0.002 | Cramer’s V | 0.287 | 0.020 | |
Linear-by-linear association | 7.621 | 1 | 0.006 | N of valid cases | 120 | ||
N of valid cases | 120 | ||||||
Physical activity by level of education | |||||||
Chi-square tests | Symmetric measures | ||||||
Value | df | Asymp. sig. (2-sided) | Value | Approx. sig. | |||
Pearson chi-square | 83.601a | 12 | 0.000 | Nominal by nominal | Phi | 0.835 | 0.000 |
Likelihood ratio | 91.508 | 12 | 0.000 | Cramer’s V | 0.482 | 0.000 | |
Linear-by-linear association | 2.897 | 1 | 0.089 | N of valid cases | 120 | ||
N of valid cases | 120 | ||||||
Animal fat intake by level of education | |||||||
Chi-square tests | Symmetric measures | ||||||
Value | df | Asymp. sig. (2-sided) | Value | Approx. sig. | |||
Pearson’s chi-square | 88.664a | 9 | 0.000 | Nominal by nominal | Phi | 0.860 | 0.000 |
Likelihood ratio | 96.041 | 9 | 0.000 | Cramer’s V | 0.496 | 0.000 | |
Linear-by-linear association | 3.819 | 1 | 0.051 | N of valid cases | 120 | ||
N of valid cases | 120 | ||||||
Red meat intake by level of education | |||||||
Chi-square tests | Symmetric measures | ||||||
Value | df | Asymp. sig. (2-sided) | Value | Approx. sig. | |||
Pearson’s chi-square | 43.321a | 6 | 0.000 | Nominal by nominal | Phi | 0.601 | 0.000 |
Likelihood ratio | 41.543 | 6 | 0.000 | Cramer’ s V | 0.425 | 0.000 | |
Linear-by-linear association | 3.085 | 1 | 0.079 | N of valid cases | 120 | ||
N of valid cases | 120 | ||||||
1.2 Appendix 2 Relationship Between Monthly Income and Selected Modifiable Risk Factors
Alcohol consumption by income | |||||||
Chi-square tests | Symmetric measures | ||||||
Value | df | Asymp. sig. (2-sided) | Value | Approx. sig. | |||
Pearson’s chi-square | 9.019a | 3 | 0.029 | Nominal by nominal | Phi | 0.274 | 0.029 |
Likelihood ratio | 11.847 | 3 | 0.008 | Cramer’s V | 0.274 | 0.029 | |
Linear-by-linear association | 4.658 | 1 | 0.031 | N of valid cases | 120 | ||
N of valid cases | 120 | ||||||
Physical activity by income | |||||||
Chi-square tests | Symmetric measures | ||||||
Value | df | Asymp. sig. (2-sided) | Value | Approx. sig. | |||
Pearson’s chi-square | 73.939a | 12 | 0.000 | Nominal by nominal | Phi | 0.785 | 0.000 |
Likelihood ratio | 80.876 | 12 | 0.000 | Cramer’s V | 0.453 | 0.000 | |
Linear-by-linear association | 2.055 | 1 | 0.152 | N of valid cases | 120 | ||
N of valid cases | 120 | ||||||
Calcium intake by income | |||||||
Chi-square tests | Symmetric measures | ||||||
Value | df | Asymp. sig. (2-sided) | Value | Approx. sig. | |||
Pearson’s chi-square | 74.375a | 9 | 0.000 | Nominal by nominal | Phi | 0.787 | 0.000 |
Likelihood ratio | 84.587 | 9 | 0.000 | Cramer’s V | 0.416 | 0.455 | |
Linear-by-linear association | 0.189 | 1 | 0.663 | N of valid cases | 120 | ||
N of valid cases | 120 | ||||||
Red meat intake by income | |||||||
Chi-square tests | Symmetric measures | ||||||
Value | df | Asymp. sig. (2-sided) | Value | Approx. sig. | |||
Pearson’s chi-square | 72.553a | 6 | 0.000 | Nominal by nominal | Phi | 0.778 | 0.000 |
Likelihood ratio | 55.200 | 6 | 0.000 | Cramer’s V | 0.550 | 0.000 | |
Linear-by-linear association | 0.019 | 1 | 0.890 | N of valid cases | 120 | ||
N of valid cases | 120 | ||||||
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Oduwaiye, A., Ikwuyatum, G., Popoola, A., Oni, F. (2022). Prostate Cancer Incidence and the Consumable Risk Factor Effect in the Metropolitan City of Ibadan. In: Chatoui, H., Merzouki, M., Moummou, H., Tilaoui, M., Saadaoui, N., Brhich, A. (eds) Nutrition and Human Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93971-7_18
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