Abstract
The demand for different types of fuels has been exacerbated by population increase worldwide within the past decade. This has warranted a paradigm shift in the global energy sector from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, such as solar, biomass, and wind. While this energy transition (ET) varies from country to country, natural gas appears to be most adaptable to the needs of consumers worldwide, effectively complementing renewable energy sources. This is based on its availability potential as a clean energy source (compared to existing fossil fuels) and the production of fewer chemicals which contribute to emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). This chapter analyses the use of natural gas in the ET movement to mitigate climate change impacts and as an energy-efficient innovation. It also analyses the key drivers which natural gas-rich countries must consider in fostering innovations to natural gas policy and research. This chapter discusses the applicable legislative framework for natural gas in Nigeria against these drivers, considering the socio-economic implications of its usage by 2030. This chapter identifies that policy action and reform facilitate sustainable pathways for natural gas in Nigeria, arguing that the usage of natural gas as a complement for other renewable energy sources can facilitate diversity in technology, innovation, research and development and establishment of strong regulatory and policy frameworks. This chapter concludes with recommendations for a collaborative, inclusive process for stakeholders in the energy sector, which will influence natural gas research, law and policy, and transform energy systems to meet low-carbon energy transition objectives and obligations.
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Notes
- 1.
Olawuyi (2015, pp. 1–25).
- 2.
Olawuyi (2015).
- 3.
Guterres (2019).
- 4.
Pachauri and Meyer (2014).
- 5.
- 6.
World Economic Forum (2020).
- 7.
World Economic Forum (2020).
- 8.
World Economic Forum (2020).
- 9.
World Economic Forum (2020).
- 10.
World Economic Forum (2020).
- 11.
Olawuyi (2021, p. 8).
- 12.
Maduekwe (2015).
- 13.
- 14.
- 15.
- 16.
BP (2020).
- 17.
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2020). Nigeria.
- 18.
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2020). Nigeria.
- 19.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (2020).
- 20.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (2020).
- 21.
Toledano et al. (2020).
- 22.
World Economic Forum (2020, p. 11).
- 23.
World Economic Forum (2020, p. 11).
- 24.
UNFCCC (2015), Article 2(1).
- 25.
UNFCCC (2015), Article 2(1) and Article 4(1).
- 26.
Verkuijl et al. (2018, p. 3).
- 27.
De Souza (2017, p. 1).
- 28.
Reuters Staff (2016).
- 29.
African Energy Chamber (2021).
- 30.
Johnston et al. (2020, p. 6).
- 31.
Agyei-Sakyi et al. (2021, p. 19).
- 32.
World Economic Forum (2020, p. 9).
- 33.
Africanews (2021).
- 34.
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2021). Singapore.
- 35.
Agyei-Sakyi et al. (2021, p. 4).
- 36.
Agyei-Sakyi et al. (2021, p. 19).
- 37.
CIA. The World Fact Book: Nigeria (2021).
- 38.
World Population Review. Nigeria Population (2021).
- 39.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA): Population Division (2019), p. 12.
- 40.
Omoregie (2018).
- 41.
Government of Nigeria (2021a) Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), International Energy Agency (IEA) (2018).
- 42.
Oni (2020, p. 425).
- 43.
Associated Gas Re-injection Act 1979; National Gas Master Plan and Policy and the National Gas Flare Commercialization Programme, see Government of Nigeria (2021b).
- 44.
Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership and World Bank Group (2020, p. 5).
- 45.
Dataphyte (2020).
- 46.
Adeniji and Osazuwa (2021a).
- 47.
GECF (2021)
- 48.
- 49.
- 50.
S&P Global Platts (2021).
- 51.
Business Wire (2021).
- 52.
S 44 (3), 1999 Constitution; Item 39 of the Exclusive Legislative List; s 1, Petroleum Act 1990.
- 53.
See Olawuyi (2018).
- 54.
Oni (2020, p. 427).
- 55.
Oni (2020, p. 428).
- 56.
The main natural gas pipeline transportation in Nigeria such as the Alakiri-Obigbo-Ikot Abasis (Pipeline) (the Eastern Network), the Escravus-Lagos Pipeline System (the Western Network), and the proposed Ajaokuta-Kaduna-Kano gas pipeline connecting the North are all owned by the Nigerian Gas Processing and Transportation Company (NGPTC), a subsidiary of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. However, the NGPTC has granted franchises to private parties like Shell Nigeria Gas, Gaslink Nigeria Limited, and Falcon Corporation Limited to facilitate development of gas distribution infrastructure in specified markets on a build, own, operated, and transfer (BOOT) basis. Adeniji and Osazuwa (2021a, p. 187).
- 57.
Jegede and Idiaru (2020).
- 58.
- 59.
Banjo (2019, p. 49).
- 60.
The Petroleum Industry Act (2021).
- 61.
- 62.
The Petroleum Industry Act (PIA) (2021, Ss 104–105).
- 63.
PIA (2021, S 108).
- 64.
Ibid., S 105.
- 65.
Ibid., S 260 (2).
- 66.
EY (2021).
- 67.
OSIWA (2014, p. 7).
- 68.
PIA, S 154 (a)(b).
- 69.
S 149, 150, 152.
- 70.
Ibid., S 138–140.
- 71.
S 160.
- 72.
S 157; 167–170.
- 73.
DPR Nigerian Gas Transportation Network Code (NGTNC) (2021).
- 74.
Oni (2020, p. 427).
- 75.
This Programme is designed to implement the policy objectives of the Federal Government of Nigeria for elimination of gas flares through technically and commercially sustainable gas utilization projects developed by competent third-party investors who will participate via a bidding process. Nigerian Gas Flare Commercialization Programme. https://ngfcp.dpr.gov.ng/ Accessed May 20, 2021.
- 76.
- 77.
Oni (2020, p. 428).
- 78.
Oni (2020, p. 428).
- 79.
With this flare-out deadline not realized, the adoption of the Flare Gas Regulations 10 (2018), ten years after the 2008 deadline, provides for a prohibition on producers, that is, holders of an OML or an allottee of a marginal field from flaring gas without a valid certificate issued by the Minister of Petroleum Resources. The Regulations also establish payment for gas flaring on producers who flare gas within an OML area or marginal field. Ss 12 and 13, Flare Gas Regulations (2018); FOEI (2009); VOA (2009).
- 80.
- 81.
Johnston et al. (2020, p. 16).
- 82.
Mshelia (2013).
- 83.
Maduekwe (2015).
- 84.
The World Bank (2021a).
- 85.
The World Bank (2021c).
- 86.
The World Bank (2021b).
- 87.
Mshelia (2013).
- 88.
Energy and Electricity Consumption by Sector, Electricity Generation by Source/Energy Mix, and Total Energy Supply and Consumption by Source—International Energy Agency (IEA) (2021) Nigeria.
- 89.
Rural Electrification Agency (2017) Rural Electrification Strategy and Implementation Plan (RESIP).
- 90.
Oni (2020, pp. 425–426).
- 91.
European Commission (2021) A European Green Deal.
- 92.
- 93.
Nalule (2021, p. 471).
- 94.
Energy Commission of Nigeria (2021).
- 95.
For example, a research report titled “Tackling Nigeria’s Energy Poverty through Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Initiatives: A Case Study of Lagos State” (2021) has recently been produced by NIALS. The research report which is currently being reviewed was actualized on the basis of a small research grant from the ECOWAS-ECREE to NIALS in September 2020. The first draft of the Research Report was submitted on 16 June 2021.
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Ladan, M.T., Okukpon, I., Maduekwe, N.C. (2022). Energy Transitions and the Future of Natural Gas Law, Policy, and Research. In: Olawuyi, D.S., Pereira, E.G. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Natural Gas and Global Energy Transitions. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91566-7_24
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