Abstract
This afterword for the book section on global intersex provides an overview of nomenclature, global medicine, connected intersex and LGBT communities, and the application of universal human rights principles. It brings together and contextualises the chapters in this section, underscoring their interconnectedness and relationships to a globalised medical discourse, and increasingly global intersex movements and academic studies. It identifies a multiplicity of voices and perspectives—some included within this collection and others absent—seeking to recognise the impact of colonialism and colonial languages on the multiple different values and beliefs that give different meanings to the existence of people with intersex variations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Intersex Genital Mutilation.
References
African Intersex Movement. (2017). Public Statement by the African Intersex Movement. https://www.astraeafoundation.org/stories/public-statement-african-intersex-movement/
AIS Support Group Australia, Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand, Organisation Intersex International Australia, Black, E., Bond, K., Briffa, T., Carpenter, M., Cody, C., David, A., Driver, B., Hannaford, C., Harlow, E., Hart, B., Hart, P., Leckey, D., Lum, S., Mitchell, M. B., Nyhuis, E., O’Callaghan, B., Perrin, S., Smith, C., Williams, T., Yang, I., & Yovanovic, G. (2017). Darlington Statement. https://darlington.org.au/statement
Amor, D. (2020). Genetic Counselling. In J. M. Hutson, S. R. Grover, M. A. O’Connell, A. Bouty, & C. A. Hanna (Eds.), Disorders|Differences of Sex Development: An Integrated Approach to Management (pp. 281–293). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7864-5_21
Armstrong, C. N. (1957). The Clinical Diagnosis of Sex. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, 51 (October), 23–26.
Association of Russian Speaking Intersex. (2018). Statement on the Use of the Abbreviation “LGBTI” in Relation to Events in the Chechen Republic. https://arsintersex.org/en/statement-on-the-use-of-the-abbreviation-lgbti-in-relation-to-events-in-the-chechen-republic/
Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice. (2016). We Are Real: The Growing Movement Advancing the Human Rights of Intersex People. http://www.astraeafoundation.org/wearereal/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Astraea-Intersex-ReportWEB.pdf
Behrens, K. G. (2020). A Principled Ethical Approach to Intersex Paediatric Surgeries. BMC Medical Ethics, 21(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-020-00550-x
Brunet, L., & Salle, M. (2016). Categorizing and Attributing the Sex of Individuals: History of the Science, Law and Ethics. In S. Montañola & A. Olivesi (Eds.), Gender Testing in Sport: Ethics, Cases and Controversies (pp. 60–88). Routledge.
Carpenter, M. (2018). The “Normalisation” of Intersex Bodies and “Othering” of Intersex Identities. In J. Scherpe, A. Dutta, & T. Helms (Eds.), The Legal Status of Intersex Persons (pp. 445–514). Intersentia. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781780687704.028
Carpenter, M. (2020). Genomics and Genetic Selection. https://ihra.org.au/eugenics/
Casas-Cortés, M., Osterweil, M., & Powell, D. E. (2008). Blurring Boundaries: Recognizing Knowledge-Practices in the Study of Social Movements. Anthropological Quarterly, 81(1), 17–58. https://doi.org/10.1353/anq.2008.0006
Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2015). Concluding Observations on the Combined Second to Fourth Periodic Reports of Switzerland (CRC/C/CHE/CO/2-4). United Nations.
Dreger, A. (2018). Twenty Years of Working Toward Intersex Rights. In Bioethics in Action (pp. 55–73). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316343197.004
Eckert, L. (2017). Intersexualization: The Clinic and the Colony (Routledge Advances in Critical Diversities). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
George, S. N., Sowah, D. A., Bedzrah, E., & Forjour, J. N. (2021). Promotion of Proper Human Sexual Rights and Ghanaian Family Values Bill, 2021.
Gillam, L. (2020). Ethical Principles for the Management of DSD. In J. M. Hutson, S. R. Grover, M. A. O’Connell, A. Bouty, & C. A. Hanna (Eds.), Disorders|Differences of Sex Development: An Integrated Approach to Management (pp. 179–192). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7864-5_15
Government of Iceland. (2020). Act on Gender Autonomy No 80 /2019 as Amended by Act No. 159/2019, No. 152/2020 and No. 154/2020. https://www.government.is/library/04-Legislation/Act%20on%20Gender%20Autonomy%20No%2080_2019.pdf
Greenberg, J. (1999). Defining Male and Female: Intersexuality and the Collision Between Law and Biology. Arizona Law Review, 41, 265–328.
Hamilton, B. R., Lima, G., Barrett, J., Seal, L., Kolliari-Turner, A., Wang, G., Karanikolou, A., Bigard, X., Löllgen, H., Zupet, P., Ionescu, A., Debruyne, A., Jones, N., Vonbank, K., Fagnani, F., Fossati, C., Casasco, M., Constantinou, D., Wolfarth, B., … Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2021, March). Integrating Transwomen and Female Athletes with Differences of Sex Development (DSD) into Elite Competition: The FIMS 2021 Consensus Statement. Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01451-8
Holmes, M. (2004, July). Locating Third Sexes. Transformations, Regions of Sexuality, 8. http://www.transformationsjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Holmes_Transformations08.pdf
Hughes, I. A., Houk, C., Ahmed, S. F., Lee, P. A., & LWPES/ESPE Consensus Group. (2006). Consensus Statement on Management of Intersex Disorders. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91, 554–563. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2006.098319
Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. (2015). PGD Conditions Licensed by the HFEA. http://guide.hfea.gov.uk/pgd/
Intersex Asia. (2018, February 17). Statement of Intersex Asia and Asian Intersex Forum. Intersex Day. https://intersexday.org/en/intersex-asia-2018/
Intersex Asia. (2019, August 12). UN Intersex Fact Sheet. Intersex Asia (Blog). https://intersexasia.org/resources/more-resources/un-intersex-fact-sheet/
Intersex Human Rights Australia and Intersex Peer Support Australia. (2020, October 26). Inclusive Practice. https://ihra.org.au/inclusion/
Kaggwa, J. (2015, September 16). A General Overview on Lived Realities of Being Intersex in Uganda and the East African Region. Presented at the Expert Meeting on Ending Human Rights Violations Against Intersex Persons, Geneva.
Kaggwa, J. (2016a, September 16). I’m an Intersex Ugandan – Life Has Never Felt More Dangerous. The Guardian, sec. World news. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/16/intersex-ugandan-lgbt-gay-rights-life-never-felt-more-dangerous
Kaggwa, J. (2016b, October 9). Understanding Intersex Stigma in Uganda. Intersex Day. http://intersexday.org/en/understanding-stigma-uganda/
Karkazis, K., & Carpenter, M. (2018). Impossible “Choices”: The Inherent Harms of Regulating Women’s Testosterone in Sport. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 15(4), 579–587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-018-9876-3
Karkazis, K., & Jordan-Young, R. M. (2018). The Powers of Testosterone: Obscuring Race and Regional Bias in the Regulation of Women Athletes. Feminist Formations, 30(2), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1353/ff.2018.0017
Kuhnle, U., & Krahl, W. (2002). The Impact of Culture on Sex Assignment and Gender Development in Intersex Patients. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 45(1), 85–103. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2002.0011
Lee, P. A., Nordenström, A., Houk, C. P., Faisal Ahmed, S., Auchus, R., Baratz, A., Baratz Dalke, K., Liao, L., Lin-Su, K., Looigenga, L. H. J., 3rd, Mazur, T., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Mouriquand, P., Quigley, C. A., Sandberg, D. E., Vilain, E., & Witchel, S. (2016). Global Disorders of Sex Development Update Since 2006: Perceptions, Approach and Care. Hormone Research in Pædiatrics, 85(3), 158–180. https://doi.org/10.1159/000442975
Lichtenstein, P. M. (1921). The “Fairy” and the Lady Lover. Medical Review of Reviews, 27, 369–374.
Lugones, M. (2007). Heterosexualism and the Colonial/Modern Gender System. Hypatia, 22(1), 186–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2007.tb01156.x
Malta. (2015). Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act: Final Version. http://justiceservices.gov.mt/DownloadDocument.aspx?app=lp&itemid=26805&l=1
Monro, S., Carpenter, M., Crocetti, D., Davis, G., Garland, F., Griffiths, D., Hegarty, P., Travis, M., Cabral Grinspan, M., & Aggleton, P. (2021). Intersex: Cultural and Social Perspectives. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 23(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2021.1899529
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2019). Background Note on Human Rights Violations Against Intersex People. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Discrimination/Pages/BackgroundViolationsIntersexPeople.aspx
OII Europe. (2017, April 20). STATEMENT of the 1st European Intersex Community Event (Vienna, 30th – 31st of March 2017). OII Europe (Blog). https://oiieurope.org/statement-1st-european-intersex-community-event-vienna-30st-31st-march-2017/
OII Europe. (2018). Portugal Adopts Law Protecting Intersex People. https://oiieurope.org/portugal-adopts-law-protecting-intersex-people/
OII Europe. (2021, March 30). A Good First Step: Germany Adopts Law Banning IGM. But There Is Still Room for Improvement. OII Europe (Blog). https://oiieurope.org/a-good-first-step-germany-adopts-law-banning-igm/
OII Europe. (Undated). Map – European Intersex Visibility Works! Intervisibility. https://intervisibility.eu/map/
Participants at the Latin American and Caribbean Regional Conference of Intersex Persons. (2018, April 13). San José de Costa Rica Statement. Brújula Intersexual (Blog). https://brujulaintersexual.org/2018/04/13/san-jose-de-costa-rica-statement/
Public Statement of UN and Regional Human Rights Experts. (2016). End Violence and Harmful Medical Practices on Intersex Children and Adults, UN and Regional Experts Urge. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20739&LangID=E
Rajesh, B. (2019). Orders of the Hon’ble Madurai Bench of Madras High Court Dated 22.04.2019 in W.P. (MD) No. 4125/2019 and 3220/2019 Filed by Arunkumar and Sreeja. Health and Family Welfare Department.
Raming, I. (2004). A History of Women and Ordination (Vol. 2, 2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press.
Razzaghy-Azar, M., Karimi, S., & Shirazi, E. (2017). Gender Identity in Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem.12537
Regmi, E. (2016). Stories of Intersex People from Nepal. Kathmandu.
Reis, E. (2012). Chapter 3: The Conflation of Hermaphrodites and Sexual Perverts at the Turn of the Century. In Bodies in Doubt: An American History of Intersex (pp. 55–81). Johns Hopkins University Press.
Sachedina, A. (2009). Organ Donation and Cosmetic Enhancement. In Islamic Biomedical Ethics Principles and Application. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378504.003.0007
Somerville, S. B. (2000). Queering the Color Line: Race and the Invention of Homosexuality in American Culture (Series Q). Duke University Press.
Stoller, R. J., & Herdt, G. H. (1985). Theories of Origins of Male Homosexuality: A Cross-Cultural Look. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42(4), 399–404. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790270089010
Third International Intersex Forum. (2013). Malta Declaration: Public Statement by the Third International Intersex Forum. https://ihra.org.au/24241/public-statement-by-the-third-international-intersex-forum/
Timmermans, S., Yang, A., Gardner, M., Keegan, C. E., Yashar, B. M., Fechner, P. Y., Shnorhavorian, M., Vilain, E., Siminoff, L. A., & Sandberg, D. E. (2018). Does Patient-Centered Care Change Genital Surgery Decisions? The Strategic Use of Clinical Uncertainty in Disorders of Sex Development Clinics. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146518802460
Vora, K. A., & Srinivasan, S. (2020). A Guide to Differences/Disorders of Sex Development/Intersex in Children and Adolescents. Australian Journal of General Practice, 49(7), 417–422. https://doi.org/10.31128/AJGP-03-20-5266
Warne, G., & Bhatia, V. (2006). Intersex, East and West. In S. E. Sytsma (Ed.), Ethics and Intersex (Vol. 29, pp. 183–205). Kluwer Academic Publishers. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/1-4220-4314-7_11
Warne, G. L., & Raza, J. (2008). Disorders of Sex Development (DSDs), Their Presentation and Management in Different Cultures. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 9(3), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-008-9084-2
Zainuddin, A. A., & Abdullah Mahdy, Z. (2017). The Islamic Perspectives of Gender-Related Issues in the Management of Patients with Disorders of Sex Development. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(2), 353–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0754-y
Acknowledgements
The author thanks Christopher F. C. Jordens and Cody Smith for reviewing draft versions of this paper for style and grammar.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Carpenter, M. (2022). Global Intersex, an Afterword: Global Medicine, Connected Communities, and Universal Human Rights. In: Walker, M. (eds) Interdisciplinary and Global Perspectives on Intersex. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91475-2_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91475-2_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-91474-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-91475-2
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)