Abstract
Root nodule symbiosis (RNS) is a mutualistic interaction between rhizobia and host legumes. Genetic and genomic resources generated by the Medicago community provide an ideal platform for understanding the symbiotic interaction between Medicago truncatula and its symbiotic partner Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) sp.. “Nod Factor,” the chemical messenger secreted by rhizobia activates developmental cues to establish RNS. Root nodule development consists of a series of events starting from rhizobial recognition and infection at the root epidermal cells, transcriptomic changes in the symbiotically hallmarked root cells followed by the activation of several parallel signal transduction pathways. These coordinate the connectivity of the epidermal to inner root cell layers to initiate nodule primordia formation. Root nodule development is a finely tuned process where nodule organogenesis is synchronized with rhizobial infection, and the nodule number is controlled by a systemic signal. RNS is governed by the gene regulatory network driven by transcription factors. In this chapter, we present an overview of how transcription factor-guided transcriptional networks control cascade of events during nitrogen-fixing root nodule genesis.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alunni B, Gourion B (2016) Terminal bacteroid differentiation in the legume-rhizobium symbiosis: nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptides and beyond. New Phytol 211:411–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14025
Andriankaja A, Boisson-Dernier A, Frances L et al (2007) AP2-ERF transcription factors mediate nod factor-dependent Mt ENOD11 activation in root hairs via a novel cis-regulatory motif. Plant Cell 19:2866–2885. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.107.052944
Ané J-M, Kiss GB, Riely BK et al (2002) Medicago truncatula DMI1 required for bacterial and fungal symbioses in legumes. Annu Rev Biochem 269:30. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1093038
Ariel F, Brault-Hernandez M, Laffont C et al (2012) Two direct targets of cytokinin signaling regulate symbiotic nodulation in medicago truncatula. Plant Cell 24:3838–3852. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.112.103267
Arrighi J-FX, Barre A, Ben Amor B et al (2006) The medicago truncatula lysine motif-receptor-like kinase gene family Includes NFP and new nodule-expressed genes 1[W]. Plant Physiol 142:265–279. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.106.084657
Azarakhsh M, Kirienko AN, Zhukov VA et al (2015) KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX 3: a new regulator of symbiotic nodule development. J Exp Bot 66:7181–7195. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv414
Baudin M, Laloum T, Lepage A et al (2015) A phylogenetically conserved group of nuclear factor-Y transcription factors interact to control nodulation in legumes. Plant Physiol 169:2761–2773. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.15.01144
Benezech C, Berrabah F, Jardinaud MF et al (2020) Medicago-sinorhizobium-ralstonia co-infection reveals legume nodules as pathogen confined infection sites developing weak defenses. Curr Biol 30:351-358.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.066
Barnett MJ et al (2001) Nucleotide sequence and predicted functions of the entire Sinorhizobium meliloti pSymA megaplasmid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:9883–9888
Berrabah F, Bourcy M, Cayrel A et al (2014a) Growth conditions determine the DNF2 requirement for symbiosis. PLoS ONE 9:91866. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091866
Berrabah F, Bourcy M, Eschstruth A et al (2014b) A nonRD receptor-like kinase prevents nodule early senescence and defense-like reactions during symbiosis. New Phytol 203:1305–1314. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12881
Bourcy M, Brocard L, Pislariu CI et al (2013) Medicago truncatula DNF2 is a PI-PLC-XD-containing protein required for bacteroid persistence and prevention of nodule early senescence and defense-like reactions. New Phytol 197:1250–1261. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12091
Breakspear A, Liu C, Roy S et al (2014) The root hair “infectome” of medicago truncatula uncovers changes in cell cycle genes and reveals a requirement for auxin signaling in rhizobial infectionw. Plant Cell 26:4680–4701. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.133496
Cai J, Zhang LY, Liu W et al (2018) Role of the nod factor hydrolase MtNFH1 in regulating nod factor levels during rhizobial infection and in mature nodules of medicago truncatula. Plant Cell 30:397–414. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.17.00420
Catalano CM, Kirk, Czymmek J, et al (2007) Medicago truncatula syntaxin SYP132 deWnes the symbiosome membrane and infection droplet membrane in root nodules. Planta 225:541–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-006-0369-y
Cerri MR, Frances L, Laloum T et al (2012) Medicago truncatula ERN transcription factors: regulatory interplay with NSP1/NSP2 GRAS factors and expression dynamics throughout rhizobial infection. Plant Physiol 160:2155–2172. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.203190
Charpentier M, Oldroyd GED (2013) Nuclear calcium signaling in plants. Plant Physiol 163:496–503. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.220863
Clarke VC, Loughlin PC, Day DA et al (2014). Transport Processes of the Legume Symbiosome Membrane. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00699
Combier JP, Frugier F, De Billy F et al (2006) MtHAP2-1 is a key transcriptional regulator of symbiotic nodule development regulated by microRNA169 in Medicago truncatula. Genes Dev 20:3084–3088. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.402806
Couzigou JM, Zhukov V, Mondy S et al (2012) NODULE ROOT and COCHLEATA maintain nodule development and are legume orthologs of arabidopsis BLADE-ON-PETIOLE genesw oa. Plant Cell 24:4498–4510. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.112.103747
Crawford NM, Forde BG (2002) Molecular and developmental biology of inorganic nitrogen nutrition. Arab B 1:e0011. https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0011
Crespi M, Frugier F (2009) Erratum: De novo organ formation from differentiated cells: root nodule organogenesis (Sci. Signal. (2009) 2 (er1)). Sci Signal 2:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.253er1
De Bruijn FJ (2019) Rhizobial release, symbiosomes, and bacteroid formation: introduction. Model Legum Medicago truncatula 589–590. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119409144.ch73
De La Peña TC, Fedorova E, Pueyo JJ, Mercedes Lucas M (2018) The symbiosome: legume and rhizobia co-evolution toward a nitrogen-fixing organelle? Front Plant Sci 8:1–26. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.02229
De Zélicourt A, Diet A, Marion J et al (2012) Dual involvement of a medicago truncatula NAC transcription factor in root abiotic stress response and symbiotic nodule senescence. Plant J 70:220–230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04859.x
Deng J, Zhu F, Liu J et al (2019) Transcription factor bHLH2 represses CYSTEINE PROTEASE77 to negatively regulate nodule senescence. Plant Physiol 181:1683–1703. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.19.00574
Devers EA (2019) Mir171h restricts root symbioses and shows, like its target NSP2, a complex transcriptional regulation in Medicago truncatula. Model Legum Medicago truncatula 975–986. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119409144.ch124
Dong W, Zhu Y, Chang H, et al (2021) An SHR-SCR module specifies legume cortical cell fate to enable nodulation. 586 | Nat | 589. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-3016-z
Farkas A, Maróti G, Dürgo H et al (2014) Medicago truncatula symbiotic peptide NCR247 contributes to bacteroid differentiation through multiple mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:5183–5188. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1404169111
Finan TM et al (2001) The complete sequence of the 1,683-kb pSymB megaplasmid from the N2-fixing endosymbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:9889–9894
Fonouni-Farde C, Tan S, Baudin M et al (2016) DELLA-mediated gibberellin signalling regulates Nod factor signalling and rhizobial infection. Nat Commun 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12636
Fournier J, Timmers ACJ, Sieberer BJ et al (2008) Mechanism of infection thread elongation in root hairs of Medicago truncatula and dynamic interplay with associated rhizobial colonization. Plant Physiol 148:1985–1995. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.108.125674
Franssen HJ, Xiao TT, Kulikova O et al (2015) Root developmental programs shape the Medicago truncatula nodule meristem. Dev 142:2941–2950. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.120774
Frugier F, Poirier S, Atrice B et al (2000a) A Krü ppel-like zinc finger protein is involved in nitrogen-fixing root nodule organogenesis
Frugier F, Poirier S, Satiat-Jeunemaître B et al (2000b) A Kruppel-like zinc finger protein is involved in nitrogen-fixing root nodule organogenesis. Genes Dev 14:475–482. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.14.4.475
Galibert F, Finan TM, Long SR, et al (2001) The composite genome of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. Science (80- ) 293:668–672. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1060966
Gallego-Bartolomé J, Minguet EG, Grau-Enguix F et al (2012) Molecular mechanism for the interaction between gibberellin and brassinosteroid signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109:13446–13451. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1119992109
Gavrin A, Chiasson D, Ovchinnikova E et al (2016) VAMP721a and VAMP721d are important for pectin dynamics and release of bacteria in soybean nodules. New Phytol 210:1011–1021. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13837
Gavrin A, Jansen V, Ivanov S et al (2015) ARP2/3-mediated actin nucleation associated with symbiosome membrane is essential for the development of symbiosomes in infected cells of Medicago truncatula root nodules. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 28:605–614. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-12-14-0402-R
Gleason C, Chaudhuri S, Yang T et al (2006). Nodulation independent of rhizobia induced by a calcium-activated kinase lacking autoinhibition. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04812
Godiard L, Lepage A, Moreau S et al (2011) MtbHLH1, a bHLH transcription factor involved in medicago truncatula nodule vascular patterning and nodule to plant metabolic exchanges. New Phytol 191:391–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03718.x
Griesmann M, Chang Y, Liu X, et al (2018) Phylogenomics reveals multiple losses of nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis. Science (80- ) 361. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat1743
Guerra JCP, Coussens G, de Keyser A et al (2010) Comparison of developmental and stress-induced nodule senescence in Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiol 152:1574–1584. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.151399
Haag AF, Mergaert P (2019) Terminal bacteroid differentiation in the Medicago–rhizobium interaction–a tug of war between plant and bacteria. Model Legum Medicago truncatula 600–616. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119409144.ch75
Haney CH, Long SR (2010) Plant flotillins are required for infection by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. 107. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0910081107
Hernandez G, Mathesius U, Libault M, et al (2016) A Snapshot of Functional Genetic Studies in Medicago truncatula. Front Plant Sci | www.frontiersin.org 1:1175. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01175
Hirsch AM, Larue TA, Doyle J (1997) Is the legume nodule a modified root or stem or an organ sui generis ? CRC Crit Rev Plant Sci 16:361–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689709701954
Hirsch S, Kim J, Muñoz A et al (2009) GRAS proteins form a DNA binding complex to induce gene expression during nodulation signaling in medicago truncatulaw. Plant Cell 21:545–557. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.108.064501
Horvath B, Domonkos A, Kereszt A et al (2015) Loss of the nodule-specific cysteine rich peptide, NCR169, abolishes symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the Medicago truncatula dnf7 mutant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:15232–15237. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500777112
Horváth B, Yeun LH, Domonkos Á et al (2011) Medicago truncatula IPD3 is a member of the common symbiotic signaling pathway required for rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbioses. / 1345 MPMI 24:1345–1358. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI
Imin N, Mohd-Radzman NA, Ogilvie HA, Djordjevic MA (2013) The peptide-encoding CEP1 gene modulates lateral root and nodule numbers in Medicago truncatula. J Exp Bot 64:5395–5409. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert369
Jarzyniak K, Banasiak J, Jamruszka T et al (2021) Early stages of legume–rhizobia symbiosis are controlled by ABCG-mediated transport of active cytokinins. Nat Plants 7:428–436. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-021-00873-6
Jin Y, Chen Z, Yang J et al (2018) IPD3 and IPD3L function redundantly in rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbioses. Front Plant Sci 9:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00267
Jin Y, Liu H, Luo D et al (2016) DELLA proteins are common components of symbiotic rhizobial and mycorrhizal signalling pathways. Nat Commun 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12433
Kaló P, Gleason C, Edwards A, et al (2005) Nodulation signaling in legumes requires NSP2, a member of the GRAS family of transcriptional regulators. Science (80- ) 308:1786–1789. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1110951
Kevei Z, Lougnon G, Mergaert P et al (2007) 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase1 interacts with NORK and is crucial for nodulation in Medicago truncatula. Plant Cell 19:3974–3989. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.107.053975
Kim M, Chen Y, Xi J et al (2015) An antimicrobial peptide essential for bacterial survival in the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:15238–15243. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500123112
Kondorosi A, Endre G, Kondorosi E (2007) 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme a reductase1 interacts with NORK and is crucial for nodulation in Medicago truncatula. 19:3974–3989. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.107.053975
Kwon C, Neu C, Pajonk S et al (2008) Co-option of a default secretory pathway for plant immune responses. Nature 451:835–840. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06545
Laffont C, Ivanovici A, Gautrat P et al (2020) The NIN transcription factor coordinates CEP and CLE signaling peptides that regulate nodulation antagonistically. Nat Commun 11:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16968-1
Lagunas B, Achom M, Bonyadi-Pour R et al (2019) Regulation of resource partitioning coordinates nitrogen and rhizobia responses and autoregulation of nodulation in medicago truncatula. Mol Plant 12:833–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MOLP.2019.03.014
Laporte P, Lepage A, Fournier J et al (2014) The CCAAT box-binding transcription factor NF-YA1 controls rhizobial infection. J Exp Bot 65:481–494. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert392
Lefebvre B, Timmers T, Mbengue M et al (2010) A remorin protein interacts with symbiotic receptors and regulates bacterial infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:2343–2348. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913320107
Lerouge P, Roche P, Fauchert C et al (1990) Symbiotic host-specificity of Rhizobium me/i/oti is determined by a sulphated and acylated glucosamine oligosaccharide signal LETTERS TO NATURE
Li H (2021) Plant-specific histone deacetylases are essential for early and late stages of Medicago nodule development. 1591–1605. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab140
Lin J, shun, Li X, Luo ZL et al (2018) NIN interacts with NLPs to mediate nitrate inhibition of nodulation in Medicago truncatula. Nat Plants 4:942–952. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-018-0261-3
Liu CW, Breakspear A, Guan D et al (2019) NIN acts as a network hub controlling a growth module required for rhizobial infection. Plant Physiol 179:1704–1722. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.18.01572
Liu CW, Breakspear A, Stacey N et al (2019) A protein complex required for polar growth of rhizobial infection threads. Nat Commun 10:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10029-y
Liu J, Bisseling T (2020) Evolution of nin and NIN-like genes in relation to nodule symbiosis. Genes (basel) 11:1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11070777
Liu J, Rasing M, Zeng T et al (2021) NIN is essential for development of symbiosomes, suppression of defence and premature senescence in Medicago truncatula nodules. New Phytol 230:290–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17215
Liu J, Rutten L, Limpens E et al (2019) A remote cis-regulatory region is required for nin expression in the pericycle to initiate nodule primordium formation in medicago truncatula. Plant Cell 31:68–83. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.18.00478
Luo Z, Lin J shun, Zhu Y et al (2021) NLP1 reciprocally regulates nitrate inhibition of nodulation through SUNN-CRA2 signaling in Medicago truncatula. Plant Commun 2:100183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100183
Magne K, Couzigou JM, Schiessl K et al (2018) MtNODULE ROOT1 and MtNODULE ROOT2 are essential for indeterminate nodule identity. Plant Physiol 178:295–316. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.18.00610
Mandal D, Srivastava D, Sinharoy S (2020) Optimization of hairy root transformation for the functional genomics in chickpea: a platform for nodule developmental studies BT - Legume genomics: methods and protocols. In: Jain M, Garg R (eds). Springer US, New York, NY, pp 335–348
Marsh JF, Rakocevic A, Mitra RM et al (2007) Medicago truncatula NIN is essential for rhizobial-independent nodule organogenesis induced by autoactive calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Plant Physiol 144:324–335. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.106.093021
Mergaert P, Nikovics K, Kelemen Z et al (2003) A novel family in Medicago truncatula consisting of more than 300 nodule-specific genes coding for small, secreted polypeptides with conserved cysteine motifs. Plant Physiol 132:161–173. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.102.018192
Monahan-Giovanelli H, Pinedo CA, Gage DJ (2006) Architecture of infection thread networks in developing root nodules induced by the symbiotic bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti on Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiol 140:661–670. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.105.072876
Montiel J, Szucs A, Boboescu IZ et al (2016) Terminal bacteroid differentiation is associated with variable morphological changes in legume species belonging to the inverted repeat-lacking clade. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 29:210–219. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-09-15-0213-R
Mortier V, den Herder G, Whitford R et al (2010) CLE peptides control medicago truncatula nodulation locally and systemically. Plant Physiol 153:222–237. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.153718
Oldroyd GED (2013) Speak, friend, and enter: Signalling systems that promote beneficial symbiotic associations in plants. Nat Rev Microbiol 11:252–263. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2990
Oldroyd GED, Murray JD, Poole PS, Downie JA (2011). The rules of engagement in the legume-rhizobial symbiosis. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132549
Ovchinnikova E, Journet E-P, Chabaud M et al (2011) IPD3 Controls the Formation of Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiosomes in Pea and Medicago Spp. / 1333 MPMI 24:1333–1344. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI
Paul K, Saha C, Nag M et al (2020) A tripartite interaction among the basidiomycete rhodotorula mucilaginosa, N2-fixing endobacteria, and rice improves plant nitrogen nutrition. Plant Cell 32:486–507. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.19.00385
Penmetsa RV, Cook DR (2000) Production and characterization of diverse developmental mutants of medicago truncatula 1
Perret X, Staehelin C, Broughton WJ (2000) Molecular basis of symbiotic promiscuity
Pislariu CI, Murray JD, Wen JQ et al (2012) A Medicago truncatula tobacco retrotransposon insertion mutant collection with defects in nodule development and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Plant Physiol 159:1686–1699. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.197061
Pislariu CI, Sinharoy S, Torres-Jerez I et al (2019) The nodule-specific PLAT domain protein NPD1 is required for nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. Plant Physiol 180:1480–1497. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.18.01613
Rae AL, Bonfante-Fasolo P, Brewin NJ (1992) Structure and growth of infection threads in the legume symbiosis with Rhizobium leguminosarum. Plant J 2:385–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.1992.00385.x
Raul B, Kryvoruchko I, Benedito VA et al (2019) Root nodule development in model versus non-canonical plants BT - plant biotechnology: progress in genomic era. In: Gaur RK (ed) Khurana SMP. Springer Singapore, Singapore, pp 397–428
Reid DE, Ferguson BJ, Hayashi S et al (2011) Molecular mechanisms controlling legume autoregulation of nodulation. Ann Bot 108:789–795. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr205
Rogers C, Wen J, Chen R, Oldroyd G (2009) Deletion-Based reverse genetics in Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiol 151:1077–1086. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.142919
Roux B, Rodde N, Jardinaud MF et al (2014) An integrated analysis of plant and bacterial gene expression in symbiotic root nodules using laser-capture microdissection coupled to RNA sequencing. Plant J 77:817–837. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12442
Roy S, Liu W, Nandety RS et al (2020) Celebrating 20 years of genetic discoveries in legume nodulation and symbiotic Nitrogen fixation. Plant Cell 32:15–41. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.19.00279
Sagan M, Morandi D, Tarenghi E, Duc G (1995) Selection of nodulation and mycorrhizal mutants in the model plant Medicago truncatula (Gaertn.) after γ-ray mutagenesis. Plant Sci 111:63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(95)04229-N
Saha S, Paul A, Herring L et al (2016) Gatekeeper tyrosine phosphorylation of SYMRK is essential for synchronizing the epidermal and cortical responses in root nodule symbiosis. Plant Physiol 171:71–81. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.15.01962
Schiessl K, Lilley JLS, Lee T et al (2019) NODULE INCEPTION recruits the lateral root developmental program for symbiotic nodule organogenesis in medicago truncatula. Curr Biol 29:3657-3668.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.005
Shrestha A, Zhong S, Therrien J et al (2020) Lotus japonicus Nuclear Factor YA1, a nodule emergence stage-specific regulator of auxin signalling. New Phytol. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16950
Singh S, Katzer K, Lambert J et al (2014) CYCLOPS, A DNA-binding transcriptional activator, orchestrates symbiotic root nodule development. Cell Host Microbe 15:139–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2014.01.011
Sinharoy S, Torres-Jerez I, Bandyopadhyay K et al (2013) The C2H2 transcription factor REGULATOR OF SYMBIOSOME DIFFERENTIATION represses transcription of the secretory pathway gene VAMP721a and promotes symbiosome development in Medicago truncatula. Plant Cell 25:3584–3601. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.113.114017
Smit P, Limpens E, Geurts R et al (2007) Medicago LYK3, an entry receptor in rhizobial nodulation factor signaling. Plant Physiol 145:183–191. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.107.100495
Smit P, Raedts J, Portyanko V et al (2005) NSP1 of the GRAS protein family is essential for rhizobial nod factor-induced transcription. Science (80- ) 308:1789–1791. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1111025
Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Morgant DR et al (1995) Chloroplast gene sequence data suggest a single origin of the predisposition for symbiotic nitrogen fiLxation in angiosperms
Soyano T, Kouchi H, Hirota A, Hayashi M (2013). NODULE INCEPTION directly targets NF-Y subunit genes to regulate essential processes of root nodule development in Lotus Japonicus. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003352
Soyano T, Liu M, Kawaguchi M, Hayashi M (2021) Leguminous nodule symbiosis involves recruitment of factors contributing to lateral root development. Curr Opin Plant Biol 59:102000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2020.102000
Soyano T, Shimoda Y, Kawaguchi M, Hayashi M (2019) A shared gene drives lateral root development and root nodule symbiosis pathways in Lotus. Science (80- ) 366:1021–1023. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax2153
Tadege M, Wen J, He J et al (2008) Large-scale insertional mutagenesis using the Tnt1 retrotransposon in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Plant J 54:335–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03418.x
Udvardi M, Poole PS (2013) Transport and metabolism in legume-rhizobia symbioses. Annu Rev Plant Biol 64:781–805. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120235
Van De Velde W, Zehirov G, Szatmari A et al (2010) Plant peptides govern terminal differentiation of bacteria in symbiosis. Science (80- ) 327:1122–1126. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184057
Vasse J, de Billy F, Camut S, Truchet G (1990) Correlation between ultrastructural differentiation of bacteroids and nitrogen fixation in alfalfa nodules. J Bacteriol 172:4295–4306
Vernié T, Kim J, Frances L et al (2015) The NIN transcription factor coordinates diverse nodulation programs in different tissues of the medicago truncatula root. Plant Cell 27:3410–3424. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.15.00461
Vernié T, Moreau S, De Billy F et al (2008) EFD is an ERF transcription factor involved in the control of nodule number and differentiation in Medicago truncatula. Plant Cell 20:2696–2713. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.108.059857
Vessey JK, Pawlowski K, Bergman B (2004) Root-based N 2-fixing symbioses: Legumes, actinorhizal plants, Parasponia sp. and cycads
Wang C, Yu H, Luo L et al (2016) NODULES WITH ACTIVATED DEFENSE 1 is required for maintenance of rhizobial endosymbiosis in Medicago truncatula. New Phytol 212:176–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14017
Wang D, Griffitts J, Starker C et al (2010) A nodule-specific protein secretory pathway required for nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. Science (80- ) 327:1126–1129. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184096
Werner GDA, Cornwell WK, Sprent JI, et al (2014) ARTICLE A single evolutionary innovation drives the deep evolution of symbiotic N 2-fixation in angiosperms. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5087
Xiao TT, Schilderink S, Moling S et al (2014) Fate map of Medicago truncatula root nodules. Dev 141:3517–3528. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.110775
Xie F, Murray JD, Kim J, et al (2012) | 633-638 PLANT BIOLOGY Downloaded at Natl Inst of Plant Genome Research on. PNAS 109. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1113992109
Xu Y, Wang H, Lu Z et al (2021) Developmental Analysis of the GATA Factor HANABA TARANU mutants in medicago truncatula reveals their roles in nodule formation. Front Plant Sci 12:1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.616776
Yoro E, Nishida H, Ogawa-Ohnishi M et al (2019) PLENTY, a hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase, negatively regulates root nodule symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. J Exp Bot 70:507–517. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery364
Young JM (2003) The genus name Ensifer Casida 1982 takes priority over Sinorhizobium Chen et al. 1988, and Sinorhizobium morelense Wang et al. 2002 is a later synonym of Ensifer adhaerens Casida 1982. Is the combination “Sinorhizobium adhaerens” (Casida 1982) Willems et. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53:2107–2110. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02665-0
Young ND, Debellé F, D Oldroyd GE et al (2011) The medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10625
Acknowledgements
We thank NIPGR for core grant and DBT (Department of Biotechnology)-eLibrary Consortium (DeLCON), India for providing access to e-resources. Akanksha Bhardwaj was supported by CSIR (09/803(0145)/2018-EMR-I).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bhardwaj, A., Sinharoy, S. (2022). Transcriptional Networks in Medicago truncatula: Genomic and Functional Overview During Root Nodule Symbiosis. In: Sinharoy, S., Kang, Y., Benedito, V. (eds) The Medicago truncatula Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90757-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90757-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-90756-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-90757-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)