Skip to main content

A Stock Trading Strategy Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Advanced Intelligent Systems for Sustainable Development (AI2SD’2020) (AI2SD 2020)

Abstract

The stock market plays a vital role in the overall financial market. Financial trading has been broadly researched over the years. However, it remains challenging to obtain an optimal strategy in an environment as complex and dynamic as the stock market. Our article is interested in solving a stochastic control problem that aims at optimizing the management of a trading system in order to obtain an optimal trading strategy that would enable us to make profitable decisions by interacting directly with the environment. To do this, we explore the power of deep Reinforcement Learning that differs from traditional Machine Learning by combining the task of predicting stock behavior and analyzing the optimal course of action in a single unit, thus aligning the Machine Learning problem with the investor's objectives. As a method, we propose to use the Deep Q-Network algorithm which is a combination of Q-Learning and Deep Learning. Experiments show that the approach proposed can learn the behavior to solve a stock trading problem by producing positive results in a complex dynamic environment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Lin, L.J.: Self-improving reactive agents based on reinforcement learning, planning and teaching. Mach. Learn. 8(3–4), 293–321 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Sutton, R.S., Barto, A.G., et al.: Introduction to Reinforcement Learning. MIT Press, Cambridge (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Meng, T.L., Khushi, M.: Reinforcement learning in financial markets. Data 4(3), 110 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/data4030110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Tan, R., Zhou, J., Du, H., et al.: An modeling processing method for video games based on deep reinforcement learning. In: 2019 IEEE 8th Joint International Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence Conference (ITAIC), pp. 939–942. IEEE (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Watkins, C.J.: Learning from delayed rewards, unpublished Ph. D. Thèse de doctorat. thesis, Kings College, Cambridge, England (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Watkins, C.J.C.H., Dayan, P.: Dayan,“Q-learning.” Mach. Learn. 8(3/4), 279–292 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022676722315

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Mnih, V., Kavukcuoglu, K., Silver, D., et al.: Playing atari with deep reinforcement learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.5602 (2013)

  8. Yang, S., Paddrik, M., Hayes, R., et al.: Behavior based learning in identifying high frequency trading strategies. In: 2012 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence for Financial Engineering & Economics (CIFEr), pp. 1–8. IEEE (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Mao, H., Alizadeh, M., Menache, I., et al.: Resource management with deep reinforcement learning. In: Proceedings of the 15th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks, pp. 50–56 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Abbeel, P., Coates, A., Quigley, M., et al.: An application of reinforcement learning to aerobatic helicopter flight. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp. 1–8 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Zhou, Z., Li, X., Zare, R.N.: Optimizing chemical reactions with deep reinforcement learning. ACS Central Sci. 3(12), 1337–1344 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.7b00492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Bagnell, J.A., Schneider, J.G.: Autonomous helicopter control using reinforcement learning policy search methods. In: Proceedings 2001 ICRA. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Cat. No. 01CH37164), pp. 1615–1620. IEEE (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kim, H.J., Jordan, M.I., Sastry, S., et al.: Autonomous helicopter flight via reinforcement learning. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 799–806 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Michie, D., Chambers, R.A.: BOXES: An experiment in adaptive control. Mach. Intell. 2(2), 137–152 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Tesauro, G.: Practical issues in temporal difference learning. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 259–266 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Levine, S., Pastor, P., Krizhevsky, A., et al.: Learning hand-eye coordination for robotic grasping with large-scale data collection. In: International Symposium on Experimental Robotics. Springer, Cham, pp. 173–184 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kahn, G., Zhang, T., Levine, S., et al.: Plato: policy learning using adaptive trajectory optimization. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 3342–3349. IEEE (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Silver, D., et al.: Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search. Nature 529(7587), 484–489 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16961

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Moody, J., Wu, L., Liao, Y., et al.: Performance functions and reinforcement learning for trading systems and portfolios. J. Forecast. 17(5‐6), 441–470 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Bertoluzzo, F., Corazza, M.: Reinforcement learning for automatic financial trading: introduction and some applications. University Ca'Foscari of Venice, Department of Economics Research Paper Series No, 2012, vol. 33

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bertsimas, D., Lo, A.W.: Optimal control of execution costs. J. Financ. Mark. 1(1), 1–50 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1386-4181(97)00012-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Moody, J., Saffell, M.: Learning to trade via direct reinforcement. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 12(4), 875–889 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1109/72.935097

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Cumming, J., Alrajeh, D., Dickens, L.: An investigation into the use of reinforcement learning techniques within the algorithmic trading domain. Imperial College London, London, UK (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Kanwar, N., et al.: Deep reinforcement learning-based portfolio management. Thèse de doctorat (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Lee, H., Grosse, R., Ranganath, R., et al.: Convolutional deep belief networks for scalable unsupervised learning of hierarchical representations. In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 609–616 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Graves, A., Mohamed, A.R., Hinton, G.: Speech recognition with deep recurrent neural networks. In: 2013 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pp. 6645–6649. IEEE (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Gudelek, M.U., Boluk, S.A., Ozbayoglu, A.M.: A deep learning based stock trading model with 2-D CNN trend detection. In: 2017 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI), pp. 1–8. IEEE (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Korczak, J., Hemes, M.: Deep learning for financial time series forecasting in a-trader system. In: 2017 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS), pp. 905–912. IEEE (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Optioneering - Make $1000’s in Extra Income Every Month: The Best Low Risk Options Trading Strategy Around. Hands Down! Optioneering Ltd., p. 10 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Khemlichi, F., Chougrad, H., Idrissi Khamlichi, Y., El Boushaki, A., El Haj Ben Ali, S. (2022). A Stock Trading Strategy Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning. In: Kacprzyk, J., Balas, V.E., Ezziyyani, M. (eds) Advanced Intelligent Systems for Sustainable Development (AI2SD’2020). AI2SD 2020. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1418. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90639-9_74

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics