Abstract
1Mechanoluminescence is a well-known phenomenon of light emission induced by deformation when certain solids suffer external mechanical stress. Mechano-luminescent materials which could convert mechanical energy directly into photons have attracted increasing attention in recent years for their wide potential applications in stress sensing and imaging, structural damage monitoring, wearable illuminating devices, self-powered display, mechanical energy collection and conversion, bio-imaging, and photodynamic therapy. Great progress has been made in developing novel materials with strong mechanoluminescence emission and their applications.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Wang, X., Zhang, H., Yu, R., Dong, L., Peng, D., Zhang, A., Zhang, Y., Liu, H., Pan, C., Wang, Z.L.: Dynamic pressure mapping of personalized handwriting by a flexible sensor matrix based on the mechanoluminescence process. Adv. Mater. 27(14), 2324–2331 (2015)
Liu, L., Xu, C.-N., Yoshida, A., Tu, D., Ueno, N., Kainuma, S.: Scalable elasticoluminescent strain sensor for precise dynamic stress imaging and onsite infrastructure diagnosis. Adv. Mater. Techno. 4(1), 1800336 (2019)
Zhang, J., Bao, L., Lou, H., Deng, J., Chen, A., Hu, Y., Zhang, Z., Sun, X., Peng, H.: Flexible and stretchable mechanoluminescent fiber and fabric. J. Mater. Chem. C 5(32), 8027–8032 (2017)
Jeong, S.M., Song, S., Joo, K.-I., Kim, J., Hwang, S.-H., Jeong, J., Kim, H.: Bright, wind-driven white mechanoluminescence from zinc sulphide microparticles embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane elastomer. Energy Environ. Sci. 7(10), 3338–3346 (2014)
Patel, D.K., Cohen, B.-E., Etgar, L., Magdassi, S.: Fully 2D and 3D printed anisotropic mechanoluminescent objects and their application for energy harvesting in the dark. Mater. Horizons 5(4), 708–714 (2018)
Du, Y., Jiang, Y., Sun, T., Zhao, J., Huang, B., Peng, D., Wang, F.: Mechanically excited multicolor luminescence in lanthanide ions. Adv. Mater. 31(7), e1807062 (2019)
Wu, X., Zhu, X., Chong, P., Liu, J., Andre, L.N., Ong, K.S., Brinson, K., Jr.; Mahdi, A.I., Li, J., Fenno, L.E., Wang, H., Hong, G.: Sono-optogenetics facilitated by a circulation-delivered rechargeable light source for minimally invasive optogenetics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 116(52), 26332–26342 (2019)
Wu, J., Wu, Z., Han, S., Yang, B.-R., Gui, X., Tao, K., Liu, C., Miao, J., Norford, L.K.: Extremely deformable, transparent, and high-performance gas sensor based on ionic conductive hydrogel. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(2), 2364–2373 (2019)
Amoateng, D.O., Totaro, M., Crepaldi, M., Falotico, E., Beccai, L.: Intelligent position, pressure and depth sensing in a soft optical waveguide skin. In: IEEE international conference on soft robotics, pp. 349–354 (2019)
Walton, A.J.: Triboluminescence. Adv. Phys. 26(6), 887–948 (2006)
Bünzli, J.-C.G., Wong, K.-L.: Lanthanide mechanoluminescence. J. Rare Earths 36(1), 1–41 (2018)
Zhao, X.: On the phenomenon of earthquake luminescence (in Chinese). Encyclopedic Knowl. 22, 8–9 (2006)
Pu, J.-H., Zha, X.-J., Tang, L.-S., Bai, L., Bao, R.-Y., Liu, Z.-Y., Yang, M.-B., Yang, W.: Human skin-inspired electronic sensor skin with electromagnetic interference shielding for the sensation and protection of wearable electronics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(47), 40880–40889 (2018)
Eddingsaas, N.C., Suslick, K.S.: Mechanoluminescence: light from sonication of crystal slurries. Nature 444(7116), 163 (2006)
Jha, P., Chandra, B.P.: Survey of the literature on mechanoluminescence from 1605 to 2013. Luminescence 29(8), 977–993 (2014)
Chandra, B.P., Shrivastava, K.K.: Dependence of mechano-luminescence in Rochelle-salt crystals on the charge produced during their fracture. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 26(4), iv (1978)
Xu, C.N., Watanabe, T., Akiyama, M., Zheng, X.G.: Artificial skin to sense mechanical stress by visible light emission. Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(9), 1236–1238 (1999)
Peng, S., Blanloeuil, P., Wu, S., Wang, C.H.: Rational design of ultrasensitive pressure sensors by tailoring microscopic features. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5(18), 201800403 (2018)
Liu, M., Wu, Q., Shi, H., An, Z., Huang, W.: Progress of research on organic/organometallic mechanoluminescent materials. Acta Chimica Sinica Chin. Ed. 76(4), 246 (2018)
Fontenot, R.S., Bhat, K.N., Hollerman, W.A., Alapati, T.R., Aggarwal, M.D.: Triboluminescent properties of dysprosium doped europium dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium. Ecs J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 2(9), P384–P388 (2013)
Yu, J.B., Zhang, H.J., Deng, R.P., Zhou, L., Peng, Z.P., Fu, L.S.: Triboluminescence of a new europate complex. J. Rare Earths 22(1), 126–128 (2004)
Fontenot, R.S., Bhat, K.N., Hollerman, W.A., Aggarwal, M.D.: Triboluminescent materials for smart sensors. Mater. Today 14(6), 292–293 (2011)
Takada, N., Sugiyama, J.I., Minami, N., Hieda, S.: Intense mechanoluminescence from europium tris(2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone) phenanthroline. Mol. Cryst. 295(1), 71–74 (1997)
Schoenweiz, S., Sorsche, D., Schwarz, B., Rau, S., Streb, C.: Structural and reactivity insights into covalently linked Cu(I) complex-Anderson polyoxometalates. Dalton Trans. 46(30), 9760–9764 (2017)
Inoue, T., Tazuke, S.: Poly[trans-1-(3-vinyl-9-carbazolyl)-2-(9-carbazolyl)cyclobutane]. Synthesis and comparison with poly(9-ethyl-3-vinylcarbazole). J. Polymer Sci. Polymer Chem. Ed. (1981)
Yang, J., Gao, X., Xie, Z., Gong, Y., Fang, M., Peng, Q., Chi, Z., Zhen, L.: Elucidating the excited state of mechanoluminescence in organic luminogens with room-temperature phosphorescence. Angewandte Chemie (2017)
Nakayama, H., Nishida, J.I., Takada, N., Sato, H., Yamashita, Y.: Crystal structures and triboluminescence based on trifluoromethyl and pentafluorosulfanyl substituted asymmetric N-phenyl imide compounds. Chem. Mater. 24(4), 671 (2012)
Chen, Y., Spiering, A.J.H., Karthikeyan, S., Peters, G.W.M., Sijbesma, R.P.: Mechanically induced chemiluminescence from polymers incorporating a 1,2-dioxetane unit in the main chain. Nat. Chem. 4(7), 559–562 (2012)
Zink, J.I., Hardy, G.E., Sutton, J.E.: Triboluminescence of sugars. J. Phys. Chem. 80(3), 248–249 (1976)
Chandra, B., Tiwari, S., Ramrakhiani, M., Ansari, M.: Mechanoluminescence in centrosymmetric crystals. Cryst. Res. Technol. 26(6), 767–781 (1991)
Chandra, B., Elyas, M., Shrivastava, K., Verma, R.: Mechanoluminescence and piezoelectric behaviour of monoclinic crystals. Solid State Commun. 36(11), 931–933 (1980)
Chandra, B., Zink, J.I.: Triboluminescence of triclinic crystals. J. Lumin. 23(3–4), 363–372 (1981)
Zink, J.I., Kaska, W.C.: Triboluminescence of hexaphenylcarbodiphosphorane. Emission from a molecular excited state populated by mechanical stress. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95(22), 7510–7512 (1973)
Zink, J.I., Klimt, W.: Triboluminescence of coumarin. Fluorescence and dynamic spectral features excited by mechanical stress. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96(14), 4690–4692 (1974)
Hardy, G.E., Baldwin, J.C., Zink, J.I., Kaska, W.C., Liu, P.-H., Dubois, L.: Triboluminescence spectroscopy of aromatic compounds. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99(11), 3552–3558 (1977)
Sweeting, L.M., Rheingold, A.L.: Crystal structure and triboluminescence. 1. 9-anthryl carbinols. J. Phys. Chem. 92(20), 5648–5655
Inoue, T., Tazuke, S.: Triboluminescence and tribopolymerization of 9-ethyl-3-vinylcarbazole. Chem. Lett. 1981(5), 589–592 (2006)
Xu, B., Mu, Y., Mao, Z., Xie, Z., Wu, H., Zhang, Y., Jin, C., Chi, Z., Liu, S., Xu, J.: Achieving remarkable mechanochromism and white-light emission with thermally activated delayed fluorescence through the molecular heredity principle. Chem. Sci. 7 (2016)
Tiwari, G., Brahme, N., Sharma, R., Bisen, D.P., Sao, S.K., Kurrey, U.K.: Enhanced long-persistence of Ca2Al2SiO7:Ce3+ phosphors for mechanoluminescence and thermoluminescence dosimetry. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 27(6), 6399–6407 (2016)
Xu, C.-N., Watanabe, T., Akiyama, M., Zheng, X.-G.: Direct view of stress distribution in solid by mechanoluminescence. Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(17), 2414–2416 (1999)
Zhang, H., Yamada, H., Terasaki, N., Xu, C.-N.: Ultraviolet mechanoluminescence from SrAl2O4:Ce and SrAl2O4:Ce,Ho. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(8), 081905 (2007)
Akiyama, M., Xu, C.-N., Matsui, H., Nonaka, K., Watanabe, T.: Recovery phenomenon of mechanoluminescence from Ca2Al2SiO7: Ce by irradiation with ultraviolet light. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75(17), 2548–2550 (1999)
Zhang, L., Xu, C.-N., Yamada, H., Bu, N.: Enhancement of mechanoluminescence in CaAl2Si2O8: Eu2+ by partial Sr2+ substitution for Ca2+. J. Electrochem. Soc. 157(3), J50 (2010)
Kamimura, S., Yamada, H., Xu, C.-N.: Development of new elasticoluminescent material SrMg2(PO4)2:Eu. J. Lumin. 132(2), 526–530 (2012)
Zhang, H., Xu, C.-N., Terasaki, N., Yamada, H.: Electro-mechano-optical luminescence from CaYAl3O7: Ce. Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 14(11), J76 (2011)
Zhang, L., Yamada, H., Imai, Y., Xu, C.-N.: Observation of elasticoluminescence from CaAl2Si2O8: Eu2+ and its water resistance behavior. J. Electrochem. Soc. 155(3), J63 (2007)
Zhang, H., Yamada, H., Terasaki, N., Xu, C.-N.: Blue light emission from stress-activated CaYAl3O7: Eu. J. Electrochem. Soc. 155(5), J128 (2008)
Zhang, H., Yamada, H., Terasaki, N., Xu, C.-N.: Stress-induced mechanoluminescence in SrCaMgSi2O7: Eu. Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 10(10), J129 (2007)
Zhang, J.-C., Wang, X., Marriott, G., Xu, C.-N.: Trap-controlled mechanoluminescent materials. Prog. Mater Sci. 103, 678–742 (2019)
Zhang, J.C., Xu, C.N., Long, Y.Z.: Elastico-mechanoluminescence in CaZr(PO4)2:Eu2+ with multiple trap levels. Opt. Express 21(11), 13699–13709 (2013)
Akiyama, M., Xu, C.-N., Nonaka, K.: Intense visible light emission from stress-activated ZrO2:Ti. Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(3), 457–459 (2002)
Botterman, J., Eeckhout, K.V.d., Baere, I.D., Poelman, D., Smet, P.F.: Mechanoluminescence in BaSi2O2N2:Eu. Acta Materialia 60(15), 5494–5500 (2012)
Zhang, L., Xu, C.-N., Yamada, H.: In strong mechanoluminescence from oxynitridosilicate phosphors. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, p. 212001 (2011)
Tu, D., Xu, C.-N., Fujio, Y., Yoshida, A.: Mechanism of mechanical quenching and mechanoluminescence in phosphorescent CaZnOS:Cu. Light: Sci. Appl. 4(11), e356 (2015)
Zhang, H., Terasaki, N., Yamada, H., Xu, C.-N.: Mechanoluminescence of europium-doped SrAMgSi2O7(A=Ca, Sr, Ba). Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 48(4), 04C109 (2009)
Matsui, H., Xu, C.-N., Akiyama, M., Watanabe, T.: Strong mechanoluminescence from UV-irradiated spinels of ZnGa2O4: Mn and MgGa2O4: Mn. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 39(12R), 6582 (2000)
Matsui, H., Xu, C.-N., Tateyama, H.: Stress-stimulated luminescence from ZnAl2O4:Mn. Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(8), 1068–1070 (2001)
Zhang, H., Yamada, H., Terasaki, N., Xu, C.-N.: Green mechanoluminescence of Ca2MgSi2O7: Eu and Ca2MgSi2O7: Eu, Dy. J. Electrochem. Soc. 155(2), J55 (2007)
Zhao, H., Wang, X., Li, J., Li, Y., Yao, X.: Strong mechanoluminescence of Zn2(Ge0.9Si0.1)O4:Mn with weak persistent luminescence. Appl. Phys. Express 9(1), 012104 (2016)
Wang, W., Peng, D., Zhang, H., Yang, X., Pan, C.: Mechanically induced strong red emission in samarium ions doped piezoelectric semiconductor CaZnOS for dynamic pressure sensing and imaging. Opt. Commun. 395, 24–28 (2017)
Kamimura, S., Yamada, H., Xu, C.-N.: Strong reddish-orange light emission from stress-activated Srn+1SnnO3n+1:Sm3+ (n = 1, 2, ∞) with perovskite-related structures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101(9), 091113 (2012)
Li, L., Wong, K.-L., Li, P., Peng, M.: Mechanoluminescence properties of Mn2+-doped BaZnOS phosphor. J. Mater. Chem. C 4(35), 8166–8170 (2016)
Zhang, J.C., Xu, C.N., Kamimura, S., Terasawa, Y., Yamada, H., Wang, X.: An intense elastico-mechanoluminescence material CaZnOS:Mn2+ for sensing and imaging multiple mechanical stresses. Opt. Express 21(11), 12976–12986 (2013)
Zhang, J.-C., Fan, X.-H., Yan, X., Xia, F., Kong, W., Long, Y.-Z., Wang, X.: Sacrificing trap density to achieve short-delay and high-contrast mechanoluminescence for stress imaging. Acta Mater. 152, 148–154 (2018)
Luo, Z., Hu, X., Tian, X., Luo, C., Xu, H., Li, Q., Li, Q., Zhang, J., Qiao, F., Wu, X., Borisenko, V.E., Chu, J.: Structure-property relationships in graphene-based strain and pressure sensors for potential artificial intelligence applications. Sensors 19(5), 1250 (2019)
Zhang, J.-C., Long, Y.-Z., Wang, X., Xu, C.-N.: Controlling elastico-mechanoluminescence in diphase (Ba, Ca)TiO3:Pr3+ by co-doping different rare earth ions. RSC Adv. 4(77), 40665–40675 (2014)
Pan, C., Zhang, J.-C., Zhang, M., Yan, X., Zhang, H.-D., Long, Y.-Z., Sun, X.-Y., Jiang, H.-T.: Trap-controlled mechanoluminescence in Pr3+-activated M2Nb2O7 (M = Sr, Ca) isomorphic perovskites. Opt. Mater. Express 8(6), 1425 (2018)
Li, Y., Gecevicius, M., Qiu, J.: Long persistent phosphors–from fundamentals to applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 45(8), 2090–2136 (2016)
Fan, X.H., Zhang, J.C., Zhang, M., Pan, C., Yan, X., Han, W.P., Zhang, H.D., Long, Y.Z., Wang, X.: Piezoluminescence from ferroelectric Ca3Ti2O7:Pr(3+) long-persistent phosphor. Opt. Express 25(13), 14238–14246 (2017)
Tu, D., Xu, C.N., Yoshida, A., Fujihala, M., Hirotsu, J., Zheng, X.G.: LiNbO3:Pr(3+): a multipiezo material with simultaneous piezoelectricity and sensitive piezoluminescence. Adv. Mater. 29(22) (2017)
Rao, N.M., Reddy, D.R., Reddy, B.K., Xu, C.N.: Intense red mechanoluminescence from (ZnS)1–x(MnTe)x. Phys. Lett. A 372(22), 4122–4126 (2008)
Terasawa, Y., Xu, C.N., Yamada, H., Kubo, M.: Near infra-red mechanoluminescence from strontium aluminate doped with rare-earth ions. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 18(21), 212013 (2011)
Xu, C.N., Li, C., Imai, Y., Yamada, H., Adachi, Y., Nishikubo, K.: Development of elastico-luminescent nanoparticles and their applications. Adv. Sci. Technol. 45, 939–944 (2006)
Qian, X., Cai, Z., Su, M., Li, F., Fang, W., Li, Y., Zhou, X., Li, Q., Feng, X., Li, W., Hu, X., Wang, X., Pan, C., Song, Y.: Printable skin-driven mechanoluminescence devices via nanodoped matrix modification. Adv. Mater. 30(25), e1800291 (2018)
Liu, Y., Xu, C.-N.: Influence of calcining temperature on photoluminescence and triboluminescence of europium-doped strontium aluminate particles prepared by sol−gel process. J. Phys. Chem. B 107(17), 3991–3995 (2003)
Chandra, B., Rathore, A.: Classification of mechanoluminescence. Cryst. Res. Technol. 30(7), 885–896 (1995)
Zhang, H., Wei, Y., Huang, X., Huang, W.: Recent development of elastico-mechanoluminescent phosphors. J. Lumin. 207, 137–148 (2019)
Chandra, V. K., Chandra, B.P., Jha, P.: Strong luminescence induced by elastic deformation of piezoelectric crystals. Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(24), 241105 (2013)
Chandra, B.P., Chandra, V.K., Jha, P.: Piezoelectrically-induced trap-depth reduction model of elastico-mechanoluminescent materials. Physica. B 461, 38–48 (2015)
Zhang, Y., Gao, G., Chan, H.L., Dai, J., Wang, Y., Hao, J.: Piezo-phototronic effect-induced dual-mode light and ultrasound emissions from ZnS:Mn/PMN-PT thin-film structures. Adv. Mater. 24(13), 1729–1735 (2012)
Dong, W., Huang, Y., Yin, Z., Zhou, Y., Chen, J.: Stretchable tactile and bio-potential sensors for human-machine interaction: a review. In: Chen, Z., Mendes, A., Yan, Y., Chen, S. (eds.) Intelligent Robotics and Applications, vol. 10984, pp. 155–163
Kim, J.S., Kim, G.-W.: New non-contacting torque sensor based on the mechanoluminescence of ZnS: Cu microparticles. Sens. Actuat. A 218, 125–131 (2014)
Kim, G.-W., Kim, J.-S.: Dynamic torsional response analysis of mechanoluminescent paint and its application to non-contacting automotive torque transducers. Measure. Sci. Technol. 25(1), 015009
Kim, J.S., Kwon, Y.-N., Shin, N., Sohn, K.-S.: Mechanoluminescent SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy phosphor for use in visualization of quasidynamic crack propagation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(24), 241916 (2007)
Fujio, Y., Xu, C.-N., Terasawa, Y., Sakata, Y., Yamabe, J., Ueno, N., Terasaki, N., Yoshida, A., Watanabe, S., Murakami, Y.: Sheet sensor using SrAl2O4: Eu mechanoluminescent material for visualizing inner crack of high-pressure hydrogen vessel. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 41(2), 1333–1340 (2016)
Terasaki, N., Zhang, H., Yamada, H., Xu, C.N.: Mechanoluminescent light source for a fluorescent probe molecule. Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 47(28), 8034–8036 (2011)
Jeong, S.M., Song, S., Kim, H.: Simultaneous dual-channel blue/green emission from electro-mechanically powered elastomeric zinc sulphide composite. Nano Energy 21, 154–161 (2016)
Zhang, J.C., Pan, C., Zhu, Y.F., Zhao, L.Z., He, H.W., Liu, X., Qiu, J.: Achieving thermo-mechano-opto-responsive bitemporal colorful luminescence via multiplexing of dual lanthanides in piezoelectric particles and its multidimensional anticounterfeiting. Adv. Mater. 30(49), e1804644 (2018)
Li, L., Wondraczek, L., Li, L., Zhang, Y., Zhu, Y., Peng, M., Mao, C.: CaZnOS:Nd(3+) emits tissue-penetrating near-infrared light upon force loading. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(17), 14509–14516 (2018)
Quan, C., Li, C., Qian, K., Xu, C.-N., Adachi, Y., Asundi, A.K., Chau, F.S., Ueno, N.: Real-time detection of axial force for reliable tightening control. 7522, 75223G (2009)
Terasaki, N., Yamada, H., Xu, C.-N.: Ultrasonic wave induced mechanoluminescence and its application for photocatalysis as ubiquitous light source. Catal. Today 201, 203–208 (2013)
Zhan, T., Xu, C.N., Fukuda, O., Yamada, H., Li, C.: Direct visualization of ultrasonic power distribution using mechanoluminescent film. Ultrason. Sonochem. 18(1), 436–439 (2011)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Deng, Y., Zhang, H., Dong, L. (2022). Mechanoluminescent Phosphors. In: Upadhyay, K., Thomas, S., Tamrakar, R.K. (eds) Hybrid Phosphor Materials. Engineering Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90506-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90506-4_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-90505-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-90506-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)