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Agricultural Subsurface Drainage Water

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Unconventional Water Resources

Abstract

Drainage waters generated by irrigation are a valuable, unconventional source of irrigation water and efforts to expand their reuse for irrigation are worthwhile, thereby partially mitigating the impacts of increased allocation of freshwater for municipal and industrial use. Because salinity levels in drainage waters are always higher than that of the initial irrigation water, the reuse of drainage water for subsequent irrigation requires more careful management than irrigation with nonsaline water. The first sections of this chapter deal with the basic principles of salinity management, the three irrigation strategies for using saline drainage water (blending, cyclic, and sequential reuse), the results of reuse studies, and farmer experience. The text then examines the utility of transient state models, such as HYDRUS, that simulate changes in soil salinity and crop yields caused by irrigation and rainfall, for designing alternative irrigation management strategies. Advanced methods to monitor soil salinity and crop yields at both the field and regional scales are discussed. The final sections deal with the benefits of managing drainage water reuse at a regional scale with farmers involved in planning regulations. Difficulties and barriers posed by the disposal of unusable drainage water that reuse of saline drainage for irrigation can generate are assessed, and a new paradigm in developing regulations where all stakeholders are involved is described.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/wwap/facts-and-figures/all-facts-wwdr3/fact-24-irrigated-land/. (Accessed 7/1/2020).

  2. 2.

    For readers interested in more detail about the basics of irrigation, we recommend Chap. 21, Irrigation and Water-Use Efficiency (pp. 407–425), in Daniel Hillel’s book, Introduction to Environmental Soil Physics (2003, Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, ISBN (hardcover): 978-0123486554). Individual chapters, such as Chap. 21, can be downloaded on ScienceDirect.

  3. 3.

    https://ucanr.edu/sites/Salinity/Salinity_Management/.

  4. 4.

    Reprinted from Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 25, Joseph Shalhevet, Using water of marginal quality for crop production: major issues, pp. 233–269, 1994, with permission from Elsevier.

  5. 5.

    http://www.californiawater.org/californiawater/a-technical-advisors-manual-managing-agricultural-irrigation-drainage-water-a-guide-for-developing-integrated-on-farm-drainage-management-systems/.

  6. 6.

    http://www.pc-progress.com/en/Default.aspx?h1d-references.

  7. 7.

    http://www.pc-progress.com/en/Default.aspx?h3d-references.

  8. 8.

    https://www.pc-progress.com/en/Default.aspx?Downloads.

  9. 9.

    https://www.pc-progress.com/en/Default.aspx?h1d-tutorials.

  10. 10.

    https://www.pc-progress.com/en/Default.aspx?h1d-library.

  11. 11.

    https://www.pc-progress.com/en/Default.aspx?h1d-tutorials#k4.

  12. 12.

    https://www.pc-progress.com/en/Default.aspx?h1d-tutorials#k9.

  13. 13.

    https://www.pc-progress.com/en/Default.aspx?h1d-lib-Portugal.

  14. 14.

    https://www.pc-progress.com/Downloads/Public_Lib_H1D/HYDRUS-1D_Tutorial_V1.00_2018.pdf.

  15. 15.

    https://www.pc-progress.com/en/Default.aspx?h1d-tut-TutorialBook.

  16. 16.

    https://www.pc-progress.com/en/Default.aspx?h1d-tut-TutorialBook.

  17. 17.

    https://ncsslabdatamart.sc.egov.usda.gov/.

  18. 18.

    https://www.pc-progress.com/forum/.

  19. 19.

    https://www.pc-progress.com/en/Default.aspx?services.

  20. 20.

    https://sawpa.maps.arcgis.com/home/index.html.

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful for the helpful comments we have received from the following colleagues during our development of this chapter: S. Abdel-Dayem, J. Ayars, S. Benes, T. DeSutter, S. Grattan, C. Linneman, J. N. Lu, P.S. Minhas, M. Qadir, A.S. Qureshi, P.A.C. Raats, J. Šimůnek, G. Sposito, and L. Wu. Deborah Brawer Silva edited the chapter, for which we are particularly thankful.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Sciences Department, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA

    J. D. Oster

  2. Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    Nigel W. T. Quinn

  3. Soil Science Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA

    Aaron L. M. Daigh

  4. U.S. Salinity Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA

    Elia Scudiero

  5. Environmental Sciences Department, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA

    Elia Scudiero

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  1. J. D. Oster
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  2. Nigel W. T. Quinn
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  3. Aaron L. M. Daigh
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  4. Elia Scudiero
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. D. Oster .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH), Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Manzoor Qadir

  2. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH), Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Vladimir Smakhtin

  3. Land and Water Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy

    Sasha Koo-Oshima

  4. United Nations University Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and of Resources (UNU-FLORES), Dresden, Sachsen, Germany

    Edeltraud Guenther

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Oster, J.D., Quinn, N.W.T., Daigh, A.L.M., Scudiero, E. (2022). Agricultural Subsurface Drainage Water. In: Qadir, M., Smakhtin, V., Koo-Oshima, S., Guenther, E. (eds) Unconventional Water Resources . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90146-2_8

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