Abstract
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) or micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings on magnesium and its alloys have gained increased attention in the past decade for their versatility. Unfortunately, due to their porous nature, they only provide short-term protection against corrosion of magnesium and its alloys. Hence, these coatings depend on other techniques for enhancing their corrosion protection efficiency. Particularly, effective sealing of the pores in the PEO/MAO coatings seems to be the research focus in recent years. This chapter discusses about the different techniques and advances made in improving the performance of PEO/MAO coatings on magnesium and its alloys.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alabbasi, A., Liyanaarachchi, S., & Kannan, M. B. (2012). Polylactic acid coating on a biodegradable magnesium alloy: An in vitro degradation study by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Thin Solid Films, 520, 6841–6844.
Alabbasi, A., Kannan, M. B., Walter, R., Störmer, M., & Blawert, C. (2013). Performance of pulsed constant current silicate-based PEO coating on pure magnesium in simulated body fluid. Materials Letters, 106, 18–21.
Alabbasi, A., Kannan, M. B., & Blawert, C. (2014a). Dual layer inorganic coating on magnesium for delaying the biodegradation for bone fixation implants. Materials Letters, 124, 188–191.
Alabbasi, A., Mehjabeen, A., Kannan, M. B., Ye, Q., & Blawert, C. (2014b). Biodegradable polymer for sealing porous PEO layer on pure magnesium: An in vitro degradation study. Applied Surface Science, 301, 463–467.
An, L., Ma, Y., Sun, L., Wang, Z., & Wang, S. (2020). Investigation of mutual effects among additives in electrolyte for plasma electrolytic oxidation on magnesium alloys. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 8, 523–536.
Arrabal, R., Matykina, E., Hashimoto, T., Skeldon, P., & Thompson, G. E. (2009). Characterization of AC PEO coatings on magnesium alloys. Surface and Coating Technology, 203, 2207–2220.
Azarian, N., & Mousavi Khoei, S. M. (2021). Characteristics of a multi-component MgO-based bioceramic coating synthesized in-situ by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.12.018
Baloch, A., & Kannan, M. B. (2017). Electropolymerisation of aniline on AZ91 magnesium alloy: The effect of coating electrolyte corrosiveness. Metals, 7, 533.
Betts, J. C. (2010). Chapter 13 – Laser surface modification of aluminium and magnesium alloys. In H. Dong (Ed.), Surface engineering of light alloys (pp. 444–474). Woodhead Publishing.
Blawert, C., Sah, S. P., Liang, J., Huang, Y., & Höche, D. (2012). Role of sintering and clay particle additions on coating formation during PEO processing of AM50 magnesium alloy. Surface and Coating Technology, 213, 48–58.
Blawert, C., Sah, S. P., Scharnagl, N., & Kannan, M. B. (2015). Chapter 8 – Plasma electrolytic oxidation/micro-arc oxidation of magnesium and its alloys. In Surface Modification of Magnesium and its Alloys for Biomedical Applications (pp. 193–234). Woodhead Publishing.
Castellanos, A., Altube, A., Vega, J. M., GarcÃa-Lecina, E., DÃez, J. A., & Grande, H. J. (2015). Effect of different post-treatments on the corrosion resistance and tribological properties of AZ91D magnesium alloy coated PEO. Surface and Coating Technology, 278, 99–107.
Chen, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, W., Zhang, T., & Wang, F. (2017). Influence of second phase on corrosion performance and formation mechanism of PEO coating on AZ91 Mg alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 718, 92–103.
Chen, J., Lin, W., Liang, S., Zou, L., Wang, C., Wang, B., Yan, M., & Cui, X. (2019). Effect of alloy cations on corrosion resistance of LDH/MAO coating on magnesium alloy. Applied Surface Science, 463, 535–544.
Cui, X.-J., Lin, X.-Z., Liu, C.-H., Yang, R.-S., Zheng, X.-W., & Gong, M. (2015). Fabrication and corrosion resistance of a hydrophobic micro-arc oxidation coating on AZ31 Mg alloy. Corrosion Science, 90, 402–412.
Cui, X.-J., Ping, J., Zhang, Y.-J., Jin, Y.-Z., & Zhang, G.-A. (2017). Structure and properties of newly designed MAO/TiN coating on AZ31B Mg alloy. Surface and Coating Technology, 328, 319–325.
da Silva Rodrigues, J., Marasca Antonini, L., da Cunha Bastos, A. A., Zhou, J., & de Fraga Malfatti, C. (2021). Corrosion resistance and tribological behavior of ZK30 magnesium alloy coated by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Surface and Coating Technology, 410, 126983.
Daroonparvar, M., Yajid, M. A. M., Yusof, N. M., & Bakhsheshi-Rad, H. R. (2016). Preparation and corrosion resistance of a nanocomposite plasma electrolytic oxidation coating on Mg-1%Ca alloy formed in aluminate electrolyte containing titania nano-additives. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 688, 841–857.
Durdu, S., & Usta, M. (2012). Characterization and mechanical properties of coatings on magnesium by micro arc oxidation. Applied Surface Science, 261, 774–782.
Fattah-Alhosseini, A., & Joni, M. S. (2015). Effect of KOH concentration on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of MAO-coated Mg alloy AZ31B. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 24, 3444–3452.
Fattah-alhosseini, A., Chaharmahali, R., & Babaei, K. (2020). Effect of particles addition to solution of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) on the properties of PEO coatings formed on magnesium and its alloys: A review. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 8, 799–818.
Gao, Y., Yerokhin, A., & Matthews, A. (2013). DC plasma electrolytic oxidation of biodegradable cp-Mg: In-vitro corrosion studies. Surface and Coating Technology, 234, 132–142.
Gao, Y., Yerokhin, A., & Matthews, A. (2014). Effect of current mode on PEO treatment of magnesium in Ca- and P-containing electrolyte and resulting coatings. Applied Surface Science, 316, 558–567.
Gawel, L., Nieuzyla, L., Nawrat, G., Darowicki, K., & Slepski, P. (2017). Impedance monitoring of corrosion degradation of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings (PEO) on magnesium alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 722, 406–413.
Ghali, E. (2000). Corrosion and protection of magnesium alloys. Materials Science Forum, 350–351, 261–272.
Ghali, E., Dietzel, W., & Kainer, K.-U. (2004). General and localized corrosion of magnesium alloys: A critical review. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 13, 7–23.
Ghasemi, A., Raja, V., Blawert, C., Dietzel, W., & Kainer, K. (2008). Study of the structure and corrosion behavior of PEO coatings on AM50 magnesium alloy by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Surface and Coating Technology, 202, 3513–3518.
Golabadi, M., Aliofkhazraei, M., Toorani, M., & Rouhaghdam, A. S. (2017). Evaluation of La containing PEO pretreatment on protective performance of epoxy coating on magnesium. Progress in Organic Coating, 105, 258–266.
Gu, Y., & Chen, C.-f., Bandopadhyay, S., Ning, C., Zhang, Y. and Guo, Y. (2012). Corrosion mechanism and model of pulsed DC microarc oxidation treated AZ31 alloy in simulated body fluid. Applied Surface Science, 258, 6116–6126.
Hussein, R. O., Zhang, P., Nie, X., Xia, Y., & Northwood, D. O. (2011). The effect of current mode and discharge type on the corrosion resistance of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coated magnesium alloy AJ62. Surface and Coating Technology, 206, 1990–1997.
Hussein, R. O., Northwood, D. O., & Nie, X. (2012). The influence of pulse timing and current mode on the microstructure and corrosion behaviour of a plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coated AM60B magnesium alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 541, 41–48.
Hussein, R. O., Northwood, D. O., & Nie, X. (2013). The effect of processing parameters and substrate composition on the corrosion resistance of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coated magnesium alloys. Surface and Coating Technology, 237, 357–368.
Hwang, I. J., Hwang, D. Y., Ko, Y. G., & Shin, D. H. (2012). Correlation between current frequency and electrochemical properties of Mg alloy coated by micro arc oxidation. Surface and Coating Technology, 206, 3360–3365.
Kannan, M. B. (2010). Influence of microstructure on the in-vitro degradation behaviour of magnesium alloys. Materials Letters, 64, 739–742.
Kannan, M. B. (2012). Enhancing the performance of calcium phosphate coating on a magnesium alloy for bioimplant applications. Materials Letters, 76, 109–112.
Kannan, M. B. (2013). Improving the packing density of calcium phosphate coating on a magnesium alloy for enhanced degradation resistance. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A, 101, 1248–1254.
Kannan, M. B. (2015a). Chapter 13 – Biodegradable polymeric coatings for surface modification of magnesium-based biomaterials. In Surface modification of magnesium and its alloys for biomedical applications (pp. 355–376). Woodhead Publishing.
Kannan, M. B. (2015b). Chapter 13 Hydroxyapatite coating on biodegradable magnesium. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) for Biomedical Applications (p. 289). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-16440-9
Kannan, M. B. (2016). Electrochemical deposition of calcium phosphates on magnesium and its alloys for improved biodegradation performance: A review. Surface and Coating Technology, 301, 36–41.
Kannan, M. B., & Dietzel, W. (2012). Pitting-induced hydrogen embrittlement of magnesium–aluminium alloy. Materials and Design, 42, 321–326.
Kannan, M. B., & Orr, L. (2011). In vitro mechanical integrity of hydroxyapatite coated magnesium alloy. Biomedical Materials, 6, 045003.
Kannan, M. B., & Raman, R. S. (2008a). In vitro degradation and mechanical integrity of calcium-containing magnesium alloys in modified-simulated body fluid. Biomaterials, 29, 2306–2314.
Kannan, M. B., & Raman, R. S. (2008b). Evaluating the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of Mg–Al–Zn alloy in modified-simulated body fluid for orthopaedic implant application. Scripta Mater, 59, 175–178.
Kannan, M. B., & Wallipa, O. (2013). Potentiostatic pulse-deposition of calcium phosphate on magnesium alloy for temporary implant applications—An in vitro corrosion study. Materials Science & Engineering, C: Materials for Biological Applications, 33, 675–679.
Kannan, M. B., Dietzel, W., Blawert, C., Atrens, A., & Lyon, P. (2008a). Stress corrosion cracking of rare-earth containing magnesium alloys ZE41, QE22 and Elektron 21 (EV31A) compared with AZ80. Materials Science and Engineering A, 480, 529–539.
Kannan, M. B., Gomes, D., Dietzel, W., & Abetz, V. (2008b). Polyoxadiazole-based coating for corrosion protection of magnesium alloy. Surface and Coating Technology, 202, 4598–4601.
Kannan, M. B., Walter, R., & Yamamoto, A. (2015). Biocompatibility and in vitro degradation behavior of magnesium–calcium alloy coated with calcium phosphate using an unconventional electrolyte. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 2, 56–64.
Kannan, M. B., Walter, R., Yamamoto, A., Khakbaz, H., & Blawert, C. (2018). Electrochemical surface engineering of magnesium metal by plasma electrolytic oxidation and calcium phosphate deposition: Biocompatibility and in vitro degradation studies. RSC Advances, 8, 29189–29200.
Kannan, M. B., Walter, R., Khakbaz, H., Zeng, R. C., & Blawert, C. (2020). A triple-layered hybrid coating with self-organized microporous polymer film on magnesium for biodegradable implant applications. Medical Device Sensor, 3, e10070.
Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-K., Ryu, M.-H., Bae, T.-S., & Lee, M.-H. (2017). Corrosion resistance and bioactivity enhancement of MAO coated Mg alloy depending on the time of hydrothermal treatment in Ca-EDTA solution. Scientific Reports, 7, 9061.
Koç, E., Kannan, M. B., Ünal, M., & Candan, E. (2015). Influence of zinc on the microstructure, mechanical properties and in vitro corrosion behavior of magnesium–zinc binary alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 648, 291–296.
Lee, K. M., Lee, B. U., Yoon, S. I., Lee, E. S., Yoo, B., & Shin, D. H. (2012). Evaluation of plasma temperature during plasma oxidation processing of AZ91 Mg alloy through analysis of the melting behavior of incorporated particles. Electrochimica Acta, 67, 6–11.
Li, X., & Luan, B. L. (2012). Discovery of Al2O3 particles incorporation mechanism in plasma electrolytic oxidation of AM60B magnesium alloy. Materials Letters, 86, 88–91.
Li, X., Liu, X., & Luan, B. L. (2011). Corrosion and wear properties of PEO coatings formed on AM60B alloy in NaAlO2 electrolytes. Applied Surface Science, 257, 9135–9141.
Li, L.-Y., Cui, L.-Y., Zeng, R.-C., Li, S.-Q., Chen, X.-B., Zheng, Y., & Kannan, M. B. (2018). Advances in functionalized polymer coatings on biodegradable magnesium alloys – A review. Acta Biomaterialia, 79, 23–36.
Li, C.-Y., Feng, X.-L., Fan, X.-L., Yu, X.-T., Yin, Z.-Z., Kannan, M. B., Chen, X.-B., Guan, S.-K., Zhang, J., & Zeng, R.-C. (2019a). Corrosion and wear resistance of micro-arc oxidation composite coatings on magnesium alloy AZ31—The influence of inclusions of carbon spheres. Advanced Engineering Materials, 21, 1900446.
Li, C.-Y., Fan, X.-L., Zeng, R.-C., Cui, L.-Y., Li, S.-Q., Zhang, F., He, Q.-K., Kannan, M. B., Jiang, H.-W., Chen, D.-C., & Guan, S.-K. (2019b). Corrosion resistance of in-situ growth of nano-sized Mg(OH)2 on micro-arc oxidized magnesium alloy AZ31—Influence of EDTA. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 35, 1088–1098.
Liang, J., Srinivasan, P. B., Blawert, C., Störmer, M., & Dietzel, W. (2009). Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on AM50 magnesium alloy formed in silicate and phosphate based electrolytes. Electrochimica Acta, 54, 3842–3850.
Liu, C., Liang, J., Zhou, J., Li, Q., Peng, Z., & Wang, L. (2016). Characterization and corrosion behavior of plasma electrolytic oxidation coated AZ91-T6 magnesium alloy. Surface and Coating Technology, 304, 179–187.
Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Xu, A., & Liu, X. (2021). Understanding pitting corrosion behavior of AZ91 alloy and its MAO coating in 3.5% NaCl solution by cyclic potentiodynamic polarization. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.12.005
Martin, J., Nominé, A. V., Stef, J., Nominé, A., Zou, J. X., Henrion, G., & Grosdidier, T. (2019). The influence of metallurgical state of substrate on the efficiency of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process on magnesium alloy. Materials and Design, 178, 107859.
Mohedano, M., Blawert, C., & Zheludkevich, M. L. (2015). Silicate-based plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings with incorporated CeO2 particles on AM50 magnesium alloy. Materials and Design, 86, 735–744.
Monetta, T., Parnian, P., & Acquesta, A. (2020). Recent advances in the control of the degradation rate of PEO treated magnesium and its alloys for biomedical applications. Metals, 10, 907.
Moon, S., Arrabal, R., & Matykina, E. (2015). 3-Dimensional structures of open-pores in PEO films on AZ31 Mg alloy. Materials Letters, 161, 439–441.
Mordike, B. L., & Ebert, T. (2001). Magnesium: Properties—Applications—Potential. Materials Science and Engineering A, 302, 37–45.
Mori, Y., Koshi, A., Liao, J., Asoh, H., & Ono, S. (2014). Characteristics and corrosion resistance of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on AZ31B Mg alloy formed in phosphate – Silicate mixture electrolytes. Corrosion Science, 88, 254–262.
Němcová, A., Skeldon, P., Thompson, G. E., & Pacal, B. (2013). Effect of fluoride on plasma electrolytic oxidation of AZ61 magnesium alloy. Surface and Coating Technology, 232, 827–838.
Rapheal, G., Kumar, S., Blawert, C., & Dahotre, N. B. (2011). Wear behavior of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and hybrid coatings of PEO and laser on MRI 230D magnesium alloy. Wear, 271, 1987–1997.
Sabaghi Joni, M., & Fattah-alhosseini, A. (2016). Effect of KOH concentration on the electrochemical behavior of coatings formed by pulsed DC micro-arc oxidation (MAO) on AZ31B Mg alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 661, 237–244.
Saris, N.-E. L., Mervaala, E., Karppanen, H., Khawaja, J. A., & Lewenstam, A. (2000). Magnesium: An update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects. Clinica Chimica Acta, 294, 1–26.
Shen, M. J., Wang, X. J., & Zhang, M. F. (2012). High-compactness coating grown by plasma electrolytic oxidation on AZ31 magnesium alloy in the solution of silicate–borax. Applied Surface Science, 259, 362–366.
Somasundaram, S., Ionescu, M., & Mathan, B. K. (2018). Ion implantation of calcium and zinc in magnesium for biodegradable implant applications. Metals, 8, 30.
Song, G., & Atrens, A. (2003). Understanding magnesium corrosion—A framework for improved alloy performance. Advanced Engineering Materials, 5, 837–858.
Sreekanth, D., Rameshbabu, N., & Venkateswarlu, K. (2012). Effect of various additives on morphology and corrosion behavior of ceramic coatings developed on AZ31 magnesium alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Ceramics International, 38, 4607–4615.
Staiger, M. P., Pietak, A. M., Huadmai, J., & Dias, G. (2006). Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: A review. Biomaterials, 27, 1728–1734.
Surmeneva, M. A., Mukhametkaliyev, T. M., Khakbaz, H., Surmenev, R. A., & Kannan, M. B. (2015). Ultrathin film coating of hydroxyapatite (HA) on a magnesium–calcium alloy using RF magnetron sputtering for bioimplant applications. Materials Letters, 152, 280–282.
Toulabifard, A., Rahmati, M., Raeissi, K., Hakimizad, A., & Santamaria, M. (2020). The effect of electrolytic solution composition on the structure, corrosion, and wear resistance of PEO coatings on AZ31 magnesium alloy. Coatings, 10, 937.
Walter, R., & Kannan, M. B. (2011). In-vitro degradation behaviour of WE54 magnesium alloy in simulated body fluid. Materials Letters, 65, 748–750.
Wang, X., Lu, X., Ju, P., Chen, Y., Zhang, T., & Wang, F. (2021). Influence of ZnO on thermal control property and corrosion resistance of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on Mg alloy. Surface and Coating Technology, 409, 126905.
Wilke, B. M., Zhang, L., Li, W., Ning, C., Chen, C.-F., & Gu, Y. (2016). Corrosion performance of MAO coatings on AZ31 Mg alloy in simulated body fluid vs. Earle’s Balance Salt solution. Applied Surface Science, 363, 328–337.
Witte, F., Kaese, V., Haferkamp, H., Switzer, E., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Wirth, C. J., & Windhagen, H. (2005). In vivo corrosion of four magnesium alloys and the associated bone response. Biomaterials, 26, 3557–3563.
Witte, F., Hort, N., Vogt, C., Cohen, S., Kainer, K. U., Willumeit, R., & Feyerabend, F. (2008). Degradable biomaterials based on magnesium corrosion. Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science, 12, 63–72.
Xia, Q., Li, X., Yao, Z., & Jiang, Z. (2021). Investigations on the thermal control properties and corrosion resistance of MAO coatings prepared on Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr alloy. Surface and Coatings Technology, 409, 126874.
Yagi, S., Sengoku, A., Kubota, K., & Matsubara, E. (2012). Surface modification of ACM522 magnesium alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation in phosphate electrolyte. Corrosion Science, 57, 74–80.
Yagi, S., Kuwabara, K., Fukuta, Y., Kubota, K., & Matsubara, E. (2013). Formation of self-repairing anodized film on ACM522 magnesium alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Corrosion Science, 73, 188–195.
Yerokhin, A., Nie, X., Leyland, A., Matthews, A., & Dowey, S. (1999). Plasma electrolysis for surface engineering. Surface and Coating Technology, 122, 73–93.
Zhang, Z.-Q., Wang, L., Zeng, M.-Q., Zeng, R.-C., Kannan, M. B., Lin, C.-G., & Zheng, Y.-F. (2020). Biodegradation behavior of micro-arc oxidation coating on magnesium alloy-from a protein perspective. Bioactive Mater, 5, 398–409.
Zhang, W., Du, Y., & Zhang, P. (2021). Excellent plasma electrolytic oxidation coating on AZ61 magnesium alloy under ordinal discharge mode. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2021.01.003
Zheng, X., Liu, Q., Ma, H., Das, S., Gu, Y., & Zhang, L. (2018). Probing local corrosion performance of sol-gel/MAO composite coating on Mg alloy. Surface and Coating Technology, 347, 286–296.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kannan, M.B., Lenin, P., Khakbaz, H., Zeng, RC. (2022). Recent Approaches for Enhancing Corrosion Resistance of PEO/MAO-Coated Mg and Its Alloys. In: Saji, V.S., Sankara Narayanan, T.S.N., Chen, X. (eds) Conversion Coatings for Magnesium and its Alloys. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89976-9_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89976-9_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-89975-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-89976-9
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)