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Italian Language in Exile in France in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

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Italianness and Migration from the Risorgimento to the 1960s

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Abstract

During the Risorgimento, Italian politic exiles contributed to the dissemination of Italian culture and literature abroad by their pedagogical, journalistic, and editorial activity. This paper examines the exiles’ strategies to maintain and spread the Italian language (italofonia), especially by editing in France reviews, books, and teaching methods to learn Italian, in order to support the formation of Italian identity and of the Italian State. While Revolutionary exiles (Jacobins), the first generation of patriots, opened the edition market to didactic books to learn Italian and to Italian classics series edited by French publishing houses, the second generation of Italian exile faced the problem of reconciling the Italian written language with the spoken language, promoting a common language and modern Italian literature. This new generation of “committed critics” published important bilingual or Italian reviews in Paris and modern dictionaries to replace the linguistic purism of the Accademia della Crusca; they incremented the “desire for Italy” of the French Romantic generation and prepared the Franco-Italian alliance in the Second Italian War of Independence.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Patrizia Audenino and Antonio Bechelloni, “L’esilio politico fra Otto e Novecento,” Storia d’Italia: Annali 24: Migrazioni, eds Paola Corti and Matteo Sanfilippo (Turin: Einaudi, 2009), 343–69; Maurizio Isabella, Risorgimento in Exile. Italians Émigrés and the Liberal International in the post-Napoleonic Era (Oxford-New York: Oxford University Press, 2009); Agostino Bistarelli, Gli esuli del Risorgimento (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2011); Antonio Bechelloni, “L’exil dans l’histoire italienne (XIXe-XXe siècles),” Les exilés politiques espagnols, italiens et portugais en France au XIXe siècle: questions et perspectives, eds Laura Fournier-Finocchiaro and Cristina Climaco (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2017), 37–52.

  2. 2.

    Laura Fournier-Finocchiaro, “Les exilés politiques italiens, vecteurs et médiateurs de la langue et de la littérature italienne en France au XIXe siècle,” Les exilés politiques espagnols, italiens et portugais en France, 121–44.

  3. 3.

    Mariasilvia Tatti, “Esuli e letterati: per una storia culturale dell’esilio risorgimentale,” L’officina letteraria e culturale dell’età mazziniana (1815–1870), eds Stefano Verdino et al., (Novi Ligure: Città del Silenzio, 2013), 89–100; Simon Levis Sullam, “Conflitti dell’esilio e immaginazione della nazione alle origini del Risorgimento,” Gli italiani in guerra: Conflitti, identità, memorie dal Risorgimento ai nostri giorni, vol. I (Torino: UTET, 2008), 104–14.

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    Claudio Marazzini, Breve storia della lingua italiana (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2004); Robert Anderson Hall, The Italian Questione Della Lingua: An Interpretative Essay (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1942).

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    Daniel Baggioni, Langues et nations en Europe (Paris: Payot, 1997); Giuliano Procacci, “Nazionalismi e questione della lingua,” Studi storici 48/3–4 (2007): 589–634.

  9. 9.

    According to nationalistic claims, language is seen as a proof of the “historical existence” of a nation. See Pierre Bourdieu, Langage et pouvoir symbolique (Paris: Seuil, 2001); Francesca Zantedeschi, “Lingua e nazione in Europa,” Passato e presente 79 (2010): 155–67.

  10. 10.

    Arianna Arisi-Rota, “La Domenica: Un giornale italiano nella Parigi tardo consolare,” Rassegna storica del Risorgimento 83/1 (1996): 17–28; Paolo Conte, “Un periodico italiano nella Parigi napoleonica: il caso de La Domenica, fra classicismo letterario e rinnovamento politico,” Rivista storica italiana, 130 (2018): 409–36.

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    Francesco Saverio Salfi, Résumé de l’histoire de la littérature italienne (Paris: Chez Louis Janet, 1826), xv.

  12. 12.

    Carlo Dionisotti, Vita di Carlo Botta (Torino: Bocca, 1867).

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    Mariasilvia Tatti, “Bohème letteraria italiana a Parigi all’inizio dell’Ottocento,” Italia e Italie. Immagini tra rivoluzione e Restaurazione, ed. Mariasilvia Tatti (Roma: Bulzoni, 1999), 139–60.

  14. 14.

    Maria Luisa Belleli, Voci italiane da Parigi. “L’esule-L’exilé” (1832–1834), ed. Cristina Trinchero (Torino: Tirrenia Stampatori, 2002); Antonietta A. Zucconi, “Un giornale dall’esilio. L’esule-L’exilé. Giornale di letteratura italiana antica e moderna,” Viaggiatori [Online], I/1 (2017); available from http://www.viaggiatorijournal.com/cms/cms_files/20170913115241_oh@g.pdf.

  15. 15.

    Ilaria Gabbani, “Exil et presse italienne à Paris dans les années 1830: le cas de L’Italiano,Les exilés politiques espagnols, italiens et portugais en France, 145–61.

  16. 16.

    Claudio Marazzini, L’ordine delle parole. Storia di vocabolari italiani (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2009).

  17. 17.

    Karoline Rörig, “Cooperare al progresso de’ veri principii di libertà, di indipendenza e di nazionalità. Il giornalismo di Cristina Trivulzio di Belgiojoso,” Cristina di Belgiojoso. Politica e cultura nell’Europa dell’Ottocento, eds Ginevra Conti Odorisio et al., (Napoli: Loffredo, 2010), 319–45.

  18. 18.

    Laura Fournier-Finocchiaro, “La stampa italiana in Francia nella prima metà dell’Ottocento,” Voci d’Italia fuori dall’Italia, eds Bénédicte Deschamps and Pantaleone Sergi‚ (Cosenza: Pellegrini Editore, 2021), 287–307.

  19. 19.

    Peter Burke, Exiles and Expatriates in the History of Knowledge (1500–2000) (Waltham: Brandeis University Press, 2017), 8.

  20. 20.

    Giovanni Dotoli, Les traductions de l’italien en français au XIXe siècle (Fasano-Paris: Schena-Presses de l’Université de Paris-Sorbonne, 2004), 86.

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Fournier-Finocchiaro, L. (2022). Italian Language in Exile in France in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century. In: Mourlane, S., Regnard, C., Martini, M., Brice, C. (eds) Italianness and Migration from the Risorgimento to the 1960s. Palgrave Studies in Migration History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88964-7_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88964-7_11

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