Abstract
This chapter summarizes key scientific developments in autism research in the areas of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment, presented within the context of the world views of the time in which those developments were occurring. While an exhaustive review of every key scientific figure, clinician, advocate, and policy development was beyond our scope, here we highlight key influences on the evolution of scientific understanding in the field. It is clear that historical perspectives have strongly influenced conceptualizations of autism, including the questions posed and the lenses through which data is interpreted. A review of the historical record demonstrates that while there is still much to be learned, we can be encouraged by the substantial progress that has been made since the disorder’s formal introduction to the scientific and clinical literature in the 1940s, that research into the disorder continues to grow, and that outcomes for individuals with autism have improved substantially over time.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abrahams, B. S., & Geschwind, D. H. (2008). Advances in autism genetics: On the threshold of a new neurobiology. Nature Reviews Genetics, 9(5), 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2346
American Psychiatric Association (1968). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-II. Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-III.
American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of metal disorders (3rd ed, rev).
American Psychiatric Association (1995). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV).
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-V).
Asperger, H. (1944). Die “Autistischen Psychopathen” in Kindersalter. Archiv Fur Psychiatrie Und Nervenkrankheiten, 117, 76–136.
Baer, D. M., Wolf, M. M., & Risley, T. R. (1968). Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1(4), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1987.20-313
Bailey, A., Le Couteur, A., Gottesman, I., Bolton, P., Simonoff, E., Yuzda, E., & Rutter, M. (1995). Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: Evidence from a British twin study. Psychological Medicine, 25, 63–77.
Bailey, A., Hervas, A., Matthews, N., Palferman, S., Wallace, S., Aubin, A., … Scudder, P. (1998). A full genome screen for autism with evidence for linkage to a region on chromosome 7q: International molecular genetic study of autism consortium. Human Molecular Genetics, 7(3), 571–578. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/7.3.571
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a theory of mind? Cognition, 21, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-196307000-00010
Bartak, L., & Rutter, M. (1973). Special educational treatment of autistic children: A comparative study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 14(3), 161–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1973.tb01185.x
Batista, I. C., Gandolfi, L., Nobrega, Y. K. M., Almeida, R. C., Almeida, L. M., Campos Junior, D., & Pratesi, R. (2012). Autism spectrum disorder and celiac disease: No evidence for a link. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 70(1), 28–33. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2012000100007
Bender, L. (1947). 100 cases of childhood schizophrenia treated with electric shock. Transactions of the American Neurological Association, (165–169).
Bender, L. (1969). A longitudinal study of schizophrenic children with autism. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 20(8), 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.20.8.230
Bender, L. (1970). The life course of children with autism and mental retardation. In Psychiatric approaches to mental retardation. Basic Books.
Bender, L., & Faretra, G. (1972). The relationship between childhood schizophrenia and adult schizophrenia. In Genetic factors in “schizophrenia.”. Charles C Thomas.
Bender, L., Faretra, G., & Cobrinik, L. (1963). LSD and UML treatment of hospitalized disturbed children. Retrieved from http://www.neurodiversity.com/library_bender_1963.html
Bender, L. (1959). Autism in children with mental deficiency. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 64(1), 81–86.
Bender, L., & Gurevitz, S. (1955). Results of psychotherapy with young schizophrenic children*·1. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 25(1), 162–170.
Benger, M., Kinali, M., & Mazarakis, N. D. (2018). Autism spectrum disorder: Prospects for treatment using gene therapy. Molecular Autism, 9(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0222-8
Berg, J. M., & Geschwind, D. H. (2012). Autism genetics: Searching for specificity and convergence. Genome Biology, 13(7), 247. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2012-13-7-247
Bettelheim, B. (1967). The empty fortress: Infantile autism and the birth of the self. Collier-Macmillan, Ltd.
Bishop, D. (2008). Specific language impairment, dyslexia and autism: Using genetics to unravel their relationship. In Understanding developmental language disorders: From theory to practice (pp. 67–78).
Bishop, D. V. M. (1993). Autism, executive functions and theory of mind: A neuropsychological perspective. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34(3), 279–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb00992.x
Bleuler, E. (1911). Dementia praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (Vol. 4). Deuticke.
Bolton, P. F., Pickles, A., Murphy, M., & Rutter, M. (1998). Autism, affective and other psychiatric disorders: Patterns of familial aggregation. Psychological Medicine, 28(2), 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291797006004
Bottema-Beutel, K., Yoder, P., Woynaroski, T., & Sandbank, M. P. (2014). Targeted interventions for social communication symptoms in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders. In F. R. Volkmar, S. J. Rogers, R. Paul, & K. A. Pelphrey (Eds.), (2014) handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders: Assessment, interventions, and policy (Vol. 2, 4th ed., pp. 788–812). John Wil.
Brown, K. F., Long, S. J., Ramsay, M., Hudson, M. J., Green, J., Vincent, C. A., … Sevdalis, N. (2012). UK parents’ decision-making about measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine 10 years after the MMR-autism controversy: A qualitative analysis. Vaccine, 30(10), 1855–1864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.127
Canitano, R., & Scandurra, V. (2011). Psychopharmacology in autism: An update. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 35(1), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.10.015
Casanova, M. F., Casanova, E. L., Frye, R. E., Baeza-Velasco, C., LaSalle, J. M., Hagerman, R. J., … Natowicz, M. R. (2020). Editorial: Secondary vs. idiopathic autism. Frontiers. Psychiatry, 11(April), 10–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00297
Charman, T., & Swettenham, J. (2001). Repetitive behaviours and social communicative impairments in autism: Implications for developmental theory and diagnosis. In The development of autism: Implications for developmental theory and diagnosis (pp. 325–345). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Chaste, P., & Leboyer, M. (2012). Autism risk factors: Genes, environment and gene-environment interactions. Clinical Research, 281–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76495-5_19
Cohen, D., Pichard, N., Tordjman, S., Baumann, C., Burglen, L., Excoffier, E., … Héron, D. (2005). Specific genetic disorders and autism: Clinical contribution towards their identification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(1), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-004-1038-2
Cohen, D. J. (1974). Biogenic amines in autistic and atypical children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31(6), 845. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760180085011
Cohen, D. J., Young, J. G., & Roth, J. A. (1977). Platelet monoamine oxidase in early childhood autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34(5), 534–537. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770170044003
Council, N. R. (2001). Educating children with autism. National Academies Press.
Creak, E. M. (1963). Childhood psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 109, 84–89.
Creak, M. (1961). Schizophrenic syndrome in childhood: Report of a British working party. British Medical Journal, 2, 889–890.
Creak, M., & Ini, S. (1960). Families of psychotic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1(2), 156–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1960.tb01990.x
Dawson, G. (2008). Early behavioral intervention, brain plasticity, and the prevention of autism spectrum disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 20(3), 775–803. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579408000370
Dawson, G., Rogers, S., Munson, J., Smith, M., Winter, J., Greenson, J., … Varley, J. (2010). Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: The early start Denver Model. Pediatrics, 125(1), e17–e23.
DeMyer, M. K., Barton, S., DeMyer, W. E., Norton, J. A., Allen, J., & Steele, R. (1973). Prognosis in autism: A follow-up study. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 3(3), 199–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01538281
Dufour-Rainfray, D., Vourch, P., Tourlet, S., Guilloteau, D., Chalon, S., & Andres, C. R. (2011). Fetal exposure to teratogens: Evidence of genes involved in autism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(5), 1254–1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.12.013
Durkin, M. S., Maenner, M. J., Newschaffer, C. J., Lee, L. C., Cunniff, C. M., Daniels, J. L., … Schieve, L. A. (2008). Advanced parental age and the risk of autism spectrum disorder. American Journal of Epidemiology, 168(11), 1268–1276. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn250
Eisenberg, L. (1955). The autistic child in adolescence. In 11th annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association (pp. 607–612). The John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md.
Elgar, S. (1965). A school for autistic children. In Some approaches to teaching autistic children (pp. 52–60). Pergamon.
Factor, D. C., Freeman, N. L., & Kardash, A. (1989). Brief report: A comparison of DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria for autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19(4), 637–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02212862
Faretra, G. (1979). Lauretta bender on autism: A review. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 10(2), 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01433504
Fein, D. (2011). The neuropsychology of autism. Oxford University Press.
Feinstein, A. (2010). A history of autism: Conversations with pioneers. Wiley-Blackwell.
Fellowes, S. (2015). Did Kanner actually describe the first account of autism? The mystery of 1938. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(7), 2274–2276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2371-3
Ferster, C. B., & DeMyer, M. K. (1961). The development of performances in autistic children in an automatically controlled environment. Journal of Chronic Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(61)90059-5
Folstein, S., & Rutter, M. (1977). Infantile autism: A genetic study of 21 twin pairs. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18(4), 297–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00443.x
Frigaux, A., Evrard, R., & Lighezzolo-Alnot, J. (2019). ADI-R and ADOS and the differential diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders: Interests, limits and openings. L’Encephale, 45(5), 441.
Frith, U. (1989). Autism: Explaining the enigma. Wiley Online Library.
Frith, U. (1991). Autism and asperger syndrome. In U. Frith (Ed.), Autism and Asperger syndrome. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02098867
Frith, U. (2003). Autism: Explaining the enigma (2nd Editio). Blackwell Publishers.
Frith, U., & Happé, F. (1994). Autism: Beyond “theory of mind.”. Cognition, 50(1–3), 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(94)90024-8
Frith, U., & Houston, R. (2000). The case of Hugh Blair of Borgue [c. 1708-1765]. Blackwell Publishers.
Fung, L. K., & Hardan, A. Y. (2014). Autism in DSM-5 under the microscope: Implications to patients, families, clinicians, and researchers. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 11(2014), 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2014.08.010
Gardener, H., Spiegelman, D., & Buka, S. L. (2011). Perinatal and neonatal risk factors for autism: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 128(2), 344–355. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-1036
Gillberg, C., Gillberg, I. C., Rasmussen, P., Kadesjö, B., Söderström, H., Råstam, M., … Niklasson, L. (2004). Co-existing disorders in ADHD - implications for diagnosis and intervention. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Supplement, 13(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-004-1008-4
Gittleman, M., & Birch, H. G. (1967). Intellect, neurologic status, perinatal risk, prognosis and family pathology. Archives of General Psychiatry, 17, 16–25.
Glinton, K. E., & Elsea, S. H. (2019). Untargeted metabolomics for autism spectrum disorders: Current status and future directions. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00647
Goldstein, S., & DeVries, M. (2013). Autism spectrum disorder enters the age of multidisciplinary treatment. In Interventions for autism spectrum disorders (pp. 3–18). Springer.
Graff, H. J., Berkeley, S., Evmenova, A. S., & Park, K. L. (2014). Trends in autism research: A systematic journal analysis. Exceptionality, 22(3), 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/09362835.2013.865532
Grandin, T., & Scanano, M. (1986). Emergence labelled autistic. Arena Press.
Grant, K. P., & Davis, G. (2009). Perception and apperception in autism: Rejecting the inverse assumption. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1522), 1393–1398. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0001
Gray, C. A., & Garand, J. D. (1993). Social stories: Improving responses of students with autism with accurate social information. Focus on Autistic Behavior, 8(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/108835769300800101
Grinker, R. R. (2007). Unstrange minds: A father remaps the world of autism. Icon Books.
Happe, F. (1999). Autism: Cognitive deficit or cognitive style? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3(6), 216–222.
Happé, F., Booth, R., Charlton, R., & Hughes, C. (2006a). Executive function deficits in autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Examining profiles across domains and ages. Brain and Cognition, 61(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2006.03.004
Happé, F., Ronald, A., & Plomin, R. (2006b). Time to give up on a single explanation for autism. Nature Neuroscience, 9(10), 1218–1220. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1770
Happé, F. G. E. (1996). Studying weak central coherence at low levels: Children with autism do not succumb to visual illusions. A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 37(7), 873–877. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01483.x
Hermelin, B., & O’Connor, N. (1970). Psychological experiments with autistic children. Perganon.
Howlin, P., & Magiati, I. (2017). Autism spectrum disorder: Outcomes in adulthood. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 30(2), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000308
Howlin, P., Moss, P., Savage, S., & Rutter, M. (2013). Social outcomes in mid- to later adulthood among individuals diagnosed with autism and average nonverbal IQ as children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(6), 572–581.
Howlin, P., Magiati, I., & Charman, T. (2009). Systematic review of early intensive behavioral interventions for children with autism. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 114(1), 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1352/2009.114
Hughes, C., Russell, J., & Robbins, T. W. (1994). Evidence for executive dysfunction in autism. Neuropsychologia, 32(4), 477–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(94)90092-2
Institute of Medicine. (2012). Committee to review adverse effects of vaccines. National Academies Press, Inc.
Itard, J.-M.-G., Humphrey, G. T., & Humphrey, M. T. (1932). The wild boy of Aveyron (rapports et memoires sure le sauvage de L’Aveyron).
Jones, R. M., Risi, S., Wexler, D., Anderson, D., Corsello, C., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2015). How interview questions are placed in time influences caregiver description of social communication symptoms on the ADI-R. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 56(5), 577–585. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12325
Kalkbrenner, A. E., Schmidt, R. J., & Penlesky, A. C. (2014). Environmental chemical exposures and autism spectrum disorders: A review of the epidemiological evidence. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 44(10), 277–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2014.06.001
Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217.
Kanner, L. (1949). Problems of nosology and psychodynamics of early infantile autism. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 19(3), 416–426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1949.tb05441.x
Kanner, L. (1964). A history of the care and study of the mentally retarded.
Kanner, L., & Eisenberg, L. (1957). Child psychiatry. Mental deficiency. Review of Psychiatric Progress, 609–615.
Kite, D. M., Gullifer, J., & Tyson, G. A. (2013). Views on the diagnostic labels of autism and Asperger’s disorder and the proposed changes in the DSM. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(7), 1692–1700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1718-2
Klin, A., Volkmar, F., & Sparrow, S. (1992). Autistic social dysfunction: Some limitations of the theory of mind hypothesis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33(5), 861–876.
Koegel, L. K., Koegel, R. L., Harrower, J. K., & Carter, C. M. (1999). Pivotal response intervention I: Overview of approach. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 24(3), 174–185.
Koegel, R., Brookman, L., & Koegel, L. (2003). Autism: Pivotal response intervention and parent empowerment. Trends in Evidence-Based Neuropsychiatry, 5(1), 53–61.
Kolvin, I. (1971). Psychoses in childhood-a comparative study. In Infantile autism: Concepts, characteristics and treatment (pp. 7–26).
Krakowiak, P., Walker, C. K., Bremer, A. A., Baker, A. S., Ozonoff, S., Hansen, R. L., & Hertz-Picciotto, I. (2012). Maternal metabolic conditions and risk for autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Pediatrics, 129, 5. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2583
Landa, R. J., Holman, K. C., & Garrett-Mayer, E. (2007). Social and communication development in toddlers with early and later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(7), 853–864. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.7.853
Lang, R., Machalicek, W., Rispoli, M., & Regester, A. (2009). Training parents to implement communication interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD): A systematic review. Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention, 3(3), 174–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/17489530903338861
Larsson, H. J., Eaton, W. W., Madsen, K. M., Vestergaard, M., Olesen, A. V., Agerbo, E., … Mortensen, P. B. (2005). Risk factors for autism: Perinatal factors, parental psychiatric history, and socioeconomic status. American Journal of Epidemiology, 161(10), 916–925. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi123
Le Couteur, A., Bailey, A., Goode, S., Pickles, A., Gottesman, I., Robertson, S., & Rutter, M. (1996). A broader phenotype of autism: The clinical spectrum in twins. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 37(7), 785–801. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01475.x
Le Couteur, A., Haden, G., Hammal, D., & McConachie, H. (2008). Diagnosing autism spectrum disorders in pre-school children using two standardised assessment instruments: The ADI-R and the ADOS. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(2), 362–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0403-3
Lockyer, L., & Rutter, M. (1969). A five to fifteen year follow-up study of infantile psychosis, III: Psychological aspects. British Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 865–882.
London, E., & Etzel, R. A. (2000). The environment as an etiologic factor in autism: A new direction for research. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(SUPPL. 3), 401–404. https://doi.org/10.2307/3454527
Lord, C., & Corsello, C. (2005). Diagnostic instruments in autistic spectrum disorders. Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, 730–771. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470939352.ch2
Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P., Risi, S., Gotham, K., & Bishop, S. (1999). Autism diagnostic observation schedule manual. Western Psychological Services.
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & LeCouteur, A. (1994). Autism diagnostic interview revised. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2(5), 659–685.
Losh, M., Childress, D., Lam, K., & Piven, J. (2008). Defining key features of the broad autism phenotype: A comparison across parents of multiple- and single-incidence autism families. American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 147(4), 424–433. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30612
Lotter, V. (1966). Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children—1. Prevalence. Social Psychiatry, 1(3), 124–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00584048
Lotter, V. (1974). Factors related to outcome in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 4(3), 263–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02115232
Louise Despert, J. (1938). Schizophrenia in children. The. Psychiatric Quarterly, 12(2), 366–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01566197
Lovaas, O. I. (1987). Tratamiento conductual y funcionamiento educativo e intelectual normal en niños autistas. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3
Lovaas, O. I., Koegel, R., Simmons, J. Q., & Long, J. S. (1973). Some generalization and follow-up measures on autistic children in behavior therapy1. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6(1), 131–165. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1973.6-131
Lyons, V., & Fitzgerald, M. (2007). Asperger (1906-1980) and Kanner (1894-1981), the two pioneers of autism [2]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(10), 2022–2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0383-3
Maatz, A., Hoff, P., & Angst, J. (2015). Eugen Bleuler’s schizophrenia-a modern perspective. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17(1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-110663
Mahatmya, D., Zobel, A., & Valdovinos, M. G. (2008). Treatment approaches for self-injurious behavior in individuals with autism: Behavioral and pharmacological methods. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention, 5(1), 106–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100413
Malson, L. (1972). Wolf children. NYU Press.
Mancil, G. R. (2016). A review of the literature related to children with autism. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 41(3), 213–224.
Manouilenko, I., & Bejerot, S. (2015). Sukhareva—Prior to Asperger and Kanner. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 69(6), 1761–1764. https://doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2015.1005022
Massrali, A., Warrier, V., Arkoprovo, P., Adhya, D., Srivastava, D., Kotter, M., & Baron-Cohn, S. (2019). Chromatin signaling and neurological disorders. In Chromatin signaling and neurological disorders (pp. 285–302). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/c2017-0-00436-6
Matson, J. L., & Kozlowski, A. M. (2011). The increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(1), 418–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2010.06.004
McKeever, B. W. (2013). News framing of autism: Understanding media advocacy and the Combating Autism Act. Science Communication, 35(2), 213–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012450951
Mesibov, G. B., Adams, L. W., & Schopler, E. (2000). Autism: A brief history. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 20(5), 637–647. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351692009348913
Micali, N., Chakrabarti, S., & Fombonne, E. (2004). The broad autism phenotype: Findings from an epidemiological survey. Autism, 8(1), 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361304040636
Miles, J. H., Takahashi, T. N., Bagby, S., Sahota, P. K., Vaslow, D. F., Wang, C. H., … Farmer, J. E. (2005). Essential versus complex autism: Definition of fundamental prognostic subtypes. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 135 A(2), 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.30590
Moldin, S. O., Rubenstein, J. L. R., & Hyman, S. E. (2006). Can autism speak to neuroscience? Journal of Neuroscience, 26(26), 6893–6896. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1944-06.2006
Molloy, C. A., & Manning-Courtney, P. (2003). Prevalence of chronic gastrointestinal symptoms in children with autism and autistic spectrum disorders. Autism, 7(2), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361303007002004
Mundy, P., Gwaltney, M., & Henderson, H. (2010). Self-referenced processing, neurodevelopment and joint attention in autism. Autism, 14(5), 408–429. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361310366315
Nadeson, M. H. (2007). Constructing autism: A brief genealogy. In Autism and representation (pp. 78–95). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Osterling, J. A., Dawson, G., & Munson, J. A. (2002). Early recognition of 1-year-old infants with autism spectrum disorder versus mental retardation. Development and Psychopathology, 14(2), 239–251. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579402002031
Ozonoff, S., & Jensen, J. (1999). Brief report: Specific executive function profiles in three neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(2), 171–177.
Ozonoff, S. (1995). Reliability and validity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in studies of autism. Neuropsychology, 9(4), 491–500. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.9.4.491
Ozonoff, S., & Miller, J. N. (1996). An exploration of right-hemisphere contributions to the pragmatic impairments of autism. Brain and Language, 52(3), 411–434. https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.1996.0022
Ozonoff, S., South, M., & Provencal, S. (1995). Executive functions in autism: Theory and practice. In Learning and cognition in autism (pp. 199–219). Springer.
Persico, A. M., & Napolioni, V. (2013). Autism genetics. Behavioural Brain Research, 251, 95–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.06.012
Pew Research Center (2008). Health news coverage in the US Media. Retrieved from http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/legacy/HealthNewsReportFinal.pdf.
Philip, R. C. M., Dauvermann, M. R., Whalley, H. C., Baynham, K., Lawrie, S. M., & Stanfield, A. C. (2012). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the fMRI investigation of autism spectrum disorders. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(2), 901–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.10.008
Pierce, K., & Schreibman, L. (1995). Increasing complex social behaviors in children with autism: Effects of peer-implemented pivotal response training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 28(3), 285–295. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1995.28-285
Plaisted, K., Saksida, L., Alcántara, J., & Weisblatt, E. (2003). Towards an understanding of the mechanisms of weak central coherence effects: Experiments in visual configural learning and auditory perception. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 358(1430), 375–386. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1211
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Premack and Woodruff : Chimpanzee theory of mind. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4(1978), 515–526.
Pring, L., & Heavey, L. (1995). Savants, segments, art and autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36(6), 1065–1076. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01351.x
Rajendran, G., & Mitchell, P. (2007). Cognitive theories of autism. Developmental Review, 27(2), 224–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2007.02.001
Reichow, B. (2012). Overview of meta-analyses on early intensive behavioral intervention for young children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(4), 512–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1218-9
Reichow, B., Steiner, A. M., & Volkmar, F. (2012). Social skills groups for people aged 6 to 21 with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Campbell Systematic Reviews, 8(1), 1–76. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2012.16
Reichow, B., & Volkmar, F. R. (2010). Social skills interventions for individuals with autism: Evaluation for evidence-based practices within a best evidence synthesis framework. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(2), 149–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0842-0
Rimland, B., Callaway, E., & Dreyfus, P. (1978). The effect of high doses of vitamin B6 on autistic children: A double blind crossover study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135(4), 472–475. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.135.4.472
Rimland, B. (1964). Infantile autism. Appleton Cetury Crofts.
Rimland, B. (1973). High dosage levels of certain vitamines in the treatment of children with severe mental disorders. In Orthomolecular psychiatry. WH Freeman.
Ritvo, E. R. (1983). Effects of fenfluramine on 14 outpatients with the syndrome of autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 22(6), 549–558. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/2.4.153
Ronald, A., Happé, F., Bolton, P., Butcher, L. M., Price, T. S., Wheelwright, S., … Plomin, R. (2006). Genetic heterogeneity between the three components of the autism spectrum: A twin study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(6), 691–699. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000215325.13058.9d
Ronemus, M., Iossifov, I., Levy, D., & Wigler, M. (2014). The role of de novo mutations in the genetics of autism spectrum disorders. Nature Reviews: Genetics, 15, 133–141.
Rutter, M., Greenfeld, D., & Lockyer, L. (1967). A five to fifteen year follow-up study of infantile psychosis. II. Social and behavioural outcome. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 113(504), 1183–1199. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.113.504.1183
Rutter, M., & Bartak, L. (1971). Causes of infantile autism: Some considerations from recent research. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1(1), 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537740
Rutter, M., Lebovici, S., Eisenberg, L., Sneznevskij, A. V., Sadoun, R., Brooke, E., & Lin, T.-Y. (1969). A tri-axial classification of mental disorders in childhood: An international study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10(1), 41–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1969.tb02067.x
Rutter, M., & Lockyer, L. (1967). A five to fifteen year follow-up study of infantile psychosis I: Description of sample. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 113, 1169–1182. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.113.504.1183
Rutter, M., & Thapar, A. (2014). Genetics of autism spectrum disorders. In F. R. Volkmar, S. J. Rogers, R. Paul, & K. A. Pelphrey (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders, fourth edition (4th ed., pp. 411–420). John Whiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-7347.2011.08.001
Schopler, E. (1966). Visual versus tactual receptor preference in normal and schizophrenic children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 71(2), 108–114. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023176
Schopler, E. (1976). Toward reducing behavior problems in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 6(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537938
Schopler, E., & Reichler, R. J. (1976). Psychopathology and child development: Research and treatment. Behavioral Disorders, 1, 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/019874297600100209
Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J., DeVellis, R. F., & Daly, K. (1980). Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 10(1), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02408436
Schwartz, J. B., & Nye, C. (2006). Improving communication for children with autism: Does sign language work. EBP Briefs, 1(2), 1–17.
Sebat, J., Lakshmi, B., Malhotra, D., Troge, J., Lese-martin, C., Walsh, T., … Warburton, D. (2007). Number mutations with autism. Science, 316(2005), 445–449. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1138659
Severson, K., Aune, J., & Jodlowski, D. (2008). Bruno Bettelheim, autism and the rhetoric of scientific authority. In Autism and representation (pp. 65–77).
Shah, A., & Frith, U. (1983). An islet of ability in autistic children: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24(4), 613–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1983.tb00137.x
Shah, A., & Frith, U. (1993). Why do autistic individuals show superior performance on the Block Design Task? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34(8), 1351–1364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02095.x
Siegel, M., & Beaulieu, A. A. (2012). Psychotropic medications in children with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and synthesis for evidence-based practice. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(8), 1592–1605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1399-2
Silverman, C., & Brosco, J. P. (2007). Understanding autism: Parents and pediatricians in historical perspective. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161, 392–398. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v69n1220b
Silverman, J. M., Smith, C. J., Schmeidler, J., Hollander, E., Lawlor, B. A., Fitzgerald, M., … Wilhelmsen, K. C. (2002). Symptom domains in autism and related conditions: Evidence for familiality. American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 114(1), 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.10048
Silverman, W. K., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2008). The second special issue on evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents: A 10-year update. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410701817725
Smith, T., & Eikeseth, S. (2011). O. Ivar Lovaas: Pioneer of applied behavior analysis and intervention for children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(3), 375–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1162-0
Sperry, L., Neitzel, J., & Engelhardt-Wells, K. (2010). Peer-mediated instruction and intervention strategies for students with autism spectrum disorders. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 54(4), 256–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/10459881003800529
Stanfield, A. C., McIntosh, A. M., Spencer, M. D., Philip, R., Gaur, S., & Lawrie, S. M. (2008). Towards a neuroanatomy of autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies. European Psychiatry, 23(4), 289–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.05.006
Szatmari, P., Jones, M. B., Zwaigenbaum, L., & MacLean, J. E. (1998). Genetics of autism: Overview and new directions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28(5), 351–368. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026096203946
Taylor, B. A., Hoch, H., & Weissman, M. (2005). The analysis and treatment of vocal stereotypy in a child with autism. Behavioral Interventions, 20(4), 239–253. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.200
Thompson, T. (2013). Autism research and services for young children: History, progress and challenges. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 26(2), 81–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12021
Vaillant, G. E. (1962). Historical notes: John Haslam on early infantile autism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 119(4), 376.
Varley, C. K., & Holm, V. A. (1990). A two year followup of autistic children treated with fenfluramine. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(1), 137–140.
Vismara, L. A., & Lyons, G. L. (2007). Using perseverative interests to elicit joint attention behaviors in young children with autism: Theoretical and clinical implications for understanding motivation. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 9(4), 214–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/10983007070090040401
Volkmar, F. R., Paul, R., Rogers, S. J., Pelphrey, K. A., Reichow, B., & Barton, E. E. (2014). Evidence-based psychosocial interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorders. In Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (4th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118911389.hautc42
Volkmar, F. R., & Reichow, B. (2013). Autism in DSM-5: Progress and challenges. Molecular Autism, 4(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/2040-2392-4-13
Wakefield, A. J., Murch, S. H., Anthony, A., Linnell, J., Casson, D. M., Malik, M., … Walker-Smith, J. A. (1998). Retracted: Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet, 351(9103), 637–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0
Waltz, M. (2013). Autism: A social and medical history. Springer.
Wang, S.-Y., Cui, Y., & Parrila, R. (2011). Examining the effectiveness of peer-mediated and video-modeling social skills interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis in single-case research using HLM. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(1), 562–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2010.06.023
Ward, A. J. (1968). An application of structural therapy to the residential treatment of early infantile autism. American Association of Psychiatric CLinics.
Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong belief in children’s understanding of cognition. Cognition, 13(2), 102–128. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.25226
Wing, L. (1981). Asperger syndrome: A clinical account. Psychological Medicine, 11, 115–129.
Wing, L. (1997). The history of ideas on autism: Legends, myth and reality. Autism, 1(1), 13–23.
Wing, L., & Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9(1), 11–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01531288
Wing, L. C. (1979). Differentiation of retardation and autism from specific communication disorders. Child: Care, Health and Development, 5(1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.1979.tb00110.x
Winner, M. G., & Crooke, P. J. (2009). Social thinking: A training paradigm for professionals and treatment approach for individuals with social learning/social pragmatic challenges. Perspectives on Language, Learning and Education, 16(2), 62–69.
Wiśniowiecka-Kowalnik, B., & Nowakowska, B. A. (2019). Genetics and epigenetics of autism spectrum disorder—Current evidence in the field. Journal of Applied Genetics, 60(1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13353-018-00480-w
Wolf, M., Risley, T., Johnston, M., Harris, F., & Allen, E. (1967). Application of operant conditioning procedures to the behavior problems of an autistic child: A follow-up and extension. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5(2), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(67)90004-6
Wolf, M., Risley, T., & Mees, H. (1964). Application of operant conditioning procedures to the behaviour problems of an autistic child. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1, 305–312.
Wolff, S. (2004). The history of autism. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(4), 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-004-0363-5
Wolff, S., Narayan, S., & Moyes, B. (1988). Personality characteristics of parents of autistic children: A controlled study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29(2), 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00699.x
Worley, J. A., & Matson, J. L. (2012). Comparing symptoms of autism spectrum disorders using the current DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria and the proposed DSM-V diagnostic criteria. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(2), 965–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.12.012
Zerbo, O., Iosif, A. M., Walker, C., Ozonoff, S., Hansen, R. L., & Hertz-Picciotto, I. (2013). Is maternal influenza or fever during pregnancy associated with autism or developmental delays? Results from the CHARGE (Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment) Study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1540-x
Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Rogers, T., Roberts, W., Brian, J., & Szatmari, P. (2005). Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23(2-3 SPEC. ISS), 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.05.001
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Macoun, S.J., Bedir, B., Sheehan, J. (2022). Autism across the Ages: An Abbreviated History. In: Matson, J.L., Sturmey, P. (eds) Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder. Autism and Child Psychopathology Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88538-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88538-0_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-88537-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-88538-0
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)