Abstract
One of the main concerns about the use of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) materials in civil engineering structural applications is the potential reduction of their stiffness- and strength-related properties when exposed to elevated temperature. The first part of this paper presents an assessment of existing design guidelines for FRP structures, regarding the recommendations they provide about the reduction of FRP mechanical properties at elevated temperature. The second part of this paper presents a survey of test data available in the literature concerning mechanical tests at elevated temperature in FRP materials produced with different fibres, resins, shapes and manufacturing methods. The results of the survey show that the provisions available in existing design guidelines are not always accurate; moreover, in some cases, they are even non-conservative. Based on this assessment, the third part of the paper presents a method to define a temperature conversion factor for design purposes, consistent with the partial factor method of the Eurocodes, which was calibrated with the results included in the database. The method proposed takes into account not only the maximum service temperature experienced by the FRP material, but also its glass transition temperature; the method considers also the type of mechanical property, namely if it is either fibre- or matrix-dominated. The conversion factors obtained applying the method proposed presented a good agreement with the test data available in the literature.
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Notes
- 1.
Only the effects of relatively short duration exposure (typically, less than 1 h) to elevated temperature are considered; in other words, effects of prolonged (or sustained) exposure to elevated temperature are not considered.
- 2.
In these guidelines, it is not clear if service temperature refers to air (environmental) or material temperature.
- 3.
Although the value of Tg depends on the test method, only the Dutch recommendation specifies precisely how it should be determined, namely from the onset value of the storage modulus decay obtained from DMA tests.
- 4.
A similar limit was adopted in the European Prospect for New Guidance in the Design of FRP Structures (Ascione et al. 2018).
- 5.
About the temperature range in ºC, the American pre-standard refers values of 38 ºC and 60 ºC; the former value was assumed to have been incorrectly converted (since 90 ºF corresponds to 32 ºC, not to 38 ºC).
- 6.
For higher temperatures, the reduction factors have to be determined by testing.
- 7.
As explained ahead, results of mechanical tests at temperatures higher than Tg – 20 ºC were not considered for the definition of the temperature conversion factor; these values refer to the material temperature.
- 8.
For pultruded FRP shapes (profiles, plates or bars), “Longitudinal” refers to the pultrusion direction; for FRP shapes (plates) produced by hand layup, “Longitudinal” corresponds to the direction with the highest reinforcement level.
- 9.
For pultruded profiles (i) fibre-dominated properties include tensile strength and tensile and compressive moduli in the longitudinal (pultrusion) direction, whereas (ii) matrix-dominated properties include tensile strength in the transverse direction, compressive strength in both longitudinal and transverse directions, and shear strength and modulus.
- 10.
In this document, less information is available about vinylester resin matrix, namely in what concerns strength.
- 11.
The minimum service temperature defined in the European Prospect (Ascione et al. 2018).
- 12.
- 13.
The 90% threshold was defined as being sufficiently high, but it has no statistical basis. As mentioned, due to limited amount of test data available in the literature, at this stage it is still not possible to provide a more accurate definition of the temperature conversion factor, namely through a formal reliability analysis according to EN 1990.
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Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge FCT (project FireFloor PTDC/ECI-EGC/30611/2017) and ANI (project EasyFloor 2014/38967) for funding the research.
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Correia, J.R. et al. (2022). Mechanical Properties of FRP Materials at Elevated Temperature. Definition of a Temperature Conversion Factor for Design in Service Conditions. In: Ilki, A., Ispir, M., Inci, P. (eds) 10th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering. CICE 2021. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 198. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88166-5_209
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