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COVID-19 Pathophysiology and COVID-19-Induced Respiratory Failure

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Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 has been particularly challenging to manage in the clinical setting due to the multi-organ pathophysiology that has been observed in affected patients. The binding to ACE2 receptors in the lungs has been shown as the primary mechanism to facilitate the transfer of COVID-19 between humans regardless of the symptomatic state. The virus can also increase the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators resulting in two well-documented systemic manifestations, cytokine storm and hyper-inflammatory syndrome. Given the multisystem progression which can be seen in individuals afflicted with COVID-19, there have been several risk factors which are associated with severe illness including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus type II, and hypertension. While extensive research since the beginning of the pandemic has provided insight into the pathophysiology of COVID-19, there is still much to be learned. This chapter provides an overview of key concepts in the pathophysiology underlying COVID-19-induced multi-organ dysfunction.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Irvine Medical Center, University of California, Orange, CA, USA

    Nikhil A. Crain, Ario D. Ramezani & Taizoon Dhoon

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  1. Nikhil A. Crain
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  2. Ario D. Ramezani
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  3. Taizoon Dhoon
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Correspondence to Taizoon Dhoon .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington D.C., WA, USA

    Amir A. Hakimi

  2. Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, CA, USA

    Thomas E. Milner

  3. Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA

    Govind R. Rajan

  4. Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA

    Brian J-F Wong

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Crain, N.A., Ramezani, A.D., Dhoon, T. (2022). COVID-19 Pathophysiology and COVID-19-Induced Respiratory Failure. In: Hakimi, A.A., Milner, T.E., Rajan, G.R., Wong, B.JF. (eds) Mechanical Ventilation Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87978-5_8

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