Abstract
Microcystins are toxins produced by cyanobacteria of the genus Microcystis. When cyanobacteria proliferate in fresh or brackish waters, microcystins become a risk for public health, particularly in water bodies used as a drinking supply and for recreation. Microcystis spp. and microcystins (MCs) are globally distributed, and under climate change conditions, this phenomenon is expected to increase, and so is the health risk. MCs are mainly hepatotoxic; the intoxication is difficult to diagnose because its symptoms are nonspecific and easily confused with those of other diseases. Although there is vast evidence of the health problems associated with this exposure, there are no simple and specific biomarkers available to help evaluate the epidemiological impact and the extent of human exposure or even to diagnose the intoxication. This chapter reviews the toxicity mechanisms of MCs and the biochemical parameters altered when exposed to MCs. The value of specific antibodies as potential biomarkers is also discussed.
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Abbreviations
- Abs:
-
Antibodies
- ADDA:
-
3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid
- ADME:
-
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
- ALP:
-
Alkaline phosphatase
- ALT:
-
Alanine transaminase
- AST:
-
Aspartate transaminase
- ATCC:
-
American type culture collection
- CaMKII:
-
Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
- ERK:
-
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- GGT:
-
Gamma glutamyltransferase
- GRP94:
-
Glucose-regulated protein 94
- GSH:
-
Reduced glutathione
- HL7702:
-
Normal human hepatic cell line
- Igs:
-
Immunoglobulins
- JNK/SAPK:
-
Mammalian stress-activated protein kinase
- LDH:
-
Lactate dehydrogenase
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinases
- MC:
-
Microcystin
- MCH:
-
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
- MCHC:
-
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
- MC-LR:
-
Microcystin-LR
- MCs:
-
Microcystins
- MCV:
-
Mean corpuscular volume
- OATPs:
-
Organic anion transporting polypeptides
- p38:
-
Mammalian stress-activated protein kinase
- PLT:
-
Platelets
- PP1:
-
Protein phosphatase 1
- PP2A:
-
Protein phosphatase 2A
- RBC:
-
Red blood cells
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- WBC:
-
White blood cells
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Ferrari, A., Ruiz, M.A., Ruibal-Conti, A.L. (2022). Antibodies as Biomarkers: Effect of Microcystin Exposure. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R., Rajendram, R. (eds) Biomarkers in Toxicology. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87225-0_6-1
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