Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Contrast-Induced Nephropathy (CIN) and Biomarkers

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Biomarkers in Toxicology

Abstract

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden loss of kidney function secondary to a variety of reasons. Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a form of AKI induced following exposure to iodinated contrast media (CM). Its definition varies due to multiple diagnostic criteria but following the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines release, a more unanimous approach has been adopted. Diagnostic tests, invasive cardiac and vascular interventions, as well as aging population contribute to the accretive incidence of CIN. Serum creatinine is the hallmark biomarker that has been utilized for years in order to reflect alterations in renal function, but its kinetics make it a late and non-precise molecule. Emerging serum and urinary biomarkers are eagerly studied in order to yield sensitive and accurate detection, treatment optimization, deflection of unnecessary interventions, and avoidance of detrimental consequences associated with CIN. In this chapter, we attempt to summarize the evidence concerning the available biomarkers and their properties and application to prognosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

ACS:

Acute coronary syndrome

ADMA:

Asymmetric dimethylarginine

ADQI :

Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative

AKI:

Acute kidney injury

AKIN:

Acute Kidney Injury Network

AUC :

Area under curve

β2M:

β2-macroglobulin

CI:

Confidence interval

CI-AKI:

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury

CIN :

Contrast-induced nephropathy

CKD :

Chronic kidney disease

CM :

Contrast media

CRP :

C-reactive protein

CVA :

Cerebrovascular accident

CVD :

Cardiovascular disease

Cys-C :

Cystatin C

DKK3 :

Dickkopf-3

GFR:

Glomerular filtration rate

FGF23:

Fibroblast growth factor 23

GI:

Gastrointestinal

GGT:

Gamma glutamyl transferase

GDF-15:

Growth differentiation factor 15

kDA:

Kilodalton

KDIGO :

Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes

KIM-1 :

Kidney injury marker 1

ICU:

Intensive care unit

IGFBP-7:

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-7

IL-6:

Interleukin 6

IL-18:

Interleukin 18

L-FABP:

Liver-Type Fatty-Acid-Binding Protein

NAG:

N-Acetyl-b-D-Glucosamine

NF-Κβ :

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

NGAL:

Neutrophil Gelatinase–Associated Lipocalin

NO:

Nitric oxide

NPV:

Negative predictive value

OR:

Odds ratio

PCI:

Percutaneous coronary intervention

PPV:

Positive predictive value

RIFLE :

Risk, injury, failure, loss, and end stage

ROC :

Receiver operating characteristic

ROS :

Reactive oxygen species

sCr :

Serum creatinine

TIMP-2:

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2

UA:

Uric acid

References

  • Abellas-Sequeiros RA, Raposeiras-Roubin S, Abu-Assi E, Gonzalez-Salvado V, Iglesias-Alvarez D, Redondo-Dieguez A, Gonzalez-Ferreiro R, Ocaranza-Sanchez R, Pena-Gil C, Garcia-Acuna JM, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR. Mehran contrast nephropathy risk score: is it still useful 10 years later? J Cardiol. 2016;67(3):262–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adela R, Banerjee SK. GDF-15 as a target and biomarker for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: a translational prospective. J Diabetes Res. 2015;2015:490842.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Akdeniz D, Celik HT, Kazanci F, Yilmaz H, Yalcin S, Bilgic MA, Ruzgaresen N, Akcay A, Eryonucu B. Is kidney injury molecule 1 a valuable tool for the early diagnosis of contrast-induced nephropathy? J Investig Med. 2015;63(8):930–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American College of Radiology Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media 2021. ACR Manual on Contrast Media.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachorzewska-Gajewska H, Poniatowski B, Dobrzycki S. NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) and L-FABP after percutaneous coronary interventions due to unstable angina in patients with normal serum creatinine. Adv Med Sci. 2009;54(2):221–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbieri L, Verdoia M, Schaffer A, Cassetti E, Marino P, Suryapranata H, De Luca G, G. Novara Atherosclerosis Study. Uric acid levels and the risk of contrast induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography or PCI. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015a;25(2):181–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbieri L, Verdoia M, Schaffer A, Niccoli G, Perrone-Filardi P, Bellomo G, Marino P, Suryapranata H, Luca GD. Elevated homocysteine and the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy: a cohort study. Angiology. 2015b;66(4):333–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P, W. Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative. Acute renal failure – Definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the second international consensus conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care. 2004;8(4):R204–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Briguori C, Visconti G, Rivera NV, Focaccio A, Golia B, Giannone R, Castaldo D, De Micco F, Ricciardelli B, Colombo A. Cystatin C and contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Circulation. 2010;121(19):2117–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CT, Chang LY, Chuang CW, Wang SC, Kao MC, Tzeng IS, Kuo KL, Wu CC, Tsai PS, Huang CJ. Optimal measuring timing of cystatin C for early detection of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Toxicol Lett. 2020;318:65–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Connolly M, Kinnin M, McEneaney D, Menown I, Kurth M, Lamont J, Morgan N, Harbinson M. Prediction of contrast induced acute kidney injury using novel biomarkers following contrast coronary angiography. QJM. 2018;111(2):103–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Filiopoulos V, Biblaki D, Vlassopoulos D. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL): a promising biomarker of contrast-induced nephropathy after computed tomography. Ren Fail. 2014;36(6):979–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao F, Zhou YJ, Zhu X, Wang ZJ, Yang SW, Shen H. C-reactive protein and the risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Nephrol. 2011;34(3):203–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Georgiadis G, Zisis IE, Docea AO, Tsarouhas K, Fragkiadoulaki I, Mavridis C, Karavitakis M, Stratakis S, Stylianou K, Tsitsimpikou C, Calina D, Sofikitis N, Tsatsakis A, Mamoulakis C. Current concepts on the reno-protective effects of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors in acute kidney injury: systematic search and review. J Clin Med. 2020;9(5):–1284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gu G, Yuan X, Zhou Y, Liu D, Cui W. Elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein combined with procalcitonin predicts high risk of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2019;19(1):152.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez-Escolano A, Santacruz-Vázquez E, Gómez-Pérez F. Dysregulated microRNAs involved in contrast-induced acute kidney injury in rat and human. Ren Fail. 2015;37(9):1498–506.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hafidh SA, Reuter MD, Chassels LJ, Aradhyula S, Bhutto SS, Alpert MA. Effect of intravenous insulin therapy on clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. Am J Med Sci. 2007;333(6):354–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • He H, Li W, Qian W, Zhao X, Wang L, Yu Y, Liu J, Cheng J. Urinary interleukin-18 as an early indicator to predict contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Exp Ther Med. 2014;8(4):1263–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • He Y, Deng Y, Zhuang K, Li S, Xi J, Chen J. Predictive value of cystatin C and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0230934.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch R, Dent C, Pfriem H, Allen J, Beekman RH 3rd, Ma Q, Dastrala S, Bennett M, Mitsnefes M, Devarajan P. NGAL is an early predictive biomarker of contrast-induced nephropathy in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22(12):2089–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iordache AM, Buga AM, Albulescu D, Vasile RC, Mitrut R, Georgiadis G, Zisis IE, Mamoulakis C, Tsatsakis A, Docea AO, Calina D. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors ameliorate structural kidney damage in a rat model of contrast-induced nephropathy. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020;143:111535.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iordache AM, Docea AO, Buga AM, Zlatian O, Ciurea ME, Rogoveanu OC, Burada F, Sosoi S, Mitrut R, Mamoulakis C, Albulescu D, Vasile RC, Tsatsakis A, Calina D. Sildenafil and tadalafil reduce the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy by modulating the oxidant/antioxidant balance in a murine model. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020;135:111038.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isobe S, Yuba M, Mori H, Suzuki S, Sato K, Ishii H, Murohara T. Increased pre-procedural urinary microalbumin is associated with a risk for renal functional deterioration after coronary computed tomography angiography. Int J Cardiol. 2017;230:599–603.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jayakumar C, Ranganathan P, Devarajan P, Krawczeski CD, Looney S, Ramesh G. Semaphorin 3A is a new early diagnostic biomarker of experimental and pediatric acute kidney injury. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58446.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kashani K, Al-Khafaji A, Ardiles T, Artigas A, Bagshaw SM, Bell M, Bihorac A, Birkhahn R, Cely CM, Chawla LS, Davison DL, Feldkamp T, Forni LG, Gong MN, Gunnerson KJ, Haase M, Hackett J, Honore PM, Hoste EA, Joannes-Boyau O, Joannidis M, Kim P, Koyner JL, Laskowitz DT, Lissauer ME, Marx G, McCullough PA, Mullaney S, Ostermann M, Rimmele T, Shapiro NI, Shaw AD, Shi J, Sprague AM, Vincent JL, Vinsonneau C, Wagner L, Walker MG, Wilkerson RG, Zacharowski K, Kellum JA. Discovery and validation of cell cycle arrest biomarkers in human acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2013;17(1):R25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • KDIGO. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury, Kidney international supplement 2. New York, NY: Nature Publ. Group; 2012. p. 1–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim H, Jo K. Laboratory predictors of contrast-induced nephropathy after neurointervention: a prospective 3-year observational study. World Neurosurg. 2020;135:e77–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim BJ, Sung KC, Kim BS, Kang JH, Lee KB, Kim H, Lee MH. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on cystatin C-based renal function after elective coronary angiography (ENABLE Study): a prospective, randomized trial. Int J Cardiol. 2010;138(3):239–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohl K, Herzog E, Dickneite G, Pestel S. Evaluation of urinary biomarkers for early detection of acute kidney injury in a rat nephropathy model. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2020;105:106901.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kulaksiz H, Theilig F, Bachmann S, Gehrke SG, Rost D, Janetzko A, Cetin Y, Stremmel W. The iron-regulatory peptide hormone hepcidin: expression and cellular localization in the mammalian kidney. J Endocrinol. 2005;184(2):361–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtul A, Murat SN, Yarlioglues M, Duran M, Ocek AH, Celik IE, Kilic A, Koseoglu C, Oksuz F, Baris VO. Procalcitonin as an early predictor of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with acute coronary syndromes who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. Angiology. 2015;66(10):957–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lai W, Tang Y, Huang XR, Ming-Kuen Tang P, Xu A, Szalai AJ, Lou TQ, Lan HY. C-reactive protein promotes acute kidney injury via Smad3-dependent inhibition of CDK2/cyclin E. Kidney Int. 2016;90(3):610–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lazaros G, Zografos T, Oikonomou E, Siasos G, Georgiopoulos G, Vavuranakis M, Antonopoulos A, Kalogeras K, Tsalamandris S, Tousoulis D. Usefulness of C-reactive protein as a predictor of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with acute myocardial infarction and presentation of a new risk score (Athens CIN Score). Am J Cardiol. 2016;118(9):1329–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levin A, Pate GE, Shalansky S, Al-Shamari A, Webb JG, Buller CE, Humphries KH. N-acetylcysteine reduces urinary albumin excretion following contrast administration: evidence of biological effect. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(9):2520–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li S, Tang X, Peng L, Luo Y, Zhao Y, Chen L, Dong R, Zhu J, Chen Y, Liu J. A head-to-head comparison of homocysteine and cystatin C as pre-procedure predictors for contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;444:86–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li S, Zheng Z, Tang X, Peng L, Luo Y, Dong R, Zhao Y, Liu J. Preprocedure and postprocedure predictive values of serum β2-microglobulin for contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography: a comparison with creatinine-based parameters and Cystatin C. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2015;39(6):969–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Yu Z, Gan L, Peng L, Zhou Q. Serum NGAL and FGF23 may have certain value in early diagnosis of CIN. Ren Fail. 2018;40(1):547–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li Q, Huang Y, Shang W, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Xu G. The predictive value of urinary kidney injury molecular 1 for the diagnosis of contrast-induced acute kidney injury after cardiac catheterization: a meta-analysis. J Interv Cardiol. 2020;2020:4982987.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liao B, Nian W, Xi A, Zheng M. Evaluation of a diagnostic test of serum Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) and Urine KIM-1 in Contrast-Induced Nephropathy (CIN). Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:565–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ling W, Zhaohui N, Ben H, Leyi G, Jianping L, Huili D, Jiaqi Q. Urinary IL-18 and NGAL as early predictive biomarkers in contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary angiography. Nephron Clin Pract. 2008;108(3):c176–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Guo W, Zhang J, Xu C, Yu S, Mao Z, Wu J, Ye C, Mei C, Dai B. Urinary interleukin 18 for detection of acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;62(6):1058–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malyszko J, Bachorzewska-Gajewska H, Poniatowski B, Malyszko JS, Dobrzycki S. Urinary and serum biomarkers after cardiac catheterization in diabetic patients with stable angina and without severe chronic kidney disease. Ren Fail. 2009;31(10):910–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malyszko J, Bachorzewska-Gajewska H, Koc-Zorawska E, Malyszko JS, Kobus G, Dobrzycki S. Midkine: a novel and early biomarker of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:879509.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malyszko J, Bachorzewska-Gajewska H, Malyszko JS, Koc-Zorawska E, Matuszkiewicz-Rowinska J, Dobrzycki S. Hepcidin – Potential biomarker of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Adv Med Sci. 2019;64(2):211–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mamoulakis C, Tsarouhas K, Fragkiadoulaki I, Heretis I, Wilks MF, Spandidos DA, Tsitsimpikou C, Tsatsakis A. Contrast-induced nephropathy: basic concepts, pathophysiological implications and prevention strategies. Pharmacol Ther. 2017;180:99–112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mamoulakis C, Fragkiadoulaki I, Karkala P, Georgiadis G, Zisis IE, Stivaktakis P, Kalogeraki A, Tsiaoussis I, Burykina T, Lazopoulos G, Tsarouhas K, Kouretas D, Tsatsakis A. Contrast-induced nephropathy in an animal model: evaluation of novel biomarkers in blood and tissue samples. Toxicol Rep. 2019;6:395–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Manabe K, Kamihata H, Motohiro M, Senoo T, Yoshida S, Iwasaka T. Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein level as a predictive biomarker of contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Eur J Clin Investig. 2012;42(5):557–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandurino-Mirizzi A, Kajana V, Cornara S, Somaschini A, Demarchi A, Galazzi M, Crimi G, Ferlini M, Camporotondo R, Gnecchi M, Ferrario M, Oltrona-Visconti L, De Ferrari GM. Elevated serum uric acid is a predictor of contrast associated acute kidney injury in patient with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;31(7):2140–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marenzi G, Lauri G, Assanelli E, Campodonico J, De Metrio M, Marana I, Grazi M, Veglia F, Bartorelli AL. Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(9):1780–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehran R, Aymong ED, Nikolsky E, Lasic Z, Iakovou I, Fahy M, Mintz GS, Lansky AJ, Moses JW, Stone GW, Leon MB, Dangas G. A simple risk score for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention: development and initial validation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(7):1393–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, Molitoris BA, Ronco C, Warnock DG, Levin A, N. Acute Kidney Injury. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2007;11(2):R31.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura T, Sugaya T, Node K, Ueda Y, Koide H. Urinary excretion of liver-type fatty acid-binding protein in contrast medium-induced nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47(3):439–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ning L, Li Z, Wei D, Chen H, Yang C, Wu D, Wang Y, Zhang J. Urinary semaphorin 3A as an early biomarker to predict contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2018;51(4):e6487.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nozue T, Michishita I, Mizuguchi I. Predictive value of serum cystatin C, beta2-microglobulin, and urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein on the development of contrast-induced nephropathy. Cardiovasc Interv Ther. 2010;25(2):85–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nusca A, Mangiacapra F, Sticchi A, Polizzi G, D’Acunto G, Ricottini E, Melfi R, Gallo P, Miglionico M, Giannone S, Ussia GP, Grigioni F. Usefulness of adding pre-procedural glycemia to the mehran score to enhance its ability to predict contrast-induced kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention development and validation of a predictive model. Am J Cardiol. 2021;155:16–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oksuz F, Yarlioglues M, Cay S, Celik IE, Mendi MA, Kurtul A, Cankurt T, Kuyumcu S, Canpolat U, Turak O. Predictive value of gamma-glutamyl transferase levels for contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Who Underwent Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2015;116(5):711–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Özgür Günebakmaz MD, Mustafa Duran MD, Ekrem Karakaya MD, Esen Tanrıkulu MD, Mahmut Akpek MD, Ali Ergin MD, Mehmet Güngör Kaya MD. Increased serum asymmetric dimethylarginine level is an independent predictor of contrast-induced nephropathy. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2013;41:581–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi AC, Rampat R, Harwood SM, Roughton M, Yaqoob MM, Kapur A. 23 Serum ngal identifies contrast nephropathy early in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease undergoing coronary angiography and angioplasty. Heart. 2011;97(Suppl 1):A17–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ren L, Ji J, Fang Y, Jiang SH, Lin YM, Bo J, Qian JY, Xu XH, Ding XQ. Assessment of urinary N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase as an early marker of contrast-induced nephropathy. J Int Med Res. 2011;39(2):647–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ribitsch W, Schilcher G, Quehenberger F, Pilz S, Portugaller RH, Truschnig-Wilders M, Zweiker R, Brodmann M, Stiegler P, Rosenkranz AR, Pickering JW, Horina JH. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) fails as an early predictor of contrast induced nephropathy in chronic kidney disease (ANTI-CI-AKI study). Sci Rep. 2017;7:41300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schunk SJ, Zarbock A, Meersch M, Kullmar M, Kellum JA, Schmit D, Wagner M, Triem S, Wagenpfeil S, Grone HJ, Schafers HJ, Fliser D, Speer T, Zewinger S. Association between urinary dickkopf-3, acute kidney injury, and subsequent loss of kidney function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: an observational cohort study. Lancet. 2019;394(10197):488–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seibert FS, Heringhaus A, Pagonas N, Rudolf H, Rohn B, Bauer F, Timmesfeld N, Trappe HJ, Babel N, Westhoff TH. Biomarkers in the prediction of contrast media induced nephropathy – the BITCOIN study. PLoS One. 2020;15(7):e0234921.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Seibert FS, Heringhaus A, Pagonas N, Rohn B, Bauer F, Trappe HJ, Landmesser U, Babel N, Westhoff TH. Dickkopf-3 in the prediction of contrast media induced acute kidney injury. J Nephrol. 2021;34(3):821–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma K, Ramachandrarao S, Qiu G, Usui HK, Zhu Y, Dunn SR, Ouedraogo R, Hough K, McCue P, Chan L, Falkner B, Goldstein BJ. Adiponectin regulates albuminuria and podocyte function in mice. J Clin Invest. 2008;118(5):1645–56.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stolker JM, McCullough PA, Rao S, Inzucchi SE, Spertus JA, Maddox TM, Masoudi FA, Xiao L, Kosiborod M. Pre-procedural glucose levels and the risk for contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(14):1433–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun SQ, Zhang T, Ding D, Zhang WF, Wang XL, Sun Z, Hu LH, Qin SY, Shen LH, He B. Circulating MicroRNA-188, -30a, and -30e as early biomarkers for contrast-induced acute kidney injury. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(8)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun L, Zhou X, Jiang J, Zang X, Chen X, Li H, Cao H, Wang Q. Growth differentiation factor-15 levels and the risk of contrast induced nephropathy in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A retrospective observation study. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0197609.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang Y, Huang XR, Lv J, Chung AC, Zhang Y, Chen JZ, Szalai AJ, Xu A, Lan HY. C-reactive protein promotes acute kidney injury by impairing G1/S-dependent tubular epithelium cell regeneration. Clin Sci (Lond). 2014;126(9):645–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thum T, Tsikas D, Stein S, Schultheiss M, Eigenthaler M, Anker SD, Poole-Wilson PA, Ertl G, Bauersachs J. Suppression of endothelial progenitor cells in human coronary artery disease by the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(9):1693–701.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toruan MPL, Pranata R, Setianto BY, Haryana SM. The role of MicroRNA in contrast-induced nephropathy: a scoping review and meta-analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:4189621.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsarouhas K, Tsitsimpikou C, Papantoni X, Lazaridou D, Koutouzis M, Mazzaris S, Rezaee R, Mamoulakis C, Georgoulias P, Nepka C, Rentoukas E, Kyriakides Z, Tsatsakis A, Spandidos DA, Kouretas D. Oxidative stress and kidney injury in trans-radial catheterization. Biomed Rep. 2018;8(5):417–25.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wu X, Ma C, Sun D, Zhang G, Wang J, Zhang E. Inflammatory indicators and hematological indices in contrast-induced nephropathy among patients receiving coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Angiology. 2021;72(9):867–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wybraniec MT, Chudek J, Bożentowicz-Wikarek M, Mizia-Stec K. Prediction of contrast-induced acute kidney injury by early post-procedural analysis of urinary biomarkers and intra-renal Doppler flow indices in patients undergoing coronary angiography. J Interv Cardiol. 2017;30(5):465–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yildirim E, Cabbar AT. Association between copeptin and contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Rev Port Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2019;38(12):873–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zdziechowska M, Gluba-Brzózka A, Poliwczak AR, Franczyk B, Kidawa M, Zielinska M, Rysz J. Serum NGAL, KIM-1, IL-18, L-FABP: new biomarkers in the diagnostics of acute kidney injury (AKI) following invasive cardiology procedures. Int Urol Nephrol. 2020;52(11):2135–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang E, Lu Y, Chen G, Huang L, Zhang J, Wang C, Qin Q. Predictive value of hepatorenal status in contrast-induced nephropathy among patients receiving coronary angiography and/or intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Angiology. 2019;70(7):633–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang JY, Wang Q, Wang RT, Li F, Cheng HX, Lian K, Liu Y, Tao L. Increased urinary adiponectin level is associated with contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2019;19(1):160.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

    Georgios Georgiadis

  2. Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania

    Anca Oana Docea

  3. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania

    Daniela Calina

  4. Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, University of Crete, Medical School, Crete, Greece

    Aristidis Tsatsakis

  5. Department of Urology, University Gerneral Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

    Charalampos Mamoulakis

Authors
  1. Georgios Georgiadis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anca Oana Docea
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Daniela Calina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Aristidis Tsatsakis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Charalampos Mamoulakis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Charalampos Mamoulakis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Sch Biomed & Health Sci, Wilkins Bldg, King's College London Franklin, London, UK

    Victor R. Preedy

  3. Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Med City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Rajkumar Rajendram

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Georgiadis, G., Docea, A.O., Calina, D., Tsatsakis, A., Mamoulakis, C. (2022). Contrast-Induced Nephropathy (CIN) and Biomarkers. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R., Rajendram, R. (eds) Biomarkers in Toxicology. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87225-0_56-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87225-0_56-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-87225-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-87225-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation