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Endocrine Disruptors and Markers of Anthropogenic Activity: A Risk for Water Supply and Health

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Biomarkers in Toxicology

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Abstract

Numerous chemical substances are commonly used in everyday human activities. Some of these substances are considered micropollutants, with the potential to disrupt the endocrine system, threatening human and animal health. Among these substances, bisphenol A, phthalates, and ethinyl estradiol can reach the environment through the inadequate disposal of effluents or the inefficiency of conventional treatment plants. Therefore, this chapter describes the main concepts, examples, health effects, and methodologies for the extraction and analysis of endocrine disruptors in water.

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Abbreviations

ABRASCO:

Brazilian Association of Collective Health

ANVISA:

National Health Surveillance Agency

BBP:

Butyl benzyl phthalate

BPA:

Bisphenol A

BSTFA:

N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide

CAS:

Chemical Abstracts Service

CEC:

Commission of the European Communities

DBP:

Dibutyl phthalate

DCM:

Dichloromethane

DEP:

Diethyl phthalate

DEs:

Endocrine disruptors

DMP:

Dimethyl phthalate

E1:

Estrone

E2:

Estradiol/17β-estradiol

E3:

Estriol

EDCs:

Endocrine disruptor compounds

EE2:

Ethinyl estradiol/17α-ethinyl estradiol

EFSA:

European Food Safety Authority

ESI:

Electrospray ionization

FAO:

United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization

H2O:

Water

HCl:

Hydrochloric acid

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

IT:

Ion trap

LC:

Liquid chromatography

LLE:

Liquid-liquid extraction

MeOH:

Methanol

MIP:

Molecular imprint polymers

MISPE:

Molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction

MS:

Mass spectrometry

MSPDE:

Matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction

MSPE:

Magnetic solid-phase extraction

PAEs:

Phthalic acid esters

PCBs:

Polychlorinated biphenyls

PET:

Polyethylene terephthalate

SLE:

Solid-liquid extraction

SPE:

Solid-phase extraction

SPME:

Solid-phase microextraction

TDI:

Tolerable daily intake

TMCS:

Trimethylsilyl chloride

TOF:

Time-of-flight

TQ:

Triple quadruple

UHPLC:

Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography

UNICEF:

United Nations Children’s Fund

UPLC:

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography

WHO:

World Health Organization

WWF:

World Wide Fund for Nature

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Acknowledgements

This work was carried out with the support of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel – Brazil (CAPES) – Financing Code 001. We also thank the Foundation for Support to Research and Technological Innovation of the State of Sergipe – FAPITEC.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil

    Isabella Ferreira Nascimento Maynard, Thigna de Carvalho Batista, Verônica de Lourdes Sierpe Jeraldo & Maria Nogueira Marques

  2. Graduation in Chemical Engineering, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil

    Pamela Cunha Bortoluzzi

  3. Postgraduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil

    Eliane Bezerra Cavalcanti & Álvaro Silva Lima

  4. Institute of Technology and Research – ITP, Aracaju, Brazil

    Eliane Bezerra Cavalcanti, Álvaro Silva Lima, Verônica de Lourdes Sierpe Jeraldo & Maria Nogueira Marques

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  1. Isabella Ferreira Nascimento Maynard
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  2. Pamela Cunha Bortoluzzi
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  3. Thigna de Carvalho Batista
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Correspondence to Isabella Ferreira Nascimento Maynard .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Sch Biomed & Health Sci, Wilkins Bldg, King's College London Franklin, London, UK

    Victor R. Preedy

  3. Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Med City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Rajkumar Rajendram

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Maynard, I.F.N. et al. (2022). Endocrine Disruptors and Markers of Anthropogenic Activity: A Risk for Water Supply and Health. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R., Rajendram, R. (eds) Biomarkers in Toxicology. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87225-0_53-1

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