Abstract
This study aimed to develop and validate a short form of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) and determine the cut-off point for smartphone addiction based on a psychiatric interview. A sample of 281 Iranian undergraduate students from Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences completed the 26‐item SPAI and psychologist interview. Stepwise multiple linear regression identified 10 items for the short-form of the SPAI, consisting of compulsive behavior (four items), functional impairment (three items), withdrawal (two items), and tolerance (one item) with an explained variance of 96%. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure that labeled Compulsive behavior and Functional impairment (47.99 variance) and Withdrawal and Tolerance (11.57 variance). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) verified the structure by excellent goodness of fit indices (p-value = 0.061, x2/df = 1.43, CFI = 0.99, GFI = 0.97, and RMSEA = 0.039). The inter-item and item-total correlations of the SPAI-SF were positively significant and confirmed the convergent validity. Internal consistency verified by Cronbach’s alpha of 0.875 (CI: 0.852 − 0.896). The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.876 (95% CI = 0.833 − 0.919, p < 0.001), indicating a good diagnostic efficiency. The best cut-off point to discriminate diagnostic negatives was 23, with a sensitivity of 79.19%, a specificity of 83.33%, and an accuracy of 80.43%. The results indicated acceptable reliability, validity, and AUC for the SPAI-SF for smartphone addiction screening and studies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arpaci I, Cetin Yardimci Y, Turetken O (2015) A cross-cultural analysis of smartphone adoption by Canadian and Turkish organizations. J Glob Inf Technol Manag 18(3):214–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198X.2015.1080052
Chiang J-T, Chang F-C, Lee K-W, Hsu S-Y (2019) Transitions in smartphone addiction proneness among children: the effect of gender and use patterns. PloS One 14(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217235
Lin YH, Pan YC, Lin SH, Chen SH (2017) Development of short‐form and screening cutoff point of the smartphone addiction inventory (SPAI‐SF). Int J Meth Psychia Res 26(2):e1525.https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1525
O’Brien C (2011) Addiction and dependence in DSM-V. Addiction 106(5):866–867. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03144.x
Young KS (1998) Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav 1(3):237–244. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
Chen C, Zhang KZ, Gong X, Zhao SJ, Lee MK, Liang L (2017) Examining the effects of motives and gender differences on smartphone addiction. Comput Hum Behav 75:891–902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.002
Bock BC, Lantini R, Thind H, Walaska K, Rosen RK, Fava JL, Barnett NP, Scott-Sheldon LA (2016) The mobile phone affinity scale: enhancement and refinement. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 4(4):e134. https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.6705
Kim SM, Huh HJ, Cho H, Kwon M, Choi JH, Ahn HJ, Lee SW, Kim YJ, Kim DJ (2014) The effect of depression, impulsivity, and resilience on smartphone addiction in university students. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 53(4):214–220. https://doi.org/10.4306/jknpa.2014.53.4.214
Lin Y-H, Chang L-R, Lee Y-H, Tseng H-W, Kuo TB, Chen S-H (2014) Development and validation of the smartphone addiction inventory (SPAI). PloS One 9(6):e98312. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098312
Arpaci I (2021) Relationships between early maladaptive schemas and smartphone addiction: the moderating role of mindfulness. Int J Ment Heal Addict. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00186-y
Arpaci I, Kocadag Unver T (2020) Moderating role of gender in the relationship between big five personality traits and smartphone addiction. Psychiatr Q 91(2):577–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09718-5
Funding
This work was supported by the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences with code IR.MAZUMS.REC.1398.618.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Arpaci, I., Barzegari, S., Mahmoodi, H., Afrooz, E., Ranjbar, A.Z. (2022). Psychometric Characteristics of the Iranian Smartphone Addiction Inventory Short Form (SPAI-SF). In: Al-Emran, M., Al-Sharafi, M.A., Al-Kabi, M.N., Shaalan, K. (eds) Proceedings of International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Intelligent Systems. ICETIS 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 322. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85990-9_51
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85990-9_51
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-85989-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-85990-9
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)