Abstract
In this chapter, we describe the virologic and diagnostic aspects of Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), the clinical presentation, epidemiology, transmission, and potential infection control in animals and humans. Known as an equine disease for more than 250 years, it was proven only in 2018 that BoDV-1 can cause severe encephalitis in humans and thus has zoonotic potential. BoDV-1 is an enveloped virus with negative-stranded, nonsegmented RNA belonging to the genus Orthobornavirus in the family of Bornaviridae. The only known reservoir host for BoDV-1 is the bicolored white-toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon). This species can excrete the virus, e.g., via saliva, urine, and feces without showing symptoms itself. Particularly, not only horses, sheep, and alpacas, but also a number of other mammals, including humans, are susceptible to infections with BoDV-1. They act as so-called “dead-end hosts” and do not excrete the virus. In dead-end hosts, the virus can lead to brain infections and to severe, often lethal encephalitis (Borna disease). Known endemic areas for BoDV-1 are located in parts of southern and eastern Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and Liechtenstein. BoDV-1 can be transmitted to humans via transplanted organs, but the natural transmission route in humans and also other dead-end hosts has not yet been fully clarified. Further research is needed on, among other things, the clinical spectrum of human BoDV-1 infections and the reservoir. In order to prevent BoDV-1 infections in humans, a better understanding of transmission routes is also crucial.
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Böhmer, M.M., Bauswein, M. (2023). Borna Disease (Borna Disease Virus-1, BoDV-1). In: Sing, A. (eds) Zoonoses: Infections Affecting Humans and Animals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85877-3_52-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85877-3_52-1
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