Abstract
To mitigate the harmful effects of heavy vehicle traffic and high wheeling frequency knowledge about the susceptibility of a soil against soil compaction is indispensable. Given the highly variable nature of the load bearing capacity of a soil throughout a year, this paper presents a multidimensional approach to assess soil compaction risk at the field scale, considering the spatio-temporal changes in soil strengths on the one hand side and the machinery-induced load and stress inputs on the other. At the example of two newly developed models, the field traffic model FiTraM and the spatially explicit soil compaction risk assessment model SaSCiA, this study assesses the actual soil compaction risk resulting from real field traffic activities during a complete season of silage maize cropping. For this purpose, we used GPS data recorded by all farm vehicles involved in tillage, spraying, and harvesting processes. GPS signal data served for the mapping of wheeling intensity and the calculation of the spatially distributed inputs of changing wheel load and contact area stress. These data were subsequently used for soil compaction risk modeling based upon readily available soil and weather data. Our model results indicate that nearly 95% of a field has been wheeled throughout the season, where harvest traffic at higher load contributes to more than the half of the totally wheeled area. Coupling the two models FiTraM and SaSCiA allows for estimating the spatially distributed soil compaction risk in the topsoil and the subsoil considering the single field operations. The results show that soil compaction risk varies greatly within individual fields. Thus, the need for analyzing and monitoring the effects of farm traffic on soil compaction at high spatial and temporal becomes obvious in order to sustain the diverse functions of soils.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alakukku L, Weisskopf P, Chamen WCT, Tijink FGJ, van der Linden JP, Pires S, Sommer C, Spoor G (2003) Prevention strategies for field traffic-induced subsoil compaction: a review: part 1 Machine/soil Interactions. Soil Tillage Res 73(1–2):14–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00107-7
Alaoui A, Rogger M, Peth S, Blöschl G (2018) Does soil compaction increase floods? A review. J Hydrol 557:631–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.12.052
Arvidsson J, Keller T (2007) Soil stress as affected by wheel load and tyre inflation pressure. Soil Tillage Res 96(1–2):284–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2007.06.012
Augustin K, Kuhwald M, Brunotte J, Duttmann R (2019) FiTraM: A model for automated spatial analyses of wheel load, soil stress and wheel pass frequency at field scale. Biosyst Eng 180:108–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2019.01.019
Berisso FE, Schjønning P, Keller T, Lamandé M, Etana A, de Jonge LW, Iversen BV, Arvidsson J, Forkman J (2012) Persistent effects of subsoil compaction on pore size distribution and gas transport in a loamy soil. Soil Tillage Res 122:42–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.02.005
Bivand RS, Pebesma EJ, Gomez-Rubio V (2013) Applied spatial data analysis with r, 2nd edn. Springer, New York. ISBN 978-1-4614-7618-4
Bivand RS, Keitt T, Rowlingson B (2016) rgdal: bindings for the geospatial data abstraction library. R package version 1.1-10
Botta GF, Jorajuria CD, Draghi TL (1999) Soil compaction during secondary tillage traffic. Agro-Sciencia 15:139–144
Botta GF, Tolon-Beccerra A, Tourn FB (2009) Effect of the number of tractor passes on soil rut depth and compaction in two tillage regimes. Soil Tillage Res 103:381–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2008.12.002
Brunotte J, Fröba N (2007) Schlaggestaltung - kostensenkend und bodenschonend. KTBL-Schrift 460, Darmstadt, Germany
Canillas EC, Salokhe VM (2002) Modeling compaction in agricultural soils. Soil Tillage Res 65(2):221–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00002-8
Chamen WCT, Moxey AP, Towers W, Balana B, Hallett PD (2015) Mitigating arable soil compaction: a review and analysis of available cost and benefit data. Soil Tillage Res 146(Part A):10–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.09.011
Diserens E (2009) Calculating the contact area of trailer tyres in the field. Soil Tillage Res 103(2):302–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2008.10.020
Duttmann R, Brunotte J, Bach M (2013a) Spatial analyses of field traffic intensity and modeling of changes in wheel load and ground contact pressure in individual fields during a silage maize harvest. Soil Tillage Res 126:100–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.09.001
Duttmann R, Schwanebeck M, Nolde M, Horn R (2014) Predicting soil compaction risks related to field traffic during silage maize harvest. Soil Sci Soc Am J 78(2):408–421. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.05.0198
Duttmann R, Brunotte J, Bach M (2013b) Evaluierung der schlaginternen Bodenbelastung durch Befahrung und Ableitung von Optimierungshilfen für den Praktiker. Landbauforschung 63(2):171–190. https://literatur.thuenen.de/digbib_extern/bitv/dn052244.pdf
Duttmann R, Bach M, Brunotte J (2013c) Befahrungsaktivität bei der Silomaisernte. In: Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft - KTBL (ed) Logistik rund um die Biogasanlage. KTBL-Schrift 498, Darmstadt, pp 63–73
DWD (Deutscher Wetterdienst) (2019) Klimadaten Deutschland. https://werdis.dwd.de/werdis/start_js_jsp.do. Accessed 01 May 2019
EC (European Commission - Joint Research Centre) (2012) The state of soil in Europe. A contribution of the JRC to the Eupopean Environment Agency’s environment—state and outlook. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. https://doi.org/10.2788/77361
Etana A, Larsbo M, Keller T, Arvidsson J, Schjønning P, Forkman J, Jarvis N (2013) Persistent subsoil compaction and its effects on preferential flow patterns in a loamy till soil. Geoderma 192:430–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.08.015
FAO (2014) World reference base for soil resources. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World soil resources report 106, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
FAO (2015) Status of the world’s soil resources. Main report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Panel on soils, Rome, Italy. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5199e.pdf. Accessed 01 May 2019
Götze P, Rücknagel J, Jacobs A, Märländer B, Koch HJ, Christen O (2016) Environmental impacts of different crop rotations in terms of soil compaction. J Environ Manag 181:54–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.05.048
Grisso RD, Kocher MF, Adamchuk VI, Jasa PJ, Schroeder MA (2004) Field efficiency determination using traffic pattern indices. Appl Eng Agric 20(5):563–572. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosysengfacpub/167
Håkansson I, Reeder RC (1994) Subsoil compaction by vehicles with high axle load—extent, persistence and crop response. Soil Tillage Res 29:277–304
Hamza MA, Andersson WK (2005) Soil compaction in cropping systems. A review of the nature, causes and possible solutions. Soil Tillage Res 82:121–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.08.009
Hijmans RJ (2016) raster: geographic data analysis and modeling. r package version 2.5-8
Horn R (1985) Model experiments about the interaction between mechanical stress application and changes in redox potential values (in German, with English summary and captions). Z Pflanz Bodenkunde 148:47–53
Horn R (2003) Stress-strain effects in structured unsaturated soils on coupled mechanical and hydraulic processes. Geoderma 116(1–2):77–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(03)00095-8
Horn R, Fleige H (2003) A method for assessing the impact of load on mechanical stability and on physical properties of soils. Soil Tillage Res 73(1–2):89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00102-8
Jones RJA, Spoor G, Thomasson AJ (2003) Vulnerability of subsoils in Europe to compaction: a preliminary analysis. Soil Tillage Res 73(1–2):131–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00106-5
Keller T, Défossez P, Weisskopf P, Arvidsson J, Richard G (2007) SoilFlex: a model for prediction of soil stresses and soil compaction due to agricultural field traffic including a synthesis of analytical approaches. Soil Tillage Res 93(2):391–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.05.012
Keller T, Silva AP, Tormena CA, Giarola NFB, Cavalieri KMV, Stettler M, Arvidsson J (2015) Soilflex-llwr: linking a soil compaction model with the least limiting water range concept. Soil Use Manag 31(2):321–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12175
Keller T, Colombi T, Ruiz S, Manalili MP, Rek J, Stadelmann V, Wunderli H, Breitenstein D, Reiser R, Oberholzer H, Schymanski S, Romero-Ruiz A, Linde N, Weisskopf P, Walter A, Or D (2017) Long-term soil structure observatory for monitoring post-compaction evolution of soil structure. Vadose Zone J. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2016.11.0118
Koolen AJ, Lerink P, Kurstjens DAG, van den Akker JJH, Arts WBM (1992) Prediction of aspects of soil-wheel systems. Soil Tillage Res 24(4):381–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(92)90120-Z
Kroulík M, Kumhála F, Hůla J, Honzík I (2009) The evaluation of agricultural machines field trafficking intensity for different soil tillage technologies. Soil Tillage Res 105(1):171–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2009.07.004
Kuhwald M, Blaschek M, Minkler R, Nazemtseva Y, Schwanebeck M, Winter J, Duttmann R (2016) Spatial analysis of long-term effects of different tillage practices based on penetration resistance. Soil Use Manag 32(2):240–249. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12254
Kuhwald M, Blaschek M, Brunotte J, Duttmann R (2017) Comparing soil physical properties from continuous conventional tillage with long-term reduced tillage affected by one-time inversion. Soil Use Manag 33(4):611–619. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12372
Kuhwald M, Dörnhöfer K, Oppelt N, Duttmann R (2018) Spatially explicit soil compaction risk assessment of arable soils at regional scale: the SaSCiA-model. Sustainability 10(1618):1–29. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051618
Kuhwald M (2019) Detection and modelling of soil compaction of arable soils: from field survey to regional risk assessment. Dissertation, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel
Lamandé M, Schjønning P (2011) Transmission of vertical stress in a real soil profile. Part II: effect of tyre size, inflation pressure and wheel load. Soil Tillage Res 114(2):71–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2010.08.011
LSN (Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen) (2017) Bodennutzung und Ernte 2017. Die Bodennutzung der landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe in Niedersachsen. Anbau und Erntemengen auf den landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen. Statistische Berichte CI 1, CII 1, C II 2, C II 3 -j/2017. https://www.statistik.niedersachsen.de/themenbereiche/landwirtschaft/themenbereich-land--und-forstwirtschaft-fischerei---statistische-berichte-173829.html. Accessed 31 Mar 2019
Nendel C, Berg M, Kersebaum KC, Mirschel W, Specka X, Wegehenkel M, Wenkel KO, Wieland R (2011) The Monica model: Testing predictability for crop growth, soil moisture and nitrogen dynamics. Ecol Model 222(9):1614–1625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.02.018
Nevens F, Reheul D (2003) The consequences of wheel-induced soil compaction and subsoiling for silage maize on a sandy loam soil in Belgium. Soil Tillage Res 70:175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00140-X
Nolting K, Brunotte J, Sommer C, Ortmeier B (2011) Reifeneinfederung Kontra Radlast. Die Landtechnik 66(3):194–197
Pebesma EJ, Bivand RS (2005) Classes and methods for spatial data in r. R News 5(2):9–13. https://CRAN.R-project.org/doc/Rnews/
Peth S, Horn R, Fazekas O, Richards BG (2006) Heavy loading and its consequences for soil structure, strength, and deformation of arable soils. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 169(6):775–783. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200620112
Richards T (2000) Development of a system for mapping the performance of agricultural field operations. EngD Thesis, Cranfield University, Silsoe, UK
Rücknagel J, Christen O, Hofmann B, Ulrich S (2012) A simple model to estimate change in precompression stress as a function of water content on the basis of precompression stress at field capacity. Geoderma 177–178:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.035
Rücknagel J, Götze P, Hofmann B, Christen O, Marschall K (2013) The influence of soil gravel content on compaction behaviour and pre-compression stress. Geoderma 209–210:226–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.05.030
Rücknagel J, Hofmann B, Deumelandt P, Reinicke F, Bauhardt J, Hülsbergen KJ, Christen O (2015) Indicator based assessment of the soil compaction risk at arable sites using the model REPRO. Ecol Indic 52:341–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.12.022
Rulfová Z, Beranová R, Kyselý J (2017) Climate change scenarios of convective and large-scale precipitation in the Czech Republic based on EURO-CORDEX data. Int J Climatol 37:2451–2465. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4857
Schjønning P, Lamandé M, Tøgersen FA, Arvidsson J, Keller T (2008) Modelling effects of tyre inflation pressure on the stress distribution near the soil-tyre interface. Biosyst Eng 99(1):119–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2007.08.005
Schjønning P, Lamandé M, Keller T, Pedersen J, Stettler M (2012) Rule of thumb for minimizing subsoil compaction. Soil Use Manag 28(3):378–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2012.00411.x
Schjønning P, Stettler M, Keller T, Lassen P, Lamandé M (2015) Predicted tyre-soil interface area and vertical stress distribution based on loading characteristics. Soil Tillage Res 152:52–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.03.002
Schjønning P, Lamandé M, Munkholm LJ, Lyngvig HS, Nielsen JA (2016) Soil precompression stress, penetration resistance and crop yields in relation to differently trafficked, temperate-region sandy loam soils. Soil Tillage Res 163:298–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2016.07.003
Soane BD, Dickson JW, Campbell DJ (1982) Compaction by agricultural vehicles: a review. III. Incidence and control of compaction in crop production. Soil Tillage Res 2:3–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(82)90030-7
Stock S, Lingemann K, Stiene S, Hertzberg J (2016) Towards a flexible hybrid planner for machine coordination in arable farming. In: Ruckelshausen A, Meyer-Aurich A, Rath T, Recke G, Theuvsen B (eds) Informatik in der Land-, Forst- und Ernährungswirtschaft - Fokus Intelligente Systeme - Stand der Technik und neue Möglichkeiten. Proceedings 36. GIL-Jahrestagung, 22.-23 Februar, Osnabrück, pp 205–208
Taylor JH (1983) Benefits of permanent traffic lanes in a controlled traffic crop production system. Soil Tillage Res 3(4):385–395
Tolón-Becerra A, Botta GF, Lastra-Bravo X, Tourn M, Melcon FB, Vazquez J, Rivero D, Linares P, Nardon G (2010) Soil compaction distribution under tractor traffic in almond (Prunus amigdalus L.) orchard in Almería España. Soil Tillage Res 107(1):49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2010.02.001
Tullberg J (2010) Tillage, traffic and sustainability—a challenge for ISTRO. Soil Tillage Res 111:26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2010.08.008
Tullberg J, Antille DL, Bluett C, Eberhard J, Scheer C (2018) Controlled traffic farming effects on soil emissions of nitrous oxide and methane. Soil Tillage Res 176:18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.09.014
Van den Akker JJH, Arvidsson J, Horn R (2003) Introduction to the special issue on experiences with thee impact and prevention of subsoil compaction in the European Union. Soil Tillage Res 73:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00094-1
Wickham H (2011) The split-apply-combine strategy for data analysis. J Statistic Softw 40(1):1–29. https://www.jstatsoft.org/v040/i01
Yule IJ, Kohnen G, Nowak M (1999) A tractor performance monitor with DGPS capability. Comput Electron Agric (Special Edition: Spatial yield recording of non-grain crops) 23(2):155–174
Zink A, Fleige H, Horn R (2011) Verification of harmful subsoil compaction in loess soils. Soil Tillage Res 114:127–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.04.004
Acknowledgements
Funding of the project by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the BonaRes research initiative (Grant No. 031B0684C) is greatly acknowledged. The authors thank all members of the SOILAssist project team and the external partners for support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Duttmann, R., Augustin, K., Brunotte, J., Kuhwald, M. (2022). Modeling of Field Traffic Intensity and Soil Compaction Risks in Agricultural Landscapes. In: Saljnikov, E., Mueller, L., Lavrishchev, A., Eulenstein, F. (eds) Advances in Understanding Soil Degradation. Innovations in Landscape Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85682-3_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85682-3_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-85681-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-85682-3
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)