Abstract
The dyskinetic form of cerebral palsy is characterized by the presence of involuntary movements, muscle tone fluctuations and primitive reflexes. In this chapter, the clinical types of involuntary movements are presented: athetoid, choreic and dystonic movements which sometimes are present simultaneously.
The clinical evolution of dyskinesia in cerebral palsy is discussed, as well as the initial stage of the pathology, when the child is severely hypotonic and involuntary movements have not yet appeared. Specific manual techniques aimed at increasing muscle recruitment are also described to promote the antigravity postural control and stability.
The approach to treatment is outlined, distinguishing the peculiarities of the different hypotonic and dyskinetic phases and their specific problems which include emotional aspects, cognitive and communicative impairments and sensory perceptual deficits, which affect tolerance to environmental inputs. Practical suggestions are illustrated to guide parents and caregivers in the promotion of independence in daily life and the participation of the children and adolescents in social and educational activities.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Barry MJ, VanSwearingen JM, Albright AL (1999) Reliability and responsiveness of the Barry-Albright Dystonia Scale. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1999 Jun;41(6):404–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0012162299000870
Battini R, Sgandurra G, Petacchi E, Guzzetta A, Di Pietro R, Giannini MT, Leuzzi V, Mercuri E, Cioni G (2008) Movement disorder-childhood rating scale: reliability and validity. Pediatr Neurol. 2008 Oct;39(4):259–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.07.002.
Battini R, Guzzetta A, Sgandurra G, Di Pietro R, Petacchi E, Mercuri E, Giannini MT, Leuzzi V, Cioni G (2009) Scale for evaluation of movement disorders in the first three years of life. Pediatr Neurol. 2009 Apr;40(4):258–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.11.003
Bobath K (1966) The motor deficit in patients with cerebral palsy. Clinics in developmental medicine, No. 23. W. M. Heinemann Medical Books, London
Bobath B (1977) Facilitation techniques for the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. Lecture given at a post graduate course on Bobath concept, Londo
Bobath B, Bobath K (1975) Motor development in the different types of cerebral palsy. W. Heinemann Medical Books Ltd
Bordoloi K, Deka RS (2018) Scientific reconciliation of the concepts and principles of Rood approach. Int J Health Sci Res 8(9):225–234
Brazelton TB, Nugent JK (2011) Neonatal behavioral assessment scale, 4th edn, Clinics in developmental medicine, No. 190. Mac Keith Press, London
Burke RE, Fahn S, Marsden CD, Bressman SB, Moskowitz C, Friedman J (1985) Validity and reliability of a rating scale for the primary torsion dystonias. Neurology. 1985 Jan;35(1):73–7. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.35.1.73
Cans C (2000) Surveillance of cerebral palsy in Europe: a collaboration of cerebral palsy surveys and registers. Dev Med Child Neurol 42:816–824. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00695.x
Cans C, Dolk H, Platt M, Colver A, Prasauskiene EA, Krageloh-Mann IK (2007) Recommendations from the SCPE collaborative group for defining and classifying cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 49:35–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.tb12626.x
Comella CL, Leurgans S, Wuu J, Stebbins GT, Chmura T; and The Dystonia Study Group (2003) Rating scales for dystonia: a multicenter assessment. Mov Disord. 2003 Mar;18(3):303–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.10377
de Ajuriaguerra J (1970) Manuel de psychiatrie de l’enfant, 2nd edn. Masson Paris
Dubowitz V (1969) The floppy infant. Clinics in developmental medicine No. 31. London, Spastics International in Association with Heinemann Medical, pp 10–15
Ferrari A, Cioni G (2010) The spastic forms of cerebral palsy: a guide to the assessment of adaptive functions. Springer, Milan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1478-7
Hammond WA (1871) Athetosis, a treatise on diseases of the nervous system. Appleton and Co., D. New York, pp 654–662
Himmelmann K, Hagberg G, Beckung E, Hageberg B, Uvebrant P (2005) The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden. IX. Prevalence and origin in the birth-year period 1995-1998. Acta Paediatr 94(3):287–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb03071.x
Himmelmann K, Uvebrant P (2011) Function and neuroimaging in cerebral palsy: a population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol 53(6):516–521. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.03932.x
Jan JE, Lyons CJ, Heaven RK, Matsuba C (2001) Visual impairment due to a dyskinetic eye movement disorder in children with dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 43(2):108–101. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0012162201000184
Krägeloh-Mann I, Cans C (2009) Cerebral palsy update. Brain Dev 31(7):537–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2009.03.009
Krageloh-Mann I, Helber A, Hagberg G, Mader I, Staudt M, Wolff M, Groenendaal F, De Vries L (2002) Bilateral lesions of thalamus and basal ganglia: origin and outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol 44:477–484. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00309.x
La Porta-Oyos O, Ballester-Plané J, Leiva D et al (2019) Executive function and general intellectual functioning in dyskinetic cerebral palsy: comparison with spastic cerebral palsy and typically developing controls. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 23(4):546–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2019.05.010
McClure V (2017) Infant Massage: A handbook for loving parents. 4th ed Bantam Pub
Mesraoua B, Ali M, Deleu D, Al Hail H et al (2019) Epilepsy and cerebral palsy. In: Neurodevelopment and neurodevelopmental disease. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82804
Milani Comparetti A (1978) Classification des infirmités motrices cérébrales. Méd Hyg 36:2024–2029
Monbaliu E, Ortibus E, De Cat J, Dan B, Heyrman L, Prinzie P, De Cock P, Feys H (2012) The Dyskinesia Impairment Scale: a new instrument to measure dystonia and choreoathetosis in dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012 Mar;54(3):278–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04209.x
Monbaliu E, de Cock P, Ortibus E, Heyrman L, Klingels K, Feys H (2016) Clinical patterns of dystonia and choreoathetosis in participants with dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 58(2):138–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12846
Peredo DE, Hannibal MC (2009) The floppy infant: evaluation of hypotonia. Pediatr Rev 30(9):e66–e76. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.30-9-e66
Pumerantz C, Zachry A (2018) Establishing Tummy Time Routines to Enhance your Baby's Development. https://www.aota.org/aboutoccupational-therapy/patients-clients/childrenandyouth/tummy-time.aspx
Rood MS (1954) Neurophysiological reactions as a basis for physical therapy. Phys Ther Rev 34:444–449
Rood MS (1956) Neurophysiological mechanisms utilized in the treatment of neuromuscular dysfunction. Am J Occup Ther 10:220–225
Sanger TD, Chen D, Fehlings DL, Hallett M et al (2010) Definition and classification of hyperkinetic movements in childhood. Mov Disord 25(11):1538–1549. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23088
Scrutton D, Damiano D, Mayston M (2004) Management of the motor disorders of children with cerebral palsy. In: Clinics in developmental medicine, 2nd edn. Mac Keith Press
Seddon PC, Khan Y (2003) Respiratory problems in children with neurological impairment. Arch Dis Child 88:75–78. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.88.1.75
Sellier E, Uldall P, Calado E, Sigurdardottir S, Torrioli MG, Platt MJ, Cans C (2012) Epilepsy and cerebral palsy: characteristics and trends in children born in 1976-1998. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 16(1):48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2011.10.003
Stewart K, Harvey A, Johnston LM (2017) A systematic review of scales to measure dystonia and choreoathetosis in children with dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 59:786–795. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13452
Sun D, Wang Q, Hou M, Li Y, Yu R, Zhao J, Wang K (2018) Clinical characteristics and functional status of children with different subtypes of dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Medicine (Baltimore) 97(21):e10817. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000010817
Twitchell TE (1961) The nature of the motor deficit in double athetosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 42:63–67
Weir FW, Hatch JL, McRackan TR, Wallace SA, Meyer TA (2018) Hearing loss in Pediatric Patients with Cerebral Palsy. Otology & Neurotology, Jan 2018, Vol 39, Issue 1, p 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0000000000001610
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zerbino, L., Giannoni, P. (2022). The Child with Dyskinesia. In: Giannoni, P., Zerbino, L. (eds) Cerebral Palsy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85619-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85619-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-85618-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-85619-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)